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174.07.01
Capacity planning for HetNets

January 2016

Solving the HetNet puzzle

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Scope
The purpose of this document is to highlight the importance of capacity planning, in
the context of heterogeneous networks (HetNet), to meet increasing demands for high
bandwidth end-user applications. It also describes the design objectives and
considerations as well as the resulting operational implications.

The document is targeted at operators that wish to reflect on the possible alternatives
to managing capacity. It will also be instructive to those in supporting roles wishing to
better understand the choices and challenges posed by managing capacity in real
networks.

It does not cover the features and functions of small cell products and SON which will
be discussed in other Small Cell Forum documents.

This document expands on the topics explored within [SCF079] Deployment issues for
enterprise small cells [1]and [SCF096] Deployment issues for urban small cells [2].

Report title: Managing capacity in HetNets

Issue date: 01 February 2016
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Executive summary
The combination of increasingly high-bandwidth end-user applications with the desire
for full access at any location is shifting the network focus from being coverage-limited
to capacity-limited. This puts a large importance on proper capacity planning in order
to meet rapidly evolving user expectations. Summarized below are the key
considerations highlighted within this document:

A clear strategy needs to be established to drive network expansion plans

that will address end-user capacity needs, moving away from reactive to a
more proactive approach of introducing capacity. The following figure
illustrates typical capacity solutions in use today:

Based on the established strategy, design objectives can then be set with
measurable targets in terms of end-user quality of experience (QoE), cost
and time.
Depending on a number of network dynamics (such as the existing macro
network, available spectrum, backhaul connectivity and site access), different
design considerations need to be taken into account in order to yield an
acceptable return on investment.
Realities and capabilities of the build phase need to be well understood and
integrated into the planning phase. Furthermore, large scale deployments
may in turn drive efficiencies of the build phase.
Monitoring capacity-related key performance indicator (KPI) fulfilment is an
important operational consideration in order to constantly address evolving
user requirements.

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Contents
1. Introduction .....................................................................1
2. Capacity extension in the context of network strategy .....3
2.1 The goal of capacity management ......................................... 3
2.2 Choices available to expand the HetNet .................................. 3
2.3 Impact and timing to small cell rollouts .................................. 4
2.4 Example process flow for expanding a HetNet ......................... 5
3. Design objectives .............................................................7
4. Design considerations ......................................................9
4.1 Computation of cell spectral efficiency .................................... 9
4.1.1 Understanding demand and user distribution ........................ 10
4.1.2 Equipment performance ..................................................... 11
4.2 Data and analyses resolution .............................................. 13
4.3 Scalability......................................................................... 13
4.4 Indoor capacity design ....................................................... 14
5. Build ...............................................................................15
6. Operate ..........................................................................17
7. Conclusion ......................................................................19
References ................................................................................20

Tables
Table 31 Capacity planning sensitivities .......................................................... 7

Figures
Figure 11 Top used applications which are currently driving capacity ................... 1
Figure 21 Capacity management in the context of network strategy .................... 3
Figure 22 Typical capacity solutions and expected benefits ................................. 4
Figure 23 Capacity management and time horizons ........................................... 5
Figure 24 Example process flow of how capacity could be managed within an
operator ........................................................................................ 6
Figure 31 User expectations, service requirements and network capacity
enablers ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 41 Signal-to-noise ratio to throughput ................................................... 9
Figure 42 Sample calculation of cell capacity .................................................... 9
Figure 43 Average cell spectral efficiency before (top) and after (bottom)
HetNet design: macro (blue); urban small cell (magenta); residential
small cell (green) ...........................................................................10
Figure 44 International airport indoor demand .................................................11
Figure 45 North American outdoor demand .....................................................11
Figure 46 3GPP link curve .............................................................................12

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Figure 47 Illustration where higher modulation and coding schemes, MCS, will
be achieved ..................................................................................12
Figure 48 Comparison of different clutter resolutions: (top left) satellite image;
(top right) 25m clutter; (lower left) 1 m clutter; (lower right) 5m
clutter ..........................................................................................13
Figure 49 Typical in-building capacity consideration process ..............................14
Figure 410 Data throughput in a stadium as a key contributor to capacity.............14
Figure 61 Iterative capacity management .......................................................18

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1. Introduction

It is now apparent that for selected small cell use cases in enterprise, such as
stadiums and shopping centres as well as most urban uses cases, the motivation for
operators to invest is turning from one of coverage to one of capacity [SCF061] [3].
This is because the uptake of end user demand, based on increasingly high-bandwidth
applications such as streaming video available at any location in the network, has
outstripped the offered capacity of coverage based solutions resulting in unacceptable
levels of quality of experience (QoE) for end users.

Figure 11 below indicates the top used applications in certain markets, which drive
the need for network capacity.

Figure 11 Top used applications which are currently driving capacity

Of those applications, video streaming puts the highest demand on network

bandwidth. The picture below provides a description of expected growth for the next
period.

Depending upon the specific market & operator

landscape, poor QoE is likely to result in subscriber
churn which will put pressure on the overall business
performance of the operator. Therefore, proper
capacity planning is becoming an essential priority.

This document is organized as follows. Having set the

context for the importance of proper capacity
planning based on end-user driven applications, the
next section describes different strategy
considerations that need to be established by the
operator, covering both long term goals and shorter
term tactics. Following this, design objectives can be
set to include clear and measurable targets around Source: Ericsson December 2014

end-user QoE, cost and timing. Based on these

design objectives, different design considerations are
then described depending on network realities such as available spectrum, sites and
backhaul connectivity. The section on the build phase will establish the link between
planning goals and the realization of the deployment. The last section highlights the

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need for monitoring the right capacity-related KPIs in order to continuously address
evolving requirements of the end-user.

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2. Capacity extension in the context of network strategy

2.1 The goal of capacity management

The goal of capacity management is to deliver sufficient network infrastructure, in a

just in time manner, to meet the requirements of the operators competitive
positioning strategy. For a macro network, observed at the highest level, this is
described in Figure 21 below. The approach is to always deliver just a little more
capacity than the required demand at the right location; so that the return on
investment of spent CAPEX can start as soon as possible without impacting QoE.
However as an operator zooms in from this top level view towards cities, districts and
sites this ideal model, as shown by the green line, becomes more lumpy, where the
adding of a carrier or cell should lift that locality out of congestion for some defined
amount of time. For how long and by how much are key attributes before the need to
redo the capacity solution for that area. But what solutions exist and when should they
be deployed? In real world networks operators have had similar challenges before
where the tool kit of capacity solutions were relatively easy to understand and deploy,
but now with the increasing complexity of heterogeneous networks the choices are not
so obvious or easy to accomplish. This paper provides insights in how to make these
choices easier drawing on the best practices of the member organisations of the Small
Cells Forum.

Figure 21 Capacity management in the context of network strategy

2.2 Choices available to expand the HetNet

A key consideration for any operator is to understand the best Return on Investment
(ROI) for the choice of capacity solutions they have approved for deployment. The
typical types of solutions are shown in Figure 22 below for a standard 2G & 3G
operator. Extending the macro network is favored by the majority of operators as it
has relatively good ROI and is one of the businesses where usual processes are easier
to enact. The relatively recent inclusion of small cell solutions into the tool box has
been driven by the near saturation of practical limitations of macro extension for both
enterprise and urban deployment. Rather than trying to boil the ocean in exploring
all these capacity extension models, this paper focuses on the use of small cells in the
context of the wider heterogeneous network.

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Predicting when saturation occurs requires foresight and an understanding of the time
horizons involved to get newly approved small cell solutions in use throughout the
operators business processes. Although this sounds trivial, most operators are
complex organizations which may have undergone several outsourcing initiatives
which results in relocating process steps across company borders and hence requires
some time to implement new working methods.

A typical selection of choices available to the operator are summarized in below.

Figure 22 Typical capacity solutions and expected benefits

With the advent of small cells and their overall lower total cost of ownership (TCO), it
is now also possible for the operators strategy to be reviewed in light of the transient
nature of end user traffic. That is to indicate how the network should be dimensioned
to meet the needs of lunch time shoppers or late night bar goers. By itself, these use
cases may have not generated sufficient revenues to justify the expense of extending
the macro coverage, but now it could be a possibility to serve these customers
economically.

Whilst trying to anticipate the capacity demands at any particular location clearly the
end user demand to which the operator wishes to serve is a paramount consideration,
as the evolution of network capabilities increase so does end user expectation

2.3 Impact and timing to small cell rollouts

The management of capacity is often spread across an operators organizational

structure including, typically, the plan build and operate functions and, because of the
different working practices within these groups, it results in an inherently different

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adoption of time horizon in managing capacity. This is illustrated in Figure 23.

Figure 23 Capacity management and time horizons

For the application of urban small cells, it is therefore quite common for the faster
inner loop to trigger a solution based upon a pin point capacity issue within the current
network. This is likely to result in the small cell being used in a tactical or reactive
way, fixing a localized problem for the short term. This would result in a single small
blip above the green line in Figure 21 and because of this method of application the
urban small cells become scattered or pepper potted across an operators network.
This will undoubtedly lead to further build challenges once that capacity is used up and
the network needs to be revisited.

In contrast, a campaign initiated by the strategy department, with the aim and
foresight to build out to a larger capacity target may instruct the build organisation to
cluster or zone the urban small cells to meet the forecasted QoE demand in a
proactive way. This would require a longer timescale to plan and enact.

The situation for enterprise small cells is slightly different, as the decision for
deployment is often based upon a business case driven from localised end user
demand, such as an office or shopping centre. Where it comes to the technology
choice of small cell depends upon the economic coverage/capacity trade-offs against
different vendors attributes, which will often result in a large improvement to capacity
that will take some time to exhaust. With the shift from coverage to capacity the
expansion of the network may cause considerable disruption to the enterprise and the
role of the operator is to forecast correctly so that a properly dimensioned network
has suitable longevity in mind.

2.4 Example process flow for expanding a HetNet

Figure 6 shows an example process flow for how capacity can be managed within an
operator. It is important to note that the exact steps, triggers and resulting
deployment can vary significantly from operator to operator. Key factors affecting the
steps would be competitive positioning aspiration (Figure 21), CAPEX budget &
control, spectrum assets & organizational construct (Figure 23 and Figure 24
(colored boxes)).

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 In this example flow it is envisaged that the operator has a 2G and 3G network with
relatively mature macro rollout that is about to start LTE rollout.

Figure 24 Example process flow of how capacity could be managed within an operator

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3. Design objectives

The ultimate objective of any deployment is to maximize ROI for the operator. This
task requires careful planning and it is recommended to integrate the aspects of
HetNet deployment as illustrated by the equation below:

To produce a reliable ROI calculation alternatives should be considered in light of Table

31 combined with a realistic model of the network and its inherent capacity.

Primary Objective Design Attribute Evaluation of Very Sensitive to

Driven by
Radio Cell Spectral Signal Resolution (bin/pixel
characteristics Efficiency Interference size)
(indoor/outdoor, Demand
outdoor/indoor) Equipment
QoE Performance
Mobility Available Spectrum
Access Complexity of
network

Backhaul Capacity Feasibility Technology

unavailability Latency Available Spectrum
Distance to node Venue (indoor)
(fibre) Number of hops
Reliability

Strategic Intent Reactive vs Proactive TCO Cost Area of interest

Indoor &/or Outdoor Performance HetNet hierarchy
Focus Demand Forecast Prioritization of
Timeframe objectives
Strategic agreements Capacity
requirements

Poor Site New &/or existing Heights Number of

availability location Power candidates/volume
Site Access Density of candidates
Ownership/rental
rights
Structural limitations
Local Regulations
Table 31 Capacity planning sensitivities

An effective design approach should jointly consider all these aspects so that there is a
high probability of the indented plan being realistic to deploy. The implications to the
build process can be extensive as the need to build new or reconfigure existing sites
would naturally flow from the output of the planning phase.

In some cases, the capacity solution will be dominated by a particular aspect or driven
by a specific target. For example, user QoE targets that have been defined based on
data-hungry applications (left of Figure 31) imply specific service requirements as
defined by 3GPP specifications (middle of Figure 31) and drive the need to increase
average network capacity (right of Figure 31).

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Figure 31 User expectations, service requirements and network capacity enablers

The total available spectrum is often fixed and there are known enhancement
techniques such as interference cancellation, carrier aggregation or multiple-input and
multiple-output (MIMO) that could be utilized to improve capacity. Computing cell
spectral efficiency brings the benefits of the HetNet hierarchy to the evaluation of
network capacity at a given time.

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4. Design considerations

It is beyond the scope of this document to illustrate all the possible aspects on Figure
24, and it is important to note that the considerations described below are relevant
to managing the whole HetNet scenario, not only the small cell layer.

Because of the strong impact on cost, QoE and QoS of the multiple options available
and the trade-offs between them (i.e., improving capacity at the expense of
coverage), the considerations below focus on root sensitivities associated to accurate
an early evaluation of capacity designs before committing to any build.

4.1 Computation of cell spectral efficiency

Cell spectral efficiency is an attribute of the network design relative to technology

(i.e., modulation and coding schemes), radio (i.e., signal and interference) and user
distribution.

Figure 41 Signal-to-noise ratio to throughput

Figure 41 illustrates how a cell (black box in the illustration) is transmitting in an

existing network. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) varies across the cell (smaller
boxes). The network adapts the link performance to deal with these varying
conditions; using less efficient modulation and coding schemes (MCS) as the SNR
deteriorates. The link curve defines how much data can be transmitted for each MCS.

Figure 42 Sample calculation of cell capacity

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The average throughput of the cell depends on the percentage of time the cell uses a
given MCS. Figure 42 demonstrates what happens when most of the connection
requests come from areas with poor SNR. The cell spends most of its time in an
inefficient MCS and a low cell capacity follows. This illustrates how dependent the
capacity is on the user distribution.

As in Figure 11 below, cell spectral efficiency can be used to evaluate the

improvement due to the use of small cells by comparing the macro average cell
spectral efficiency before HetNet implementation (top right of Figure 43) and after
implementation (bottom right of Figure 43). It can be seen that the blue bars are
towards the left, before implementation, and represent a poor cell spectral efficiency.
In comparison, the bottom right of Figure J shows movement to the right representing
a high spectral efficiency for a combined deployment of macro and small cells.

Figure 43 Average cell spectral efficiency before (top) and after (bottom) HetNet design:
macro (blue); urban small cell (magenta); residential small cell (green)

Specific technology and network considerations for the calculation of cell spectral
efficiency are discussed below, whilst more general design considerations that also
affect the network capacity calculation, such as the high dependency on data and
analyses resolution, are discussed in sections 4.2 and 4.3.

4.1.1 Understanding demand and user distribution

As discussed above, the capacity is highly sensitive to the user distribution. In reality,
this is non uniform as illustrated in Figure 44 and Figure 13.

For example, in Figure 44 the heat map indicates where passengers cluster (red),
such as gates and central restaurant areas. In Figure 45, we can see how the
clusters match commercial zones and highlight structure within open park areas and
around special venues.

This type of insight helps considerably with prioritization of the deployment and has a
direct effect on the accurate computation of network capacity.

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Figure 44 International airport indoor demand

Figure 45 North American outdoor demand

It is beneficial to utilize as many different sources of information as possible to map

user profiles and underserved demand:

Geo-located demand analyzes obtained from network probes help to

dimension served demand (operating network) for both indoor and outdoor
use cases.
Network-agnostic geo-located usage patterns gained from additional data
sources such as social networks, provides insight on user demand
expectations (offered demand).
These can be paired with marketing information to understand future demand
and deployment priorities: subscriber growth, available spectrum, special
buildings and venues, new developments, etc.

4.1.2 Equipment performance

One aspect of equipment performance is given by the characteristics of the equipment

with respect to the link curve as defined by the 3GPP and shown in Figure 46. Such
curves are often derived from link level simulations and/or real world performance and
define how much data can be transmitted for each MCS.

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These also explain why understanding of demand and cell placement have a strong
effect on network capacity. The closer the user is to the cell, the more efficient the
available modulation and coding schemes and the higher the throughput.

Figure 46 3GPP link curve

Figure 46 shows the output of the planning process and where we would expect to
observe the higher coding schemes in a deployed network. For example, for an
application that requires 2 bps/Hz we can identify the cell edge target for this
particular service (visually represented by the light blue line MCS-8).

Figure 47 Illustration where higher modulation and coding schemes, MCS, will be achieved

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4.2 Data and analyses resolution

Within a HetNet environment, the resolution of the base information for demand,
signal and interference calculations will determine how realistic is the final result and
has to be adapted to account for the characteristics of the smaller cell radius (Pete
Bernadin and Kanagalu Manoj IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol 49,
No. 5, 2000).

Figure 48 illustrates the impact of data resolution granularity for HetNet planning.
At 5m the details of the clutter are smoothed (in both the horizontal and vertical
plane) and limit the ability to express the benefits of targeting capacity with small cells
in specific areas.

The same applies to user distribution maps and as explained in section 4.1, these
inaccuracies impact directly the computation of network capacity.

Figure 48 Comparison of different clutter resolutions: (top left) satellite image; (top right)
25m clutter; (lower left) 1 m clutter; (lower right) 5m clutter

4.3 Scalability

As the link curve indicates, the possible throughput is higher with lower interference
levels but it is physically limited (Shannon). Following this and in light of Figure 31,
increasing network capacity relies on increasing the number of cells.

Capacity planning calculations benefit from broadening the analysis area to account
for the effect on interference of all relevant HetNet types and their specific technology,
traffic distribution and mobility characteristics.

Simultaneous evaluation of large sets of sites also facilitates build prioritization and a
balanced distribution of traffic as offered demand grows.

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4.4 Indoor capacity design

Capacity design within buildings or venues is not much different from the generic
capacity considerations described above, and radio characteristics (including cell
spectral efficiency) equally play a key part.

Typically, the amount of small cells needs to be calculated (or provided by the mobile
network operator) for the venue which can then be validated with an in-building
design tool to ensure that the capacity requirement can be appropriately met. The
following Figure 49 illustrates this process:

Run capacity
Define required analysis report
capacity for from in-
venue (number Create design building design
of channels, using in-building tool to validate
number of design tool if the design
sectors, small fulfills the
cells) required
capacity

Figure 49 Typical in-building capacity consideration process

The capacity for all the different technologies in a heterogeneous network needs to be
taken into account to validate the overall capacity per frequency and/or technology.
Important key metrics are the amount of data that can be supported (in GB/h or
Mbps) during the busy hour.

Data throughput is closely linked to capacity as the maximum throughput at certain

locations will directly impact the overall venues capacity. This was already explained
in Section 3 but should be re-emphasized for indoor considerations. The following
Figure 410 illustrates a typical data throughput plot (maximum achievable data rate)
for a stadium where proper capacity planning and design is paramount:

Figure 410 Data throughput in a stadium as a key contributor to capacity

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5. Build

The build phase is the realization of the planning and design phase triggered by end
user demand. It is imperative that full e2e aspects are taken into consideration
already in the planning phase of the network evolution. Full TCO calculation needs to
be considered upfront to ensure the right solution or mix of solutions to be selected.
Bottlenecks for the build phase needs to be identified and considered for the specified
environment. Each environment and each urban area is unique and has its own
challenges to be addressed when it comes to deployment. TCO, time to market and
end user experience will dictate the final solution for the target area.

Typical barriers for outdoor small cell deployments in a dense urban area are site
acquisition, availability of high performance backhaul and availability of power. All
those bottlenecks will drive the cost and time for deployments. It is key to provide the
right solutions to overcome those bottlenecks as much as possible on an area-by-area
basis.

Minimize the Site Acquisition effort by negotiation bulk site licenses, design
and provide specific street furniture, provide solutions where the radio blends
into the environment, reusing city assets, provide solutions where the radio
head is minimized in size etc.
Minimize the time-to-market by proposing a number of candidates per
identified target to increase the likelihood for a fast license process
Different transport and power solutions needs to be considered for optimal
deployment [SCF049] [4], [SCF078] [5], [SCF095] [6], [SCF155] [7]
Acceptance of targeted end user performance is typically hard to measure
over time and requires a holistic approach to avoid long and costly
procedures. However, there are simple Mobile Network Testing solutions
available to check and verify end user performance in specific areas quickly
and economically and which can be used for network optimization. The macro
network, small cell network as well as available Wi-Fi network will together
provide the total capacity and performance KPI

For indoor venues and enterprises, the business model and requirements are different.
Site acquisition might not be as difficult since landlords might already advocate an
indoor solution in the target building. Backhaul and power availability are also higher
in a typical building. The main challenge for indoor venues and buildings from a build
perspective is rather the cabling and and providing cost efficient deployments in
various sized buildings.

Over time, the capacity requirements will drive the volume of small cells and sites
which in turn will drive the efficiency of the build phase. The site acquisition process,
as well as the actual deployment, will evolve over time. Backhaul will remain a
bottleneck and requires efficient handling. The build phase will continue to be very
dependent on the actual network architecture, network design and product
characteristics. New models, products, tools and documentation will have important
impact on the e2e deployment process.

When planning for increased capacity to meet the end user demand of good
application and hence QoE performance, it is recommended to be proactive and
planned not just for the immediate capacity need but also the expected long term
need. Since the build phase is cost driven per site visit and per configuration, it is
advisable to prepare for expected expansion by either adding extra small cells upfront
or to be hardware-ready for expansion on radio capacity, backhaul, front-haul, power
etc. This will make upcoming capacity expansion smoother, less costly and faster.

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Proper as-built documentation will ensure theres a good reference line for maintaining
the network and upgrading capacity as needed over time.

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6. Operate

The disciplines that the term operate covers include central operations, field force,
and performance assurance. These topics were discussed in detail in [SCF079] and
[SCF096]. In this document, we shift our focus to aspects of performance assurance
that are associated with monitoring capacity usage, in order to continuously address
evolving requirements of the end-user and forecast network optimization or expansion
needs.

In that context, a key objective of the performance assurance strategy is the ability to
monitor a set of capacity-related KPIs across the mobile network, regardless of the
technology solution implemented in the radio access domain. Whether the service is
being delivered over a macro base station, a picocell, an in-building DAS system, a
small cell solution, or even operator managed Wi-Fi access points, the focus of
performance monitoring and reporting should be on the user quality of experience and
the timely identification of network and service bottlenecks.

3GPP technical specifications define several KPIs and performance measurements that
can be highly useful in monitoring capacity usage and demand.

Examples of such measurements typically fall within the Accessibility and Integrity
categories and include (ref TS 32.425):

RRC connection establishment attempts, successes and failures

Mean and maximum number of RRC connections
Cell-level average and maximum bit rate, reported at PDCP level and/or IP
level
Radio resource utilization for traffic (PRB usage)
IP throughput, latency and packet loss rate

These measurements can form the basis for monitoring capacity usage and user
performance with the goal of identifying congested cells and areas of growing capacity
demand in the network.

Proper capacity management requires advanced monitoring tools that can collect and
process performance measurements from the mobile network to report KPIs, but also
with the ability to perform data correlation to help identify bottlenecks due to capacity
constraints. For example, is the cause of reported throughput degradation due to radio
resource constraints, backhaul congestion, or poor radio conditions in that part of the
network? Having the ability to define rules that monitor traffic load versus offered
capacity and trigger notifications based on usage trends will be important for several
reasons. Such rules would help identify existing capacity limitations, but also help
predict future traffic growth so that operators can proactively plan for network
capacity expansion.

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This process can be iterative as shown in Figure 61 below.

Performance Capacity
Monitoring Management
Dashboard and Planning

KPI

Network

Figure 61 Iterative capacity management

Appropriate documentation of the build phase is important in order to maintain a

proper reference to ensure maintainability and upgradability.

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7. Conclusion

This document has illustrated several methods to manage the shift from coverage
limited networks to capacity limited networks that is being driven by the increasingly
high-bandwidth end-user applications coupled with the need for full access at any
location.

This puts a large importance on proper capacity planning in order to meet rapidly
evolving user expectations. Summarized below are the key considerations highlighted
in this document:

A clear strategy needs to be established to drive network expansion plans

that will address end-user capacity needs, moving away from reactive to a
more proactive approach of introducing capacity.
Based on the established strategy, design objectives can then be set with
measurable targets in terms of end-user QoE, cost and time.
Depending on a number of network dynamics (such as the existing macro
network, available spectrum, backhaul connectivity and site access), different
design considerations need to be taken into account in order to yield an
acceptable return on investment.
Realities and capabilities of the build phase need to be well understood and
integrated into the planning phase. Furthermore, large scale deployments
may in turn drive efficiencies of the build phase.
Monitoring capacity-related KPI fulfilment is an important operational
consideration in order to constantly address evolving user requirements.

Appropriate documentation throughout the steps described in this document are also
important in order to maintain a proper reference of what has been planned and
deployed; this will ensure maintainability as well as the ability to upgrade as needed
over time.

Report title: Managing capacity in HetNets

Issue date: 01 February 2016
Version: 174.07.01 19
References

1 [SCF079] Small cell enterprise deployment issues, Small Cell Forum, Dec 2013
2 [SCF096] Deployment issues for urban small cells, Small Cell Forum, Feb 2014
3 [SCF061] Market drivers for enterprise small cells, Small Cell Forum, Feb 2014
4 [SCF049] Backhaul technologies for small cells, Small Cell Forum, Feb 2014
5 [SCF078] Backhaul for enterprise small cells: A topic brief, Small Cell Forum,
Feb 2014
6 [SCF095] Backhaul for urban small cells: a topic brief, Small Cell Forum,
Jun 2015
7 [SCF155] Backhaul for rural and remote small cells, Small Cell Forum, Jun 2015

Report title: Managing capacity in HetNets

Issue date: 01 February 2016
Version: 174.07.01 20