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ShearStressinBeams

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22.ShearStressinBeams

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LESSON22.ShearStressinBeams
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22.1SHEARSTRESSESINDUCEDINHOMOGENEOUSBEAMS
Currentcourse
D&S_1 If a beam of homogeneous material is loaded with a concentrated load say W, the
Participants shearforceatanysectionofthebeamonaccountoftheloadwouldbeequalto.If
General equal resistance to the shear force could be offered throughout the depth of the
MODULE1. beam,theshearstressatthesectionofthebeam
MODULE2.
MODULE3.
MODULE4.
MODULE5.
MODULE6.
MODULE7.
MODULE8.
would have been and hence the shear force diagram would have been a rectangle
MODULE9.
indicatinguniformshearresistanceofthebeamfromtopfacetothebottomface.
MODULE10. Actually,theshearstressinahomogenousbeamiszeroatthetopandbottomfaceof
MODULE11. thebeamandincreasestoitsmaximumvalueattheneutralaxisofthebeami.e.,at.
LESSON21. Hence,thestressdiagramisparabolicasshownintheFig.22.1.Itcanbeprovedby
DesignofT
Beams simplemechanicsthatthemaximumshearstressinthebeam,
LESSON22.
ShearStressin
Beams
LESSON23.
Bondand
Development WhereV=maximumshearforceinthebeam.
Length
LESSON24. 22.2SHEARSTRESSINDUCEDINR.C.BEAMS
BasicRulesfor
DesignofBeams Incaseofreinforcedconcretebeam,theconcretebelowtheneutralaxisinneglected
andSlabs and S.F. is assumed to be resisted by the bond between the steel and the concrete.
MODULE12. Hence,theshearstressinaR.C.beamincreasefromzeroatthetopfaceofthebeam
Courses toitsmaximumvalueattheneutralaxisandfromneutralaxisdowntotheC.G.ofthe
reinforcingbars,itremainsuniformasshowninFig.22.2.
IfVbethetotalshearforceinthebeamthen,fromstressdiagram.
V=AreaofstressdiagramxBreadthofthebeam.
Areaofthestressdiagramconsistsoftwoparts.

22.3NOMINALSHEARSTRESS

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In IS: 4561978 the equation for shear stress given above has been simplified by
dropping the lever arm factor and by changing the term shear stress by the term
nominalshearstress.Thissimplificationisreasonablesincethenom.inalshearstress
representsmerelyameasureoftheaverageintensityofstressinthebeam.
The formula for calculating nominal shear stress in beams or slab of uniform depth

specified in the code is

Where

22.3.1NominalShearStressinCaseBeamsofVaryingDepth
Beams of uniform width and varying depths are commonly used in practice.
Cantilever beams continuous beam with haunches at support, footings etc. fall
underthiscategory.Incaseofbeamsofvaryingdepththenominalshearstressis
calculatedbythemodifiedequationgivenbelow.

ThenegativesignintheformulaapplieswhenthebendingmomentMincreases
numerically in the same direction as the effective depth d increases and the
positivesignwhenthemomentdecreasesnumericallyinthisdirection.
22.4EFFECTOFSHEARINR.C.BEAMS
The effect of shear in R.C. beams is to create principal tensile and compression
stresses equal in magnitude to the shear stress as obtained by normal shear stress
equationgivenabovebutactingat45tothehorizontal.
TheeffectofshearonablockABCDisshowninFig.22.3.Itisnotedthatwhenthe
blockissubjectedtoshearstressofintensity,compressivestressesaredevelopedalong
thediagonalplaneBDandtensilestressesaredevelopedalongthediagonalplaneAC.
Theintensityofthediagonalcompressiveortensilestressbeingeachequalto.Thusif
theblockisweakincompression,itwillfailbythecrushingofamaterialoftheblock
onaccountofthediagonalcompressivestressalongdiagonalplaneBD.Ontheother
hand,ifthematerialoftheblockisweakintension,itwillhaveatendencytosplitup
intotwopartsalongthediagonalplaneAC.
22.5SHEARFAILUREOFBEAMSWITHOUTSHEARREINFORCEMENT
Asanoutcomeofrigorousexperimentaltestithasbeenobservedthatbeamswithout
shearreinforcementcanfailinthefollowingways.
(a)Diagonaltensionfailure:Inthistypeoffailurediagonalcracksappearinthe
beams(nearsupport)whichareinclinednearlyat45tothehorizontalasshownin
Fig.22.4.Thissituationariseswhenmagnitudeofshearforceislargeinrelation
tobendingmoment.
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(b) Flexural shear failure. In this case the cracks appear normally at 90 to the
horizontal as shown in Fig. 22.5. This type of failure occurs when bending
momentiscomparativelylargeinrelationtotheshearforce.
(c)Diagonalcompressionfailure.Thistypeoffailuretakesplacebycrushingof
concrete in the compression zone near the load as the diagonal crack formed
independentlypenetratesinthatzoneasshowninFig.22.6.
Shearreinforcementessentiallyprovidedtopreventformationofcrackandfailureof
the beam due to shear. To guard against diagonal compression failure highlighted in
team(c)above,thecodehasfixedtheupperlimitformaximumallowableshearstress
inamember.
22.6 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE WITHOUT SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
Asaresultofextensivestudiesithasbeenestablishedthatconcreteinbeamwithout
shear reinforcement is capable of resisting certain amount of shear force. This shear
strength or shear resistance of concrete is due to many factors (refer Fig. 22.7) the
mostimportantofwhichare:
(a)Shearforceresistedbyuncrackedcompressionzoneofconcrete.
(b) Shear force resisted by vertical component of the force due to aggregate
interlock.
(c)Shearforceacrosslongitudinaltensilereinforcementinbeam(alsoknownas
dowelforce).
IS: 4561978 has specified values of permissible shear stress in concrete ( which
account for the cumulative effect of all the above factors for working out the shear
resistance of concrete. The value of ( for different grades of concrete and different
percentageoflongitudinaltensilereinforcementasgiveninthecodearereproducedin
Table22.1
Table22.1Permissibleshearstressinconcrete

Permissibleshearstressinconcrete(inN/mm2indifferentgradesof
concrete

M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32

0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38

1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42

1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46

1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49

1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52

2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55

2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57

2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60

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2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62

3.00
0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63
andabove

Note: As is that area of longitudinal tension reinforcement which continues at least
oneeffectivedepthbeyondthesectionbeingconsideredexceptatsupportswherethe
fullareaoftensionreinforcementmaybeused.
Theshearresistanceofconcrete(Vc)inabeamisworkedoutbymultiplyingvalueof
obtained from Table 22.1 with crosssectional area of the beam i.e., shear force

resistedbyconcrete
22.7DESIGNSHEARSTRENGTHOFCONCRETE
(i) Permissible shear stress in concrete without shear reinforcement: The permissible
shearstressinconcreteinbeamswithoutshearreinforcementshallbeasgivenTable
22.1
Forsolidslabsthepermissibleshearstressinconcrete,shallbewhereKhasthevalue
giveninTable22.2
Table5.2Kvalue

Overalldepthofslabin(mm) 300ormore 275 250 225 200 175 150orless

K 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Note:Theabovedonotapplytoflatslabs.
(ii) Permissible shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement. When shear
reinforcementisprovidedthenominalshearstress(inbeamsshallnotexceed.Given
inTable22.2.
Table5.3Maximumshearstressinbeams

Gradeofconcrete M15 M20 M25 M10 M35 M35 M40

1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.5

Maximumshearstressforslabs:Forslabsshallnotexceedhalfthevalueofgivenin
Table22.2.
22.8MINIMUMSHEARREINFORCMENT
Ithasnowbeenestablishedthatinbeamwithoutshearreinforcementsuddendiagonal
tension failure occur without warning. This makes such a member unsafe. It is
observed that provision of certain minimum amount of shear reinforcement (even if
theshearforcedevelopedatthesectionislessthanshearresistanceofconcrete)hasa
distinct advantage. Such reinforcement besides resisting part of shear by itself also
improves the capacity of concrete compression zone and the longitudinal tensile
reinforcementtoresistshear.Theminimumshearreinforcementspecifiedinthecode
alsocatersforanysuddentransferoftensilestressfromthewebconcretetotheshear
reinforcement.

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AsperIS:4561978whenthevalueofthenominalshear(ascalculatedfromequation
works out to be less than the permissible shear stress in concrete (, minimum shear
reinforcementintheformofstirrups,shallbeprovidedinaccordancewiththerelation

Thetermcharacteristicstrengthisdefinedasthestrengthofmaterialbelowwhichnot
more than 5 per cent of the test results are expected to fall. For mild steel
reinforcement is taken = 250 N/mm2 and for High Yield Strength Deformed bars
(HYSDbars)istaken=415N/mm2.
Theaboveprovisionneednotbeappliedtomembersofminorstructuralimportance
such as lintels or when the maximum shear stress calculated ( is less than half the
permissibleshearstressinconcrete(.
The above equation can be rearranged as under to obtain an expression giving
maximum c/c spacing of stirrups required for minimum shear reinforcement

22.9MAXIMUMSPACINGOFSHEARREINFORCEMENT
AsperIS:4561978themaximumspacingofshearreinforcementmeasuredalongthe
axisofthemembershallbeasunder
(i)Forverticalstirrups0.75dor450mmwhicheverisless
(ii)Forinclinedstirrupsat45dor450mmwhicheverisless
Wheredistheeffectivedepthofthemember.
22.10DESIGNOFSHEARREINFORCEMENT
WhentheshearforceV(orshearstress)atasectionexceedstheshearresistanceof
concrete (or permissible shear stress in concrete) shear reinforcement have to be
provided to prevent formation of cracks or failure of the member. The method of
designingshearreinforcementbasedonthetrussanalogyisacceptedbythecode.In
this analogy it is assumed that concrete and the shear reinforcement form a lattice
grider truss wherein tension is carried by the longitudinal bars and the shear
reinforcement and the concrete carries the thrust in the compression zone and the
diagonalthrustacrosstheweb.
Ifbetheshearforcetobecarriedbytheshearreinforcement,theshearcapacityofa

sectioncanbewrittenas
In this expression the values of V (i.e., the shear force due to design loads) and Vc
(i.e., shear resistance of concrete = ) are known and as such in normal practice the
designprocedurewillinvolvethedeterminationofshearreinforcementforshearforce
=Shearreinforcementcanbeprovidedinanyofthefollowingforms:
(i)Intheformofverticalbarsknownasstirrups.
(ii)Intheformofbentupbarsalongwiththestirrups.
(iii)Intheformofinclinedstirrups.

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The design of different forms of shear reinforcement is described in the following

articles.
22.10.1DesignofVerticalStirrups
Vertical stirrups may consist of 5mm to 12mm diameter bars bent around the
tensionreinforcementandtheirfreeendstakenintothecompressionzoneofthe
beam.Inthecompressionzonethestirrupsareanchoredtothelongitudinalbars
(known as anchor bars) so that the vertical legs may resist tension without
slippage. In case of doubly reinforced beams the stirrups are taken around the
compressionreinforcementandsuitablyanchored.Dependinguponthemagnitude
ofshearforce(toberesisted,theverticalstirrupsmaybeonelegged,twolegged,
fourlegged,sixleggedandsoon.ThevariousformofstirrupsareshowninFig.
22.8.
Toderiveanexpressionforshearforceresistedbyverticalstirrups.

Let us assume that concrete has failed in diagonal tension on account of shear
force.Letthediagonalcrackbeinclinedat45totheaxisofthebeamandextend
to the full depth of the beam. The horizontal distance up to which the crack
extendswillthereforebeequaltotheeffectivedepth(d)ofthebeamcover(d)
totheanchorbars.
Sincedisverysmallascomparedtodwemayconsiderthedistanceofhorizontal
extensionofcrackasd.

Theaboveformulaisadoptedforthedesignofverticalstirrupsasshearreinforcement.
In the formula, the values of , and d are known. We assume suitable diameter and
number of legs for the stirrups ( and work out the c/c spacing of the stirrups by re

writingtheaboveformulaasunder
Itshould,however,beensuredthat:
(1)Thearea of shear reinforcement(providedisnotlessthantheareaofminimum
shearreinforcementspecifiedbythecode(Ref.Art22.8).
(2)Thecentretocentrespacing()doesnotexceedthemaximumlimitsprescribedin
thecode.(Ref.Art.22.9).
22.10.2DesignofInclinedBarsorInclinedStirrupsasSheerReinforcement
Inabeamsomelongitudinalbarscanbebentupnearsupportwheretheyareno
longer needed to resist bending moment. The bars can be bent up at uniform
spacingatdifferentcross

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sectionalongthelengthofthebeamorallthebars(whicharenolongerneeded
forresistingB.M.)canbekeptupatthesamecrosssection.
Thebarsthusbentuparehelpfulinresistingshear.Inordertobefullyeffectivein
shear the bent up bars are continued beyond the neutral axis in the compression
zone for a distance equal to the development length. (For details regarding
developmentlengthreferLesson23).
The expression for shear force resisted by the inclined bars can be derived by
consideringthetrussanalogy.Insteadofbendingupbarssomedesignerspreferto
useinclinedstirrups.Thecaseofinclinedstirrupsorbentupbarsisidenticaland
assuchthefollowingformulawillapplytobothbentupbarsaswellasinclined
stirrups.
Let

CaseI.Forinclinedstirrupsoraseriesofbarsbentupatdifferentcrosssection.
FromtheFig.(22.10)itcanbeseenthatthenumberofinclinedbarsorstirrups(n)
crossingthediagonalcrack

Case II. For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same
crosssection.

AsalreadyexplainedinderivationinCaseIabove
IS: 4561978 does not permit the shear reinforcement to be entirely provided in
the form of bent up bars since there is insufficient evidence to show that such
reinforcementissatisfactory.Aspercodewherebentupbarsareprovidedasshear
reinforcementtheircontributiontowardsshearresistanceshallnotbetakenmore
thanhalfthatofthetotalshearreinforcement.
In other words the bent up bars can be used only in combination with stirrups,
where the stirrups must make up 50% of the total shear reinforcement. In
situationswheremorethanonetypeofshearreinforcementisusedtoreinforcethe
same portion in of the beam, the total shear resistance shall be computed as the

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sumoftheresistanceforvarioustypesseparately.Theareaofthestirrupsshallnot
belessthantheminimumspecifiedinArt.22.8.
22.11CRITICALSECTIONFORSHEAR
As per IS: 4561978 the shear computed at the face of support shall be used in the
designofthememberatthatsectionexceptwhenthereactioninthedirectionofthe
applied shear introduces compression into the end region of the member, sections
locatedatadistancelessthandfromthefaceofthesupportmaybedesignedforthe
sameshearasthatcomputedatdistanced.
Fig. 22.11 shows examples of cases where the support reaction does not include
compressionintheendregion.Insuchsituationadiagonalshearcrackislikelytostart
atthefaceofsupport.Hencethecriticalsectionforshear(sectionXX)istakenat
thefaceofthesupport.
InallcasesshownFig.22.12thereactionfromthebeam/slabintroducescompression
intheendregionwhichhastheadvantageofdisplacingthediagonalshearcrackaway
fromthefaceofthesupport.Hencethecodeallowsthesupportsectiontobedesigned
forshearcomputedatadistancedawayfromthesupport.Thusthecriticalsectionfor
shear may in such case be treated to be located at a distance d from the face of the
support.
Itishowever,proposedtoconsidercriticalsectionforshearatthefaceofthesupport
intheabovereferredcasesinFig.22.12tosimplifydesign.Thefollowingexamples
havebeensolvedaccordingly.
Example 22.1 A reinforced concrete beam 200 mm wide and 450 mm deep to the
centreoftensilereinforcementissubjectedtoshearforceof98kNatthesupports.The
areaofthetensilesteelavailableatthesupportsis0.75percent.Designsuitableshear
reinforcementforthebeam.Alsocalculatetheminimumshearreinforcementforthe
beam.Adoptthefollowingdata

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Maximumspacingforshearreinforcement.Asperrulesthemaximumspacingofthe
stirrupsshouldnotexceed0.75dor450mmwhicheverisless.Inthiscase
0.75d=0.75x450=337.5mm=335mm(say)

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Themaximumspacingofstirrupsaspermissibleunderruleislessthanobtainedfrom
requirementofminimumshearreinforcement.
Henceprovide10mm2leggedstirrups@335mmc/c.
Example 5.2 A simply supported reinforced concrete beam, 300 mm wide and
havinganeffectivedepthof600mmcarriesauniformlydistributedloadof35kN/m
(inclusive of its own weight) over a clear span of 6m. Design suitable shear
reinforcement for the beam assuming that 0.5% tensile reinforcement is available
throughoutitslength.Thefollowingdatabeinggiven:
(i)Gradeofconcrete=M15

(ii)Characteristicstrengthofstirrupreinforcement(=250N/mm2

Thecalculatedvalueofnominalshearstressislessthan.Hencethebeamsectionis
O.K.
However,sincethevalueofnominalshearstressismorethanthepermissibleshear
stress , shear reinforcement will have to be designed for section near support. The
shearstressdiagramforthebeamisshownintheFig.22.13.
Tocalculateddistancexfromthecentreofthebeam,wherepermissibleshearstress
(lessthan(),shearreinforcementwillhavetobedesignedforsectionnearsupport.
TheshearstressdiagramforthebeamisshownintheFig.5.13.
Tocalculatedistancexfromthecentreofthebeam,wherepermissibleshearstressis
developed.FromFig.22.13,wehave

HencethedesignedshearreinforcementisrequiredinlengthACorBD=31.5=1.5
mfromeitherend.IntheremaininglengthCD,nominalshearreinforcementistobe
providedtomeettherequirementofminimumshearreinforcementinthebeam.
Design of shear reinforcement. Magnitude of shear force (Vs) for which shear
reinforcementistobedesignedisgivenby

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Hencethecentretocentrespacingofthe10mm2leggedstirrupsistobevariedfrom
250mmatendsto325mmatasectionsayz(meters)fromthemidspan.Lettheshear
forceatthatsectionbe=.
FromS.Fdiagram

Hencevarythec/cspacingof10mm2leggedstirrupsfrom250mmatendto325mm
c/cat2.65mfrommidspan.Fortheremaininglengthprovidethestirrupsatspacingof
325mmc/c.

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