Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
structure of words. (Words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of
lexicology). While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the
smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can
be related to other words by rules. For example, English speakers recognize that
the words dog, dogs, and dog-catcher are closely related. English speakers
recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word-
formation in English. They intuit that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog
reflect specific patterns (or regularities) in the way words are formed from
smaller units and how those smaller units interact in speech. In this way,
within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the
The term 'morphology' has been taken over from biology where it is used
to denote the study of the forms of plants and animals. It was first used for
2000), to refer to the study of the form of words. In present-day linguistics, the
term 'morphology' refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and of
2
difference between the English noun ear and the verb hear. However, this pattern
is not systematic: there are no similar word pairs, and we cannot form new
morphemes are used in a language from the analytic that use only isolated
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
3
A. Generative Morphology
the native speakers knowledge of his language, while performance is the real
metalistic, because this theory attempts to find out the mental reality underlying
real behavior.
people use the same language and study that language properly. The linguistic
data are not the utterance of the individual that must be studied, but his intuition
of his language, particularly his judgment on what sentence are grammatical and
sentence, which means what sentences have the same meaning. The theory of
language is meant the ability of the native speaker to generate new sentences,
4
that is, sentences that have no similarities with usual sentences. The native
structural description to the sentence. The aims of the linguist who attempts to
language means studying a set of syntactic rules, semantic rule, and phonological
rules.
studying language in detail, we will know the inherent features of human mind.
First, human language in all levels in governed by rules. Every language that
grammatical constructions.
What is meant by rules here are descriptive rule, namely, rules that describe
From the point of view of surface structure, human languages are very
different from each other, but from the point of view of deep structure, those
follows:
Second, morphology analysis is carried out in two levels, namely, the level of
deep structure and the level of surface structure. Based on this assumption, we
knowledge of his language, that is, the system of rules which he has mastered, so
6
abilities:
sentences.
2. The ability to determine whether an utterance or expression belongs to
certain language.
4. The ability to determine the level of derivation from those utterances.
5. The ability to determine the different kinds of derivation.
6. The ability to determine the identities of the expression concerning
various utterances.
8. The ability to determine the similarities of meaning of those utterances.
9. The ability to determine the variability of meaning of an utterance.
level of structural organization explaining all factors that govern the way how
prepare input to the phonological component, which is very in accord with the
There are two models of generative used in the word of linguistic, namely:
Formulation Rules which apply to stems and form the linear sequence
Example:
(i) [STEM + I + ty]N (ii) [verb] + a] N
[STEM + an]Adj [Adjective + (i) + (Ty)]N
[STEM + al]N [ADJECTIVE + en]v
[be + STEM]N [NOUN + ish]Adj
The two kinds of word formulation rules above generate two kinds
features of the derived words that are not in accord with the
rules.
f) Since word formulation rules that create new words, then they
3) Filter
The filter component is a mechanism tat handles the
the features [-LI], that means that those formation cannot enter the
dictionary.
4) Dictionary
The words that have gone the filter form the dictionary of a given
and dictionary.
2) The component of Arronofs Model
a) Word- based Hypothesis
i) The bases of the word formulation rules are word
ii) These words are the existing words. Thus possible but non
existent
iii) The word formulation rules can take single words as bases, not
read
c) Readjustment rules
According to Arronoff the readjustment rules are the rules that are
1 2 3
1 3
ii) Allomorphy rules
Allomorphy rules are the rules that add morphemes or
formulated
[[root]x + Suf]y
1 2
1+Formative 2
All identified morphemes are classified into two main groups, namely:
a. Free morphemes
Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as word.
Suffixes : -ion, -ty, -ment, -ness, -er, -ate, -en, -fy, -ize, -able, -al .
Example
a) Free morphemes
[decorate]v
[active]adj
[electric]adj
b) Bound morphemes
[-ion]suf
[-ty]suf
2) Word formation
After all morphemes are listed in the list of morphemes is to
formulate a set of Word formation Rules (WFR). And tan every rule
Name Abbreviation
rules:
This rule states that some English nouns can be formed by adding
the suffix- ion to the base consisting of verbs with the meaning the act
of X- ing.
adding the suffix-ty to the base with the meaning the state of being X.
underlying representations:
*[#[decorate] + [-ion]#]
*[#[educate] + [-ion]#]
*[#[nominate] + [-ion]#]
*[#[active] + [-ty]#]
*[#[electric] + [-ty]#]
3) Filter
The filter is the mechanism that can change unacceptable
be formulated as follows:
13
(PR-1)
C C
-sonorant -sonorant
+high
-anterior
+anterior / . + [-ion]
+strident
_voice
+coronal
(PR-2) V
+ Syllabic
+high /#
- back
This rule state that the high vowel phoneme /i/ is inserted at the
(PR-3) C C
C
+consonantal -anterior
+ high +coronal +syllabic
+ back -voice / .. +high
-voice +continuant -back
+continual +strident
-Delrel
4) Dictionary
All words have been formed through Word Formation Rule (WFR)
and have gone through the filter are listed in the dictionary. In the
semantic feature.
b. The Analysis of Generative Morphology of Aronoffs Model
1) Dictionary
14
In the formation, the steps must be taken is to list sets of words used
underlying representations:
(a) *[#[active /ktive/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
(b) *[#[decorate /dekreit/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(c) *[#[educate/ejucate/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(d) *[#[electric/ilektrik/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
(e) *[#[examine/igzmin/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
(f) *[#[nominate/nomineit/]v + [-ion] suf]N
All is underlying representation are ungrammatical or
unacceptable. The underlying representation (a), (b), (c), (d), and (f)
representation:
*[#[active/ktive/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
15
inserted at the end of the base when the suffix ty is added to it.
The process of derivation can be described in the following:
UR : *[#[active/ktive/]Adj + [-ty]suf#]N
(PR-2) insertion of /i/ : [#[ktiv +i/] adj + [-ty]suf#]N
Output : [activity/ktivity/]
5) Readjustment Rule
The morphologically unacceptable underlying representation
follows:
1 2
1+at 2
This rule states the formative at is inserted at the end of the base
6) Surface Representation
By applying (RR-1), the following unacceptable surface
SR : *[#[/igzmineit/]v + [-ion]suf#]N
CHAPTER III
A. Conclusion
Beside that morphological analysis is carried out in two levels namely the level of
know two model to analysis morphological manely, Hales model and Arronoffs
model.
B. Suggestion
Based on the explanation of this paper, we hope that all of the audience
can get the point and more understand about generative morphology
furthermore it can be applied in our daily life especially in learning morphology.
BIBLIOGRAPHY