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Abstract As a magnetic core material, non grain oriented the resulting lower stacking factor of the iron core and adopted
(NGO) electrical steel is mainly characterized by its magnetic costs for the laminations compared to thicker grades have to
properties, i.e. the specific loss, the magnetic saturation be taken into account.
polarization, and the magnetizability, i.e. the permeability. In
addition, mechanical properties, e.g. manufacturability, yield In permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) with
strength as well as coatings strongly influence the performance, embedded magnets, additional restrictions for mechanical
power density and the cost of the resulting electric machine. This properties of the rotor core material exist. Smaller bridges at
paper presents the effect of various cutting techniques on the the magnets lead to lower leakage flux allowing for a decrease
material behavior of high-strength NGO electrical steel grades of the magnet material and therewith magnet materials costs
with guaranteed yield strength in rolling direction of 400 600 and concomitantly lower overall costs of the electric machine.
MPa in thickness 0.30 0.35 mm. Typical application fields of Beside lower installation space with comparable torque weight
this material are automotive traction drives with their specific savings are possible. In order to fulfill these stronger
application range at higher frequencies than 50 Hz. requirements, SE-AG has continued its permanent
optimizations on electrical steel and enables innovative and
Keywords Electrical steel, material development, high- efficient motor design with its in this study used application-
strength electrical steel, electric vehicles, FEM simulation, soft- specific grades.
magnetic material, tailor-made electrical steel, electric machines
with high rotational speed TABLE I. OVERVIEW OF STANDARD AND HIGH-STRENGTH
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC NGO ELECTRICAL STEEL GRADES WITH GUARANTEED
I. INTRODUCTION MAGNETIC AND MECHANICAL VALUES AND LOWER DETERIORATION OF
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE FINAL LAMINATIONS
The requirements for NGO electrical steel in traction
motors are higher compared to those for standard electric Grade
Nominal thickness (mm)
Acc. to EN 10303
NO 20
0,2
M 235-35 A
0,35
Standard grades acc. to EN 10106
M 250-35 A
0,35
M 270-35 A
0,35
M 330-35 A
0,35
motors. Due to limited construction size in hybrid and electric P1.0 50 Hz (W/kg)
P1.5 50 Hz (W/kg)
0,9
2,4
1,0
2,3
1,0
2,4
1,0
2,4
1,2
2,7
vehicles, motors usually operate at two to fourfold times P1.0 400 Hz (W/kg)
P1.0 1.000 HZ (W/kg)
11,7
43,0
16,6
70
18,6
82,0
18,4
80,0
20,9
91
higher rotational speed than conventional industrial drives. Rp0.2 typical [Mpa]
Rp0.2 guaranteed [Mpa]
Rm [Mpa]
360
-
450
425
> 390
525
370
> 350
480
360
> 350
500
330
> 300
450
This results in high requirements on the magnetic core HV5 190 220 200 200 165
material. These requirements are driven by cost and the Typical values for standard grades and indicative values for application-
requirement of highest possible power density. In particular, specific grades. Mechanical values are measured at room temperature for
the specific total loss at higher frequencies has to be rolling direction. Rp0.2 guaranteed for room temperature and for rolling
direction.
minimized and the deterioration of magnetic properties has to
be as low as possible due to the manufacturing process. The Grade
Application-specific NGO grades
330-30 AP
High-strength NGO grades Extra high-strength NGO grade
* 270-27AP 280-30AP Var. 1 280-30AP Var. 2 * xxx-35AP Var.2 ** Extra high-strength NGO
steel manufacturer is able to influence the specific total loss by Nominal thickness (mm)
P1.0 50 Hz (W/kg)
0,30
1,2
0,27
1,1
0,30
1,1
0,30
1,1
0,35
1,1
0,35
on request
or by optimizing the texture. The main factors to reduce the P1.0 1.000 HZ (W/kg)
Rp0.2 typical [Mpa]
75,0
330
59,0
390
65,0
410
62,0
440
80,0
450
on request
520-620
losses in the electrical steel are according to [5] alloy content Rp0.2 guaranteed [Mpa]
Rm [Mpa]
> 300
450
> 350
510
> 370
530
> 420
550
> 420
560
> 500
670-800
(mainly silicon or aluminum) and sheet thickness. With HV5 168 180 190 200 200 200
increasing silicon content, the specific electric resistivity e Typical values for standard grades and indicative values for application-
increases. This results in lower eddy current-losses and thus in specific grades. Mechanical values are measured at room temperature for
rolling direction. Rp0.2 guaranteed for room temperature and for rolling
lower core losses. However, thermal conductivity (TC) and direction. * New trial, ** Several grades under development
saturation polarization decrease with increasing silicon
content. Especially high saturation/polarization is preferable in High-strength application-specific NGO electrical steel
order to minimize the core material for the magnetic flux. The grades with guaranteed magnetic and mechanical values and
decrease of the sheet thickness also causes less eddy current- lower deterioration of magnetic properties of the final
losses. When using NGO electrical steel in thinner thickness, laminations enable cost optimized and improved motor
designs. To demonstrate the advantages of high-strength
h NGO In Figs. 2 - 4, only the steeel bridges between the magnets
electrical steel, a permanent magnet mootor with 40 kW and the outer rotor surface were adjusted based on the
nominal power and 12.000 rpm max speed wasw designed. guaranteed stress limits of eachh particular NGO electrical steel
grade. For the high-strength eleectrical steel grade (xxx-35AP),
a decrease of the bridges of about
a 20 % was possible. With
PN = 40 kW extra high-strength electrical stteel a reduction of more than 40
nN = 5.000 rpm % was possible. The mechannical stress in the steel bridges
nmax = 12.000 rpm between the magnets of one pole was calculated with an
noverspeed = 14.400 rpm established FEM tool for the thhree rotor variations in Figs. 2 -
Number of slots = 12
4. In each rotor, the stress lim mit for the particular electrical
Number of poles = 8
M235-35A
steel grade is nearly reached at a over speed (maximum speed
Thickness = 0.35 mm +20 %). With these three rotor designs electromagnetic FEM
calculations have been conductted.
v (N/mm2)
steel grade 280-30 AP Var. 2 with low magnetic
m losses at 400
high-frequencies was chosen. Three differeent steel concepts,
best standard NGO grade M235-35A, high-strength NGO 300
grade 280-30 AP Var. 2 and one extra-hiigh strength NGO 200
grade, are examined for the rotor. In ordeer to compare the
possibilities and impacts of this three diffeerent steel grades, 100
motor design, size and stator core remaineed constant at the 0
three designs.
0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
Best standard NGO grade
Rotation speed (rpm)
M235-35A Fig. 5. Mechanical stress at steel briidge between magnets and outer rotor
Thickness = 0.35 mm surface.
P1.0 (400 Hz) typical 17 W/kg
Rp02 guarantee * > 390 MPa
M235-35A XXX-35AP HS-35
* in rolling direction for room 90
temperature Fig. 2. Mechaanical consideration 80
at the strressed rotor parts for
the stanndard grade M235- 70
Torque (Nm)
35A.
60
High-strength NGO 50
xxx-35AP Var. 2 40
Thickness = 0.35 mm
P1.0 (400 Hz) typical 19 W/kg 30
Rp02 guarantee * > 420 MPa 20
* in rolling direction for room 0 4.000 8.000 12.000
temperature Fig. 3. Mechaanical consideration Rotation speed (rpm)
at the strressed rotor parts for
the highh-strength grade xxx- Fig. 6. Torque-speed characteristic at nominal current for the three different
35AP Vaar. 2. motor designs.
Extra high-strength (E H-S) NGO The calculated torque - speed characteristic in Fig. 6
displays the advantages of elecctrical steel with high-strength in
Extra-high strength NGO the complete speed range. Ann increase of torque about 2 %
Thickness = 0.35 mm with high-strength and 3.5 % with extra high-strength
P1.0 (400 Hz) < 40 W/kg electrical steel at the nominal point
p (see Fig. 6) was compared
Rp02 guarantee * > 500 MPa to the determined standard gradde.
* in rolling direction for room Fig. 4. Mechaanical consideration According to the conducteed FEM simulation, the use of
temperature
at the strressed rotor parts for electrical steel with high-sttrength in permanent magnet
the extraa high-strength NGO synchronous machines enablees (TABLE II. ) higher power
grade E H-S.
H
densities and also higher efficieencies.
TABLE II. BEHAVIOR OF TORQUE AND EFFICIEENCY CONCERNING
DIFFERENT STEEL GRADES.
Fig. 11. Iron losses vs. frequency at 1.55 T magnetic flux density from EF.
Fig. 15. Additional iron losses of 280-30 AP Var. 2, laser cutted in RD, of for
30 strips 4 mm x 120 mm compaared to one strip 120 mm x 120 mm.
Fig. 16. Change of iron losses vs. cuttiing technique at 50 Hz on grade 280-30
AP Var. 2 in RD.
Fig. 14. Iron losses of 280-30 AP Var. 2, laser cutted in RD, for 1 strip 120
mm x 120 mm.
Fig. 21. Change of the magnetization curve in RD for two different processing
types for 280-30 AP Var. 2 at 700 Hz.
Fig. 19. Increase of iron losses as a factor for two different processing types
on grade 280-30 AP Var. 2 due to different amounts of cut edges at 700
Hz.
Fig. 22. Change of the magnetization curve as factor in RD with respect to the
The impact of laser cutting on the magnetization behavior amount of cut edges and the two different processing types for 280-30
of the 120 mm samples is comparable to the impact of AP Var. 2 at 50 Hz.
guillotine cutting. The same tendency as for the iron losses is
present for the magnetic field strength. Fig. 20 - Fig. 23 give
an overview of the change of the magnetization curve (Jmax
(Hmax)) in RD with respect to the amount of cut edges and the
two different processing types (laser: straight lines, guillotine:
dotted lines).
Fig. 23. Change of the magnetization curve as factor in RD with respect to the
amount of cut edges and the two different processing types for 280-30
AP Var. 2 at 700 Hz