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Deterministic(Time-Invariant) MIMO Channel
Capacity
H = U_VH
Both MRMR matrix U and MTMT matrix V are unitary matrices. _ is a
MRMT diagonal matrix with nonnegative singular values k, k = 1, . . . , Mmin,
where Mmin =min(MT,MR). For convenience, the singular values are ordered
decreasingly: 1 2 Mmin . The ks are called the eigenmodes of the
channel.
Singular Values and Channel Energy: The following relationship between
channel energy and singular values will be useful.
. Using the relationships HHH = U_2UH and tr HHH_=tr_HHH_
, the following result is obtained: tr_HHH_= _rH
k=1 2
k. To summarise:
tr_HHH_=_MTi=1 _MR j=1 |hji|2 = _rH k=1 2 i
Each output k, k = 1, . . . , MR of the equivalent system (2.33) can be written as:
yk = k xk + nk, for k = 1, . . . , rH
yk = nk, for k = rH + 1, . . . , MR, when rH <MR.
Each independent channel is also called an eigenchannel as the associated
channel coefficient is an eigenvalue of the channel matrix. Alternatively it is
sometimes referred to as a subchannel. The entire MIMO channel is equivalent
to the set of all the eigenchannels, each of which has a different SNR.
Looking at Equation (2.34), each inputoutput relationship yk = k xk + nk
describes an AWGN channel as described in Section 2.5.1: see Figure 2.10.
Furthermore, as the additive noises nk are all independent from each other,
those AWGN subchannels are all independent from each other, forming a set of
parallel AWGN channels. This means that an optimal coding can be done
independently for each AWGN subchannel. Thus, the capacity of the MIMO
system is the sum of the individual capacities.
The capacity of aMIMO channel with only CSIR can be interpreted as the sum
of r SISO channels, each having power gain, i, i = 1, . . . , r, where the effective
transmit power of a SISO channel is 1/Nt times the total actual transmit power.
This result shows that in principle it is possible to transmit up to r data streams over a
MIMO channel, which demonstrates the importance of having large channel rank.
Furthermore,
because the gains of the SISO channels are given by the eigenvalues, this
result also shows the importance of having large eigenvalues, or put negatively, the
adverse effect of small eigenvalues. Channel rank is a quantitative way to characterize
the scattering richness of a MIMO channel.
HAMPTON
We will see that it is possible for the capacity to exceed
the values given in this expression when both CSIT and CSIR are present. Under those
assumptions, the transmitter has knowledge of the communications channel matrix, so it
will be found that equi-power and uncorrelated transmitted signals are not optimal and
that by using the transmitters knowledge of the channelIn this principle, more power is allocated
to the channel that is in a good condition and less power or none to the bad channels.
1. Set the iteration count p to 1 and compute by solving the following equation:
=1
rp+1
1 + 1
r_p+1
i=1
1
i
2. Using the value of obtained above, solve for the power, Popt
i , for the ith eigen-channel using
the following equation:
Popt
i
=1
i
. i = 1, . . . , (r p + 1)
3. If the power is allocated to the channel with the lowest gain (i.e., if Popt rp+1 < 0
), discard that
channel by setting Popt rp+1 = 0 and rerun the algorithm with the iteration count p incremented
by 1.
4. Repeat steps 13 until all channels have been allocated power.
Capacity for a General MIMO Channel
Distribution
For an optimal transmission, the covariance of the input signalsRxx should be adapted to
the
channel distribution. When the covariance matrix of the input signal is fixed, we have
seen
that the maximal achievable rate over a given channel fadeH is log2 det[I + HRxxHH/2
n].
It is achieved when the channel is known at the transmitter. The ergodic capacity is the
average of the maximal achievable rate over the channel fades.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Ergodic capacity
Since the capacity, C, of a MIMO system is a function of H, if H is random, so is
C. Therefore, when the channel varies randomly C is a random variable that can be
characterized in terms of all the various statistics that are applicable to any random
variable. The simplest statistic is the mean of the capacity. In MIMO and information
theory literature, the mean value of the capacity is called the ergodic capacity.
Introduction to
MIMO Communications
JERRY R. HAMPTON
The Johns Hopkins University
_c Cambridge University Press 2014