IJMET Formatting guidelines

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JOURNAL INFO
Journal information to be placed at the top of the first page with the below
information. Volume Number, Issue number, Year, Article id, Issue link and Pages will
vary depending upon the Volume, Issue and Article. All the information will be in
Times Now Roman 11 pt, Journal name will be in bold

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 6, Issue 7, Jul 2015, pp. 44-52, Article ID: IJMET_06_07_006
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JTypeIJMET&VType=6&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication
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ARTICLE TITLE
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20, before 24 pt with center alignment

ARTICLE TITLE
_____________________________________________________________________

AUTHOR INFORMATION
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comma and their affiliation to be placed beneath the author. If the affiliations are vary,
each other to be captured as separate author information. Aff1 will contain department
and Aff2 to be contained University, City, State and Country. Author has before 12 pt,
Aff1 has 3 pt and Aff2 has 0 pt

Author1

B. J. Agarwal
Aff1
Department of Textile Chemistry
Aff2
Faculty of Technology and Engineering
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara

Author2
Aff1
Aff2

Author1, Author2 and Author3 (if two or more authors has same affiliation)
Aff1
Aff2
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Author Name

ABSTRACT INFORMATION
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right indentation will be 0.25 and before 18 pt. Abstract text will be captured as 12 pt
italic (if partial italic that should be captured as roman), right and left indentation 0.25
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ABSTRACT
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Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text
Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract
Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text Abstract Text
Abstract Text.
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KEYWORD INFORMATION
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Keyword text to be captured as Times New Roman 12, each keyword to be
separated by comma.
Keyword head: Keyword text, Keyword text, Keyword text and Keyword
text.
_____________________________________________________________________

CITE THIS ARTICLE INFORMATION

Cite This Article head will be in Upper Lower Case (Title Case), bold, Times New
Roman 12 pt, Before 6 pt. Cite this article text will be Times New Roman 12 pt,
Before 6 pt. It describes the current article information.
Cite this Article: Omran, Z. A. and Jaber, W. S. Analysis the Deficit of
Dissolved Oxygen in Al_Hilla River According to Wastes Disposal and
Velocity of Stream. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology , 6(7), 2015, pp. 44-52. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?
JTypeIJMET&VType=6&IType=7
_____________________________________________________________________

HEADING INFORMATION
We will call Heading 1 as Ahead, Heading 2 as BHead and Heading 3 as CHead.
Ahead will contains Introduction, Conclusion and first level Headings. Ahead will be
14 point bold, All caps, Times New Roman 14 pt, before 12 pt and after 3 pt.
B head will contains Second level Heading with numbered 1.1. and 2.1. Times
New Roman 13 pt bold, Title case, Before 12 pt and after 3 pt. Bhead1 is the second
level heading which comes immediately after the Ahead. So the top space will be
reduced for this heading. All the properties will be same as Bhead except top space
before 3 pt.
C head will contains Third level Heading with numbered 1.1.1 and 2.1.1 Times
New Roman 12 pt bold italics, Title case, Before 12 pt and after 3 pt. Chead1 is the
third level heading which comes immediately after the Bhead. So the top space will

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 Article Title

be reduced for this heading. All the properties will be same as Chead except top space
before 3 pt.

A HEAD

1. INTRODUCTION (A HEAD)
B Head

2.1. Materials
B Head1

2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES [AHEAD]

2.1. Materials [Bhead1]

CHead

2.2.2. Preparation of Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin

CHead1

2.2. Methods [B Head]

2.2.1 Polymer preparation [Chead1]
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PARAGRAPH INFORMATION
The immediate paragraph of the header level will called as paragraph with no indent.
It will be in Times New Roman 12 pt, top space 3 pt, left and right indentation will be
0 pt.
Paragraph indent is the second, third and continuous paragraphs of the particular
header. It will be in Times New Roman 12 pt, top space 3 pt, left and right indentation
will be 0 pt and first line indentation will be 0.25.
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Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind
Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind Paraind

If the paragraphs will start immediately after the Figures, Tables and Equation the
top space will be increased for this. Before 9 pt and after 3 pt. It will be Paranoindent1
and
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Paranoindent1 Paranoindent1 Paranoindent1 Paranoindent1 Paranoindent1
Paranoindent1 Paranoindent1

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Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1

Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1
Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1 Paraindent1
Paraindent1 Paraindent1
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EXTRACT INFORMATION
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and right indentation will be 0.25. Top will be 6 pt and bottom will be 3 pt. If there are
two or more paragraphs, first paragraph first line will be indented to 0.25.
Extract
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Extract
Extract1
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Extract1 Extract1 Extract1
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EQUATION INFORMATION
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to be 11 pt. Before 6 pt and after 3 pt and flush right. Equation number to be captured in
Math type not as text. Unnumbered equations to be captured as center alignment.
Equation Number
1
x= (1)
2
Equation Un-number
1
x=
2

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TABLE INFORMATION
The Table caption to be captured as Times New Roman 11 pt, center alignment, Before 12 pt
and after 6 pt. The text Table and Number to be captured as bold and will be placed before the
table. Table column head to be captured as center alignment, bold, Times New Roman 11 pt,
before and after 2 pt. Table text to be captured in left alignment, Times New Roman 11 pt,
before 2 pt. Table note to be captured beneath the table with left alignment, Times New
Roman 11 pt, before 3pt and after 2 pt.

Table caption
Table Column Head
Table text
Table note

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 Article Title

Note: Note text Note text Note text Note text Note text Note text Note text Note text Note
text Note text Note text Note text.

Table 1 Reactive dyes used with their reactive systems and Colour Index numbers

Table 1 Historical tsunami that affected the western coast of India

NO Year Longitude E) Latitude N) Moment Tsunami Source of Loss
/Location Magnitude of Life

1 326BC 67.30 24.00 Earthquake

a a
2 1008 60.00 25.00 ? Earthquake 1000*
52.3b 27.7b
3 1524 Gulf of Cambay Earthquake
4 1819 Rann of Kutch 7.8 Earthquake >2000*
5 1883 Krakatau Volcanic
Krakatau
6 1845 Rann of Kutch 7.0 Earthquake
7 1945 63.00 24.50 8.1 Earthquake 4000*
8 2007 101.36 -4.43 8.4 Earthquake
9 2013 62.26 25.18 7.7 Earthquake
Volcanic
a
Rastogi and Jaiswal (2006) [41]
b
Ambraseys and Melville (1982)
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FIGURE INFORMATION
The Figure caption to be captured as Times New Roman 11 pt, center alignment, Before 12 pt
and after 6 pt. The text Table and Number to be captured as bold and will be placed before the
table.

Figure

Figure Caption

Figure 1. Typical induction motor drive

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 Author Name

REFERENCE INFORMATION
Author name to be captured as surname, given name format. Volume number to be captured
as bold, issue number to be captured in brackets, before page number pp. to be added. Journal
title to be captured as italic. For first reference before will be 12 pt and other reference before
will be 3 pt, left 0.25, hanging 0.5 and tab 0.75. Please find below the examples.

REFERENCES
All references to be cited in the text in []. For example [1]

Journal Articles:

[1] Hebeish, A. and El-Rafie, M. H. American Dyestuff Reporter, 79(7), 1990, pp. 34.
[2] Maganioti, A. E., Chrissanthi, H. D., Charalabos, P. C., Andreas, R. D., George,
P.N. and Christos, C. N. Cointegration of Event-Related Potential (ERP) Signals
in Experiments with Different Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Conditions. Health,
2, 2010, pp. 400-406.
[3] Bootorabi, F., Haapasalo, J., Smith, E., Haapasalo, H. and Parkkila, S. Carbonic
Anhydrase VIIA Potential Prognostic Marker in Gliomas. Health, 3, 2011, pp.
6-12.
E-Journal Articles:
[4] Bharti, V.K. and Srivastava, R.S. Protective Role of Buffalo Pineal Proteins on
Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress in Blood and Kidney of Rats. Health, 1, 2009,
pp. 167-172. http://www.scirp.org/fileOperation/downLoad.aspx?
path=Health20090100017_97188589.pdf&type=journal
Books:
[5] Billmeyer, F. W. Jr. and Saltzman M. Principles of Colour Technology, 2nd
Edition. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp. 140.
Edited Book:
[6] Prasad, A. S. Clinical and Biochemical Spectrum of Zinc Deficiency in Human
Subjects. In: Prasad, A. S., ed., Clinical, Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects of
Trace Elements. New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1982 pp. 5-15.
Conference Proceedings:
[7] Clare, L., Pottie, G. and Agre, J. Self-Organizing Distributed Sensor Networks.
Proceedings SPIE Conference Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and
Applications, Orlando, 3713, 1999 pp. 229-237.
Thesis:
[8] Heinzelman, W. Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless
Networks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
2000.
Internet:
[9] Honeycutt, L. Communication and Design Course, 1998.
http://dcr.rpi.edu/commdesign/class1.html
_____________________________________________________________________

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FOOTER INFORMATION
Times New Roman 11 pt, IJMET web page and editor email and page number. Please
refer the footer.
___________________________________________________
HEADER INFORMATION
Times New Roman 11 pt, Author in the even page and Article title in odd page. No
information needed for first page.
_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. All the units to be given space before it. For example 12 V.

2. If the Figures and Tables are cross-referred inside the text, then it should be
captured as Figure 1 and Table.
3. All the superscript and subscript text to be captured in superscript and subscript, not
raised and lowered.
4. All the text to be captured in automatic color.
5. All the paragraphs in the Journal to be in single line spacing.
6. Please provide Table caption and Figure caption for all the Figures and Tables.
7. Please use hyphen, ndash and mdash appropriately.
8. If possible capture the equations in Mathtype or Equation Editor. Do not capture it
as image.
9. Please provide space between two initial. For Example V. D. Patel.

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 Author Name

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 6, Issue 7, Jul 2015, pp. 01-07, Article ID: IJMET_06_07_001
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JTypeIJMET&VType=6&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
IAEME Publication
_____________________________________________________________________

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SOLAR AIR

HEATER
Veena Pal, Ajeet Kumar Rai and Vivek Sachan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSET,
SHIATS-Allahabad, UP. India.

ABSTRACT
In the present work an attempt has been made to experimentally
investigate the performance of a flat plate solar air heater. Experiments were
performed to find the energy and exergy efficiency at different mass flow rate
of air. It is observed that for a 16% increase in mass flow rate of air, energy
efficiency increases by 20%, whereas exergy efficiency increases by 36%.
Key words: Solar air heater, exergy efficiency and energy efficiency.
Cite this Article: Pal, V., Rai, A. K. and Sachan, V. Performance Study of a
Solar Air Heater. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 6(7), 2015, pp. 01-07. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?
JTypeIJMET&VType=6&IType=7
_____________________________________________________________________

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar air heater is widely used because it is simple in design, and easy to fabricate,
easy to maintain and it required cheap material for construction. The main problem
with these systems is low rate of heat transfer from absorber plate to flowing air.
Researchers have attempted to improve the performance of solar air heater by
focusing intensive studies on design and operating parameter. Many researchers [14]
have attempted to increase heat transfer rate from absorber plate to flowing air by
adding fins on absorber plate. Several studies [511] have been done by providing the
roughness on absorbing plate. Some researchers [1216] have used packed bed
material where as in several different studies corrugated surface mainly V corrugated,
cross corrugated have been used. Many researchers [1721] have used recycle of
flowing air with different duct. Owning to increase frictional losses higher pump work
is required which puts further restriction on increasing surface roughness to improve
heat transfer rate from absorber plate to flowing air.
In order to balance the quality of energy gain and friction losses the exergy
analysis is done. The exergy analysis has proven to more powerful tool to design and
optimize the performance of energy system [22]. In the present work an attempt has
been made to perform energy and exergy analysis of solar air heater at different mass
flow rate of air.

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 Article Title

2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A solar air heater was constructed of galvanized iron absorber plate of size 1.2 m and
cover plate of glass of thickness 5 mm. absorber plate is painted black to absorb solar
radiation. Absorber plate is properly insulated to reduce heat losses. As shown in
photograph.
Experiments were conducted in the solar energy laboratory of SHIATS Allahabad,
(2528N, 8154E) UP, India in the month of May. A fan is used to force the air in the
system. The flow rate is controlled by fan regulator. Solar intensity is measured by
solarimeter (SURYAMAPI). Wind velocity is measured by anemometer. The
temperature at the different points of the system is measured by J-type thermocouple.

Figure 1 shows the photograph of the experimental setup

3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Energy Analysis
The theoretical model employed for the study of the solar collector that operates
in unsteady state is made using a thermal energy balance [22]:
[Accumulated energy] + [Energy gain] = [Absorbed energy] + [Lost energy] (1)

For each term of Eq. (1) the following expressions are formulated:
[Accumulated energy] = MpCp (dTp,ave/dt), (2)
[Energy gain] = Cp (Tout Tin), (3)
[Absorbed energy]= oIAc, (4)

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 Author Name

[Lost energy] = UC (Tp,ave Te) IAc (5)

By combining Eqs. (2) (5), the thermal energy balance equation necessary to
describe the solar collector functioning is obtained:
MpCp (dTp,ave/dt)+ Cp(Tout Tin)= oIAc +UC (Tp,ave Te)IAc (6)

The optical yield (o) and the energy lose coefficient (UC) are the parameters that
characterize the behaviour of the solar collector. Note that represents the fraction of
the solar radiation absorbed by the plate and depends mainly on transmittance of the
transparent covers and on the absorbance of the plate [22].
The energy loss coefficient includes the losses by the upper cover, the laterals, and
the bottom of the collector. The upper cover losses prevail over the others, depending
to a large extent on the temperature and emissivity of the absorbent bed, and besides,
on the convective effect of the wind on the upper cover. The thermal efficiency of the
solar collectors () is defined as the ratio between the energy gain and the solar
radiation incident on the collector plane:

(7)

3.2. Exergy Analysis

The mass balance equation can be expressed in the rate form as
=out (8)

Where is the mass flow rate, and the subscript in stands for inlet and out for outlet.
If the effects due to the kinetic and potential energy changes are neglected, the general
energy and exergy balances can be expressed in rate form as given below

= out (9)

x x out = x dest (10a)

Or
mass , x mass ,out = x dest
(10b)
x heat x work + x

Using equation the rate form of the general exergy balance can be expressed as
follow:
Te
(
1 )
Q W + out out = x dest
Ts s
(11)

Where,
=( h he ) T e ( s s e ) (12)

out =( hout he )T e ( sout s e ) (13)

Equations (12) and (13) are substituted in equation (14), it is arranged as below:

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 Article Title

Te
( )
1 Q [ ( hout h ) T e ( sout s ) ]= x dest
Ts s
(14)

Where Qs is solar energy absorbed by the collector absorber surface and it is

evaluated with the expression given below:
Qs=I ( ) Ac (15)

The changes in enthalpy and entropy of the air at collector are expressed by:
f ,
T f , out T (16)
h=hout h =C p
T f ,
T f ,out (17)
s=s out s =c p ln

By substituting equations (15)-(17) onto equation (18) the equation below can be
derived
T f ,= x dest
Te T
( )
1
Ts
I ( ) A c C P ( T out T ) + C P T e ln f ,out

(18)

The exergy destruction or irreversibility may be expressed as follows:

x dest =T e S gen (19)

The exergy analysis efficiency of a solar collector system can be calculated in

terms of the net output exergy of the system or exergy destructions in the system.
Exergy efficiency of SAH system has been evaluated in terms of the net output exergy
of the system.
The second law efficiency is calculated as follows:

x out [ ( h out h )T e ( s out s ) ]

= =
x T (20)
(1 e Q s
Ts )
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 2 shows variation in solar intensity for different days when mass flow rate of
air taken as 0.036, 0.039 and 0.042 kg/s. Figure 3 shows the variation in wind speed
for these days.
Figure 4 shows variation of temperature difference of air from outlet to inlet. This
is high for higher value of mass flow rate. Figure 5 shows variation in energy
efficiency at different mass flow rate. The daily energy efficiency of 46.65% is
obtained with lower mass flow rate 0.036 kg/s. When mass flow rate increases to
0.039 kg/s energy efficiency is 51.35%, maximum of 56% daily efficiency is obtained
with mass flow rate of 0.042 kg/s. A maximum instantaneous efficiency of 91% is
obtained with 0.042 kg/s for lower solar intensity I(t). The effect of mass flow rate is
minimized at low solar intensity. Figure 6 shows the exergy efficiency at different

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 Author Name

mass flow rate. Daily exergy efficiency of 1.2% is obtained with mass flow rate 0.036
kg/s. With 0.039 kg/s exergy efficiency is 1.4085%. Maximum daily exergy efficiency
of 1.46 % is obtained with maximum mass flow rate of 0.042 kg/s. Maximum
instantaneous exergy efficiency of 3.48 % is obtained at a mass flow rate of 0.042
kg/s.

100
90 0.036
80 kg/s
Energy efciency ( % )

70 0.039
60 kg/s
50
40
30
20
10
0
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
Time of the day (hr)

1400 0.036
kg/s
1200 0.039
solar intensity W/m2

1000 kg/s
0.042
800 kg/s
600
400
200
0
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
time of the day (hr)

Figure 2 Variation of solar intensity with time of the day at different mass flow rate

Figure 3 Variation of wind velocity with time of the day at different mass flow rate

25 0.036 kg/s
temperature diference ( 0C)

20 0.039 kg/s
0.042 kg/s
15

10

0
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
time of the day (hr)

Figure 4 Variation of temperature difference between inlet and outlet with time of the day at
different mass flow rate.

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 Article Title

100
90 0.036
80 kg/s
Energy efciency ( % )

70 0.039
60 kg/s
50
40
30
20
10
0
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
Time of the day (hr)

Figure 5 Variation of energy efficiency with time of the day at different mass flow rate

4
0.036 kg/s
exergy efciency (%)

3 0.039 kg/s
2 0.042 kg/s

1
0
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
time of the day (hr)

Figure 6 Variation of exergy efficiency with time of the day at different mass flow rate

5. CONCLUSION
In the present work experiments were conducted on a solar air heater to find the effect
of mass flow rate of air on energy and exergy efficiency. The measured parameters
were solar intensity, wind speed, inlet outlet temperature of air, absorbing plate
temperature and ambient temperature. Daily energy efficiency of solar air heater is
increased with increasing mass flow rate of air. Maximum energy efficiency of 56%
was obtained at mass flow rate of 0.042 kg/s. Compared with daily energy efficiency,
daily exergy efficiency value is very low. Exergy efficiency increases from 1.21% to
1.67% for increasing mass flow rate from 0.036 to 0.042 kg/s.

REFERENCES
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performance of a solar air collector with longitudinal fins in a region of Biskra,
Algeria. Journal of Power Technologies, 93, 2013, pp. 5258
[2] Ho, C. D., Yeh, H. M., Cheng, T. W., Chen, T. C. and Wang, R. C. The influences of
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[3] Karim, M. A. and Hawlader, M. N. A. Performance investigation of flat plate, V
corrugated and finned air collectors. Applied Energy, 86, 2006, pp. 14708.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
 Author Name

[4] Nwosu, P. and Nwachukwu. Employing exergy-optimized pin fins in the design of an
absorber in a solar air heater. Energy, 35, 2010, pp. 571575.
[5] Aharwal, K. R., Gandhi, B. K. and Saini, J. S. Heat transfer and friction
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[6] Jaurker, A. R., Saini, J. S. and Gandhi, B. K. Heat transfer and friction characteristics
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[7] Karmare, S. V. and Tikekar, A. N. Experimental investigation of optimum thermo
hydraulic performance of solar air heaters with metal rib grits roughness. Solar
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[10] Ozgen, F., Esen, M. and Esen, H. Experimental investigation of thermal
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[13] Lalji, M. K., Sarviya, R. M. and Bhagoria, J. L. Exergy evaluation of packed bed
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friction characteristics of packed bed solar air heater using wire mesh as packing
material. Solar Energy, 83, 2009, pp. 77383.
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predict the thermal performance of a novel parallel flow packed bed solar air heater.
Applied Energy, 88, 2011, pp. 215767.
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Still with Water Cooling of the Glass Cover. International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 2013, pp. 17.
[17] Ho, C. D., Yeh, C. W. and Hsieh, S. M. Improvement in device performance of
multi-pass flat-plate solar air heaters with external recycle. Renewable Energy, 30,
2005, pp. 160121.
[18] Ho, C. D., Yeh, H. M. and Wang, R. C. Heat-transfer enhancement in double-pass
flat plate solar air heaters with recycles. Energy, 30, 2005, pp. 2796817.
[19] Yeh, H. M. and Ho, C. D. Solar air heaters with external recycles. Applied
Thermal Energy, 29, 2009, pp. 1694701.
[20] Yeh, H. M. and Ho, C. D. Downward-type solar air heaters with internal recycle.
Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 42, 2011, pp. 28691.
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