CE 374 K Hydrology

CE374K

HydrologicDesign

DaeneC.McKinney
 Hydrologic Design
HydrologicDesign
Assesstheimpactofhydrologiceventsondesigns
p y g g
DesignScale Rangeofdesignvariables
DesignLevel Magnitudeofhydrologicevent
consideredforthedesign
id d f th d i
Returnperiodsforvariousstructures
o 1 100years(Minorstructures) Highwayculverts&
bridges Farm structures urban drainage air fields small dams
bridges,Farmstructures,urbandrainage,airfields,smalldams
(w/oLOL)
o 100 1000years(Intermediatestructures) Major
levees,intermediatedams
o 500 100,000years(Majorstructures) Large
dams,intermediate&smalldams(wLOL)
ProbableMaximumPrecipitation(PMP)
ProbableMaximumFlood(PMF)
P b bl M i Fl d (PMF)
 TxDOT
Tx DOTRecommendations
Recommendations
Recommended Design Frequencies (years)
- Design Check
Fl d
Flood
Functional Classification and Structure Type 2 5 10 25 50 100
Freeways (main lanes): - - - - - -
culverts - - - - X X
bridges - - - - X X
Principal arterials: - - - - - -
culverts - - X (X) X X
small bridges - - X (X) X X
major river crossings - - - - (X) X
Minor arterials and collectors (including frontage roads): - - - - - -
culverts - X (X) X - X
small bridges - - X (X) X X
major river crossings - - - X (X) X
Local roads and streets (off-system projects): - - - - - -
culverts X X X - - X
small bridges X X X - - X
Storm drain systems on interstate and controlled access highways - - - - - -
(main lanes):
inlets and drain pipe - - X - - X
inlets for depressed roadways* - - - - X X
St
Storm drain
d i systems
t on other
th highways
hi h andd ffrontage:
t - - - - - -
inlets and drain pipe X (X) - - - X
inlets for depressed roadways* - - - (X) X X
 Extreme Events
ExtremeEvents
Mostextremeeventfromhistoricrecordsometimesused
asdesignvalue.

Pr[most extreme event of last N years will be exceeded once in next n years]

n
P ( N , n) =
N +n

What is: P[largest flood of last N years will be exceeded in N years] ?

 Uncertainty & Risk
Uncertainty&Risk

Risk
Structure
StructuremayfailifeventexceedsT
may fail if event exceeds T Yeardesignmagnitude
Year design magnitude
i.e.,Pr[eventoccursatleastonceinn years]
Naturalinherentriskoffailure
n
1 1
R = 1 [1 P ( X xT )]n = 1 1 P ( X xT ) =
T T
IntensityDurationFrequency
Intensity Duration FrequencyEstimates
Estimates
Designflowsestablishedfrom:
g
Rainfallintensitiesforstormsofparticulardurationandreturnperiod

Rainfallintensitiescanbefoundin:
Rainfall intensities can be found in:
TP40(U.S.WeatherBureauTechnicalPaperNo.40)
Durations:30minutesto24hours
Recurrenceintervals:2to100years
Recurrence intervals: 2 to 100 years
HYDRO35(1977)
Durations:5to60minutes
Recurrenceintervals:2to100years
Asquith(1998*)
Durations:15minutesto7days
Recurrenceintervals:2to500years

Asquith, W.H., Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Texas WRI 98-4044, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas 1998
 Example
Find
Findthe25
the 25year
year30
30minute
minutedesignrainfalldepthfor
design rainfall depth for
OKCity
Getvaluesof15 and60minuterainfallfor2 and100
yearreturnperiods

P2 yr,15 min = 1.02 in.

P100 yr,15 min = 1.86 in.
P2 yr,60 min = 1.85 in.
P100 yr,60 min = 3.80 in.
 Example Return
Period, T
years
5
a
0.674
b
0.278
10 0.496 0.449
25 0.293 0.669
50 0.146 0.835

P2 yr,30 min = 0.51P2 yr,15 min + 0.49 P2 yr,60 min

P2 yr,30 min = 0.51(1.02) + 0.49(1.85) = 1.43 in.

P100 yr,30 min = 0.51P100 yr,15 min + 0.49 P100 yr,60 min
P100 yr,30 min = 0.51(1.86) + 0.49(3.80) = 2.81in.

P25 yr,30 min = aP

P2 yr,30 min + bP100 yr,30 min
P25 yr,30 min = 0.293(1.43) + 0.669( 2.81) = 2.30 in.
 Intensity Duration
Intensity Duration FrequencyCurves
Frequency Curves
Hydrologicdesign Whatrainfall
c
eventshouldweuse? i=
Userelationshipbetween: (Td )e + f
Houston
Intensityi (depthperunittime,e.g., 97.4 (10-year)
=
in./hr.)
(20)0.77 + 4.8
DurationTd,and
Frequency(returnperiod) = 6.56 in.
Coefficients:c,
Coefficients: c e,
e f

c c
i= i=
(Td )e + f (Td )e + f Los Angeles
(10
(10-year)
)
20.3
=
(20)0.63 + 2.06
= 2.34 in.
 Intensity Duration
Intensity Duration FrequencyCurves
Frequency Curves
Bookmethod i=
c
(Td )e + f

a
CityofAustinmethod i=
(Td + b )c

Storm a b c
Frequency

2-year 106.29 16.81 0.9076

5-year 99.75 16.74 0.8327
10-year 96.84 15.88 0.7952
25-year 111.07 17.23 0.7815
50-year 119.51 17.32 0.7705
100-year 129.03 17.83 0.7625
500-year 160.57 19.64 0.7449
 Example: IDF Curves
Example:IDFCurves
Determinethe10year,20minutedesignrainfall
intensity for Austin Texas
intensityforAustin,Texas
Storm a b c
Frequency

2-year
y 106.29
06 9 16.81
68 0 90 6
0.9076
5-year 99.75 16.74 0.8327
10-year 96.84 15.88 0.7952
25-year 111.07 17.23 0.7815
50-year 119.51 17.32 0.7705
100-year
y 129.03 17.83 0.7625
500-year 160.57 19.64 0.7449

a
i=
(Td + b )c
96.84
=
(20 + 15.88)0.7952
= 5.62 in / hr
 Design Hyetographs
DesignHyetographs
Distributerainfallovertime(get
hyetograph)
Historicstorms
Usemeasuredstorm(s)that
occurredandcauseddamage
IDFsyntheticpatterns
IDF th ti tt
hyetographdevelopedfromIDF
curves
SCSsyntheticpatterns
SCS
SCSobtainedrainfallpatternsusing
bt i d i f ll tt i
generalizedIDFvalues
DividedtheUSintozones
 Triangular Hyetograph Method
TriangularHyetographMethod
Requiresprecipitation
q p p
depthP anddurationTd
Timebeforepeak=ta ta tb
Recessiontime =tr

Rainfalll intensity, i
ta
Stormadvancement r=
Td
coefficient = r
coefficient=r imax =
2P
Td
Oncethetriangleis
constructed,intensitiesat
Td Ti
Time
regularintervalscanbe
determinedforinputto
rainfallrunoff
rainfall runoffcalculations.
calculations.
 Example TriangularHyetograph
Example Triangular Hyetograph
Find:Triangularhyetographfora5yearreturnperiodstorm
of duration 15 minutes with r =0.38.
ofduration15minuteswithr = 0 38
P5 yr = a5 yr P2 yr,15min + b5 yr P100 yr,15min
P2,15 = 0.88 in
Return
Period, T
years
5
a
0.674
b
0.278
= 0.674(0.88) + 0.278(1.70)
P100,15 = 1.70 in 10
25
0.496
0.293
0.449
0.669 = 1.07 in.
50 0.146 0.835

5.7 min 9.3 min

Rainfall intenssity, i
2 P 2 *1.07
imax = = = 8.56 in / hr
Td 0.25
8.53in/hr

ta = rT
Td = 0.38 * 0.25 = 0.095 hr
h = 5.7 min
R

i
15 min Time
Alternating Block Hyetograph Method
AlternatingBlockHyetographMethod
Using
UsingIIDF curves to find rainfall intensities for t,
D Fcurvestofindrainfallintensitiesfort,
2t, 3t,etc.incrementsoftime
Organizeintensitiesaroundthecenterofthestorm
g
Differentmethodscanbeusedtoarrangethe
intensities
Alternatingblockmethod
Chicagomethod
Balancedmethod
Areaunderthehyetographequaltothedesignstorm
d h
depth,P
 Alternating Block Method
AlternatingBlockMethod
DevelopdesignhyetographfromIDFcurve
Develop design hyetograph from IDF curve
Precipitationdepthinn timeintervalst
Selectreturnperiod
Readi fromIDFcurveforeachdurationD =t,2t,3t,
FindP =intensity*duration= i* D
FindincrementalprecipitationP fromdifferences
Reorderincrements
Maximumincrementalprecipitationatcenter
Maximum incremental precipitation at center
Remainingarrangedindescendingorderalternatelyrightandleft
Example: Alternating Block Method
Example:AlternatingBlockMethod
Find: Design precipitation hyetograph for a 2-hour storm (in 10
minute increments)) in Denver with a 10-year
y return period
p 10-
minute

i = design rainfall intensity

c 96.6
i= = Td = Duration of storm
(Td )e
+f (Td ) 0.97
+ 13.90 c, e, f = coefficients

5.0

nsity(in/hr) 4.0
Duration Intensity
(min) (in/hr)
10 4.158 3.0
20 3.002
30 2.357 2.0
Inten

40 1.943
50 1.655
60 1.443 1.0
70 1.279
80 1.149 0.0
90 1 044
1.044
100 0.956 0 50 100
110 0.883
120 0.82 Duration(min)
 Example: Alternating Block Method
Example:AlternatingBlockMethod
Duration Intensity Cumulative Incremental
(min) (in/hr) Depth (in) Depth (in)
10 4 158
4.158 0 693
0.693 0 693
0.693
20 3.002 1.001 0.308
30 2.357 1.179 0.178
40 1.943 1.295 0.117
50 1.655 1.379 0.084
60 1.443 1.443 0.064
70 1 279
1.279 1 492
1.492 0 049
0.049
80 1.149 1.532 0.040
90 1.044 1.566 0.034
100 0.956 1.593 0.027
110 0.883 1.619 0.026
120 0.82 1.640 0.021

Precip.
No. Time (min) (in) No.
1 0-10 0.024 11
2 10-20 0.033 9
3 20-30 0.050 7
4 30-40 0.084 5
5 40-50 0.178 3
6 50-60 0.693 1
7 60-70 0.308 2
8 70-80 0.117 4
9 80-90 0.063 6
19 90-100 0.040 8
11 100-110 0.028 10
12 110-120 0.021 12
 Flood Frequencies for Projects
FloodFrequenciesforProjects
TxDOTRecommendation
Foralldrainagefacilities evaluatetheimpactofthe100
yearfloodevent
Insomecases,evaluateafloodeventlargerthanthe100
In some cases, evaluate a flood event larger than the 100
yearfloodtoensurethesafetyofthestructureand
downstreamdevelopment.
Bridgefoundations
g 500yearfloodanalysisisrequiredfor
y y q
checkingscourfailure
Ifacatastrophicfailurecanreleaseafloodwavethat
wouldresultinlossoflife,disruptionofessentialservices,
orexcessiveeconomicdamage,thedesignshouldbe
evaluatedintermsofaprobablemaximumflood(PMF)