By :

HINDA HIDAYAH

BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER 2

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN ISLAM KAMDA CISURUPAN
2017
 INTRODUCTION

Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of

grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics, include sociolinguistics,

dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and

structural linguistics.

There are five main parts of linguistics : 1.phonology (the study of sounds, or

phonemes) 2.morphology (the study of words, like un-and -ing), 3.syntax (the study of

word order and how sentences are made), 4.semantics (the study of the meaning of word),

5.pragmatics (the study of the unspoken meaning of speech that is separate from the literal

meaning of what is said, for example, if you were to say Im cold when what you actually

want is for someone to turn off the fan).

In this chapter, I will explain about morphology, what is morphology?

 DISCUSION

Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other

words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as

stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of

the smallest meaningful units in a language. So, what does the really mean? Every human

language depends on sounds. When specific sounds are put together in a specific way, words,

phrases, and finally sentences can be created. This is how messages are sent and received.

In order to understand morphology, you need to know the term morpheme, as scientists

have studied the composition of the universe, theyve determined that the smallest unit for

measuring an element is the atom. If you think of the periodic table of elements, atoms are what

comprise elements, such as hydrogen, carbon, silver, gold calcium, and so on. Scientists utilize

this classtification system for uniformity, so that theyre on the same page in the terminology

of their studies. Similary, linguistics, or those who study language, have devised a category for

the smallest unit of grammar. Morphemes function as the foundation of language and syntax.

Syntax is the arrangement of words and sentences to create meaning. We shouldnt confuse

morphemes as only a given word, number of syllables, or only as a prefix or suffix. The term

morpheme can apply to a variety of different situations. There are two main types in

morphemes, they are free morphemes and bound morphemes.

1. FREE MORPHEMES

Free morphemes are individual elements that can stand alone within a sentence, such as

cat, laugh, look and so on.

2. BOUND MORPHEMES

Bound morphemes are not free. They cannot stand on their own in a phrase. Bound

morpheme like pre-, un-, -ness, and y need a free morpheme to lean on. With the sentence

the pregame left me unfazed despite its geeky happiness, each of those bound morphemes
 found a free morphemes to hook up with. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes,

prefixes and suffixes.

Classification of bound morphemes

Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
Derivational morphemes, when combiened with a root, change either the semantic meaning

or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of

the bound morpheme ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy)

to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it

inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. Generally the affixes used with a

root word are bound morphemes. Derivational morphemes are lexical morphemes. They

have to do with vocabulary of the language.. these morphemes form an open set to which

new words or word forms are frequently added. Derivational morphemes can come at the

beginning (prefix), or at the end (suffix) of a word, and more than one can be added to a

word.

Inflectional morphemes modify a verbs tense, aspect, mood, person, or number, or a

nouns, pronouns or adjectives number, gender or case, without affecting the words

meaning or class (part of speech). Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words

are adding s to the root dog to form dogs and adding ed to waited. An inflectional

morpheme changes the form of the word. In english, there are eight inflections. And when

house become houses, it is still noun even thoughyou have added the plural morpheme s

Allomorphs
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically

identical. For example, in English, the plural marker (e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced

/-z/, /-s/, or /-z/, -z/, depending on the final sound of the nouns singular form. For example,

plural ending s (as in bats), z (as in bugs), z (as in buses).

Zero morphemes/null morphemes
Generally these types or morphemes have no visible changes. For instance the singular form

of sheep is sheep and its plural is also sheep. The intended meaning is thus derived from

the co-occurring determiner (e.g. in this case some-or a-).

Content vs. function

Content morphemes express a concrete meaning or content, while function morphemes have

more of a grammatical role. For example, the morphemes fast and sad can cosidered content

morphemes. On the other hand, the suffix ed belongs to the function morphemes given that it

has the grammatical function of indicating past tense. Although these categories seem very

clear and intuitive, the idea behind it can be harder to grasp given that they overlap with each

other. Examples of an ambiguous situation are the preposition over and the determiner your,

which seem to have a concrete meaning, but are considered function morphemes because their

role is to connect ideas grammatically. A general rule to follow to determine the category of a

morpheme is:

Content morphemes include free morphemes that are nouns, adverbs, adjectives, and verbs.

It also includes bound morphemes that are bound roots and derivational affixes.

Function morphemes can be free morphemes that are prepositions, pronouns, determiners,

and conjunctions. Additionally, they can be bound morphemes that are inflectional affixes.

Roots are composed of only one morpheme, while stems can be composed of more than one

morpheme. Any additional affixes are considered morphemes. An example of this is the word

quirkiness. The root is quirk, but the stem is quirky which has two morphemes. Moreover, there

exist pairs of affixes that have the same phonological fom, but have different meaning. For

example, the suffix er can be derivational (e.g. sell => seller) or inflectional (e.g. small =>

smaller). These types of morphemes are called homophonous.

Some words might seem to be composed of multiple morphemes, but in fact they are not. This

is why one has consider form and meaning when identifyng morphemes.for example, the word

relate might seem to be composed of two morphemes, re- (prefix) and the word late, but this is

not correct. These morphemes have no relationship with the definitions relevant to the word

like feel sympathy, narrate, or being connected by blood or marriage. Futhermore, the

length of the words does not determine if it has multiple morphemes or not. To demonstrate,

the word Madagascar is long an it might seem to have morphemes like mad, das, car, but it

does not. Conversely, small words can have multiple morphemes (e.g. dogs)

Morphological analysis

In natural language processing for korean, Japanese, Chinese and other languages,

morphological analysis is the process of segmenting a sentence into a row of morphemes.

Morphological analysis is closely related to part-of-speech tagging, but word segmentation is

required for these languages because word boundaries are not indicated by blank spaces.

The purpose of morphological analysis is to determine the minimal units of meaning in a

language or morphemes by using comparisons of similar forms. For example, comparing forms

such as she is walking and they are walking rather than comparing either of these with

something completely different like you are reading. Thus, we can effectively break down

the form are equally important during the identification of morphemes. For instance, agent and

comparative morhemes illustrate this point. An agent morpheme is an affix like er that

transforms a verb into a noun (e.g. teach => teacher). On other hand, -er can also be a

comparative morpheme that changes an adjective into another degree of the same adjective

(e.g. small => smaller). In this case, the form is the same, but the meaning of both morphemes

is different. Also, the opposite can occur in which the meaning is the same but the form is

different.
 CONCLUSION

Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other

words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as

stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Morphemes is the smallest unit in grammar, there are two classes of morphemes they are

free morphemes and bound morphemes.

Free morphemes are individual elements that can stand alone within a sentence, such as

cat, laugh, look and so on.

Bound morphemes are not free. They cannot stand on their own in a phrase. Bound

morpheme like pre-, un-, -ness, and y need a free morpheme to lean on.

Bound morphemes may also be classified as derivational or inflectional affiexes.

 REFERENCES

http://study.com/academy/lesson/morhemes-examples-definition-types.html

https://www.thoughtco,com/bound-morpheme-words-and-word-parts-1689177

Morphology Classification of morphemes referenced 19 March 2014

Kemmer, Suzanne. words in English structure. Reterived 10 April 2014

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme