Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Year
10
General
Mathematics
Chapter
1:
Linear
Relations
and
Equations
Chapter
10:
Linear
Graphs
and
Models
This
topic
includes:
In this area of study students cover representation and manipulation of linear relations and equations, and their
applications in a range of contexts.
Key
knowledge
the forms of linear relations and equations including literal linear equations
the rules of linear functions and tables of values
the properties of linear functions and their graphs
the concept of a linear model and its properties
the concepts of interpolation and extrapolation
Key
skills
solve linear equations including literal linear equations
construct tables of values from a given formula
solve word problems that involve the setting up and solving of a linear equations.
develop a linear model to represent and analyse a practical situation and specify its domain of
application
interpret the slope and the intercept of a straight-line graph in terms of its context and use the equation
to make predictions with consideration of limitations of extrapolation
1.3 Solving Linear Equations 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18
1.4 Developing Linear Equations 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21
10.2 Linear functions and graphs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13ac, 14, 15ace, 17, 19, 23, 24
http://drweiser.weebly.com
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Table
of
Contents
THIS
TOPIC
INCLUDES:
1
KEY
KNOWLEDGE
1
KEY
SKILLS
1
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
2
1.2
LINEAR
RELATIONS
3
IDENTIFYING
LINEAR
RELATIONS
3
RULES
FOR
LINEAR
RELATIONS
3
WORKED
EXAMPLE
2
3
TRANSPOSING
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
4
WORKED
EXAMPLE
3
4
1.3
SOLVING
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
5
SOLVING
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
WITH
ONE
VARIABLE
5
WORKED
EXAMPLE
4
5
SUBSTITUTING
INTO
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
6
WORKED
EXAMPLE
5
6
LITERAL
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
6
WORKED
EXAMPLE
6
6
1.4
DEVELOPING
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
7
DEVELOPING
LINEAR
EQUATIONS
FROM
WORD
DESCRIPTIONS
7
WORKED
EXAMPLE
7
7
WORD
PROBLEMS
WITH
MORE
THAN
ONE
UNKNOWN
7
WORKED
EXAMPLE
8
7
TABLES
OF
VALUES
8
WORKED
EXAMPLE
9
8
LINEAR
RELATIONS
DEFINED
RECURSIVELY
9
WORKED
EXAMPLE
10
9
WORKED
EXAMPLE
11
9
10.2
LINEAR
FUNCTIONS
AND
GRAPHS
10
LINEAR
FUNCTIONS
10
THE
GRADIENT
OF
A
LINEAR
FUNCTION
10
-
AND
-INTERCEPTS
10
GRADIENTINTERCEPT
FORM
10
WORKED
EXAMPLE
1
11
DETERMINING
THE
GRADIENT
FROM
A
GRAPH
11
WORKED
EXAMPLE
2
12
FINDING
THE
GRADIENT
GIVEN
TWO
POINTS
12
WORKED
EXAMPLE
3
12
PLOTTING
LINEAR
GRAPHS
13
WORKED
EXAMPLE
4
13
SKETCHING
GRAPHS
USING
THE
GRADIENT
AND
Y-INTERCEPT
METHOD
14
WORKED
EXAMPLE
5
14
SKETCHING
GRAPHS
USING
THE
X-
AND
Y-INTERCEPTS
15
WORKED
EXAMPLE
6
15
10.3
LINEAR
MODELLING
16
LINEAR
MODELS
16
EXAMPLE
7
ERROR!
BOOKMARK
NOT
DEFINED.
SOLVING
PRACTICAL
PROBLEMS
16
INTERPRETING
THE
PARAMETERS
OF
LINEAR
MODELS
ERROR!
BOOKMARK
NOT
DEFINED.
Page 2 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Worked
Example
2
Find the equations for the linear relations formed by the following number patterns.
a) 3, 7, 11, 15
b) 8, 5, 2, 1
Page 3 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Note: It is good practice to substitute a second term number into your equation to check that your
answer is correct.
On the CAS
Page 4 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Page 5 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Substituting
into
linear
equations
If we are given a linear equation between two variables and we are given the value of one of the
variables, we can substitute this into the equation to determine the other value.
Worked
Example
5
Substitute = 3
into the linear equation = 2 + 5 to determine the value of .
On the CAS
On
a
blank
calculator
page
c11
(remember
we
use
documents,
never
scratchpad)
Type:
solve( = 2 + 5, )|x=3
then
press
Page 6 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
The linear equation can then be solved as before, and we can use the result to answer the original
question.
Worked
Example
7
Cans of soft drinks are sold at SupaSave in packs of 12 costing $5.40. Form
and solve a linear equation to determine the price of 1 can of soft drink.
Worked
Example
8
Georgina is counting the numberof insects and spiders, she can find in her back garden. All insects
have6 legs and all spiders have 8 legs. In total, Georgina finds 43 bugs with a total of 290 legs. Form
a linear equation to determine exactly how many insects and spiders Georgina found.
Page 7 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Tables
of
values
Tables of values can be generated from formulas by entering given values of one variable into the
formula. Tables of values can be used to solve problems and to draw graphs representing situations (as
covered in more detail in Chapter 10).
Worked
Example
9
The amount of water that is filling a tank is found by the rule W = 100t + 20, where W is the amount
of water in the tank in litres and t is the time in hours.
a) Generate a table of values that shows the amount of water, W, in the tank every hour for the
first 8 hours (i.e. t = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 8).
b) Using your table, how long in hours will it take for there to be over 700 litres in the tank?
b) Look for the value of the Water that is over 700 and read off
the value of the time.
Page 8 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Linear
relations
defined
recursively
Many
sequences
of
numbers
are
obtained
by
following
rules
that
define
a
relationship
between
any
one
term
and
the
previous
term.
Such
a
relationship
is
known
as
a
recurrence
relation.
A
term
in
such
a
sequence
is
defined
as
tn,
with
n
denoting
the
place
in
the
sequence.
The
term
tn
1
is
the
previous
term
in
the
sequence.
Worked
Example
10
A
linear
recurrence
relation
is
given
by
the
formula
= 1 + 6, 1 =
5.
Write
the
first
six
terms
of
the
sequence.
Worked
Example
11
The
weekly
rent
on
an
inner-city
apartment
increases
by
$10
every
year.
In
a
certain
year
the
weekly
rent
is
$310.
a) Model this situation by setting up a linear recurrence relation between the weekly rental prices in
consecutive years.
c) Find an expression for the weekly rent (r) in the nth year.
Page 9 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
-
and
-intercepts
The
-intercept
of
a
linear
function
is
the
point
where
the
graph
of
the
equation
crosses
the
-axis.
This
occurs
when
=
0.
The
-intercept
of
a
linear
function
is
the
point
where
the
graph
of
the
equation
crosses
the
-axis.
This
occurs
when
=
0.
In
the
graph
of
= + 3,
we
can
see
that
the
-intercept
isat
(-3, 0)
and
the
-intercept
is
at
(0, 3).
These
points
canalso,
be
determined
algebraically
by
putting
= 0
and
= 0
into
the
equation.
Gradientintercept
form
All
linear
equations
relating
the
variables
and
can
be
rearranged
into
the
form = + ,
where
is
the
gradient.
This
is
known
as
the
gradientintercept
form
of
the
equation.
If
a
linear
equation
is
in
gradientintercept
form,
the
number
and
sign
in
front
of
the
-value
gives
the
value
of
the
gradient
of
the
equation.
For
example,
in
= 4 + 5,
the
gradient
is
4.
The
value
of
in
linear
equations
written
in
gradientintercept
form
is
the
-intercept
of
the
equation.
This
is
because
the
-intercept
occurs
when
= 0,
and
when
= 0
the
equation
simplifies
to
= .
The
value
of
in
= 4 + 5
is
5.
Page 10 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Worked
Example
1
State
the
gradients
and
y-intercepts
of
the
following
linear
equations.
a) = 5 + 2
b) 2 = 4-6
OP <OQ
For
all
horizontal
lines
the
-values
will
be
equal,
so
the
numerator
of
will
be
0.
Therefore,
the
;P <;Q
gradient
of
vertical
lines
is
0.
OP <OQ
For
all
vertical
lines
the
-values
will
be
equal,
so
the
denominator
of
will
be
0.
Dividing
a
value
;P <;Q
by
0
is
undefined;
therefore,
the
gradient
of
vertical
lines
is
undefined.
Page 11 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Worked
Example
2
Find the values of the gradients of the following graphs.
a) b)
Page 12 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Plotting
linear
graphs
Linear
graphs
can
be
constructed
by
plotting
the
points
and
then
ruling
a
line
between
the
points
as
shown
in
the
diagram.
If
the
points
or
a
table
of
values
are
not
given,
then
the
points
can
be
found
by
substituting
x-values
into
the
rule
and
finding
the
corresponding
y-values.
If
a
table
of
values
is
provided,
then
the
graph
can
be
constructed
by
plotting
the
points
given
and
joining
them.
Worked
Example
4
Construct
a
linear
graph
that
passes
through
the
points
(1,
2),
(0,
4),
(1,
6)
and
(3,
10):
a) without technology
b) using CAS.
a)
b)
On
a
blank
list
&
spreadsheet
page
c14
Enter
a
label
of
x
in
the
first
column
and
type
in
the
x
values
-1,
0,
1,
3
Enter
the
label
y
into
the
second
column
enter
the
corresponding
y-
values
to
the
x-values
entered
above
Page 13 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Sketching
graphs
using
the
gradient
and
y-intercept
method
A
linear
graph
can
be
constructed
by
using
the
gradient
and
y-intercept.
The
y-intercept
is
marked
on
the
y-axis,
and
then
another
point
is
found
by
using
the
gradient.
Worked
Example
5
Using
the
gradient
and
the
y-intercept,
sketch
the
graph
of
each
of
the
following.
>
a) = 2
:
Page 14 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Sketching
graphs
using
the
x-
and
y-intercepts
If
the
points
of
a
linear
graph
where
theline
crosses
the
-
and
-axes
(the
-
and
-intercepts)
are
known,
then
the
graph
can
be
constructed
by
marking
these
points
and
ruling
a
line
through
them.
To
find
the
-intercept,
substitute
= 0
into
the
equation
and
then
solve
the
equation
for
.
To
find
the
-intercept,
substitute
= 0
into
the
equation
and
then
solve
the
equation
for
.
Worked
Example
6
Find
the
value
of
the
-
and
-
intercepts
for
the
following
linear
equations,
and
hence
sketch
their
graphs.
a) 3 + 4 = 12
b) = 5
On
the
CAS
a)
Find
the
x
and
y
intercepts.
On
a
blank
calculator
page
c11
Type:
solve 3 + 4 = 12, | = 0
then
press
to
get
the
x-intercept.
b)
Repeat
for
= 5
Page 15 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Page 16 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
d) When
fully
inflated,
the
ball
holds
100
000
cm3
of
air.
Determine
how
long,
in
minutes,
it
takes
to
fully
inflate
the
ball.
Write
your
answer
to
the
nearest
minute.
The
domain
of
a
linear
model
When
creating
a
linear
model,
it
is
important
to
interpret
the
given
informationto
determine
the
domain
of
the
model,
that
is,
the
values
for
which
the
model
is
applicable.
The
domains
of
linear
models
are
usually
expressed
using
the
less
than
or
equal
to
sign
()
and
the
greater
than
or
equal
to
sign
().
For
example,
in
the
previous
example
about
air
pumped
into
a
yoga
ball
at
a
constant
rate,
the
model
will
stop
being
valid
before
100cm3
and
after
100
000
cm3
of
air
is
in
the
yoga
ball,
so
the
domain
only
includes
x-values
for
when
this
is
true.
Example
9
Express
the
following
situations
as
linear
models
and
give
the
domains
of
the
models.
a) Julie
works
at
a
department
store
and
is
paid
$19.20
per
hour.
She
must
work
for
a
minimum
of
10
hours
per
week,
but
due
to
her
study
commitments
she
can
work
for
no
more
than
20
hours
per
week.
b) The
results
in
a
driving
test
are
marked
out
of
100,
with
4
marks
taken
off
for
every
error
made
on
the
course.
The
lowest
possible
result
is
40
marks.
Page 17 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Page 18 of 20
LINEAR EQUATIONS, GRAPHS AND MODELS
Lines
of
best
fit
by
eye
Sometimes
the
data
for
a
practical
problem
may
not
be
in
the
form
of
a
perfect
linear
relationship,
but
the
data
can
still
be
modelled
by
an
approximate
linear
relationship.
When
we
are
given,
a
scatterplot
representing
data
that
appears
to
be
approximately
represented
by
a
linear
relationship,
we
can
draw
aline
of
best
fit
by
eye
so
that
approximately
half
of
the
data
points
are
on
either
side
of
the
line
of
best
fit.
Lines
of
best
fit
by
eye
Sometimes
the
data
for
a
practical
problem
may
not
be
in
the
form
of
a
perfect
linear
relationship,
but
the
data
can
still
be
modelled
by
an
approximate
linear
relationship.
When
we
are
given
a
scatterplot
representing
data
that
appears
to
be
approximately
represented
by
a
linear
relationship,
we
can
draw
aline
of
best
fit
by
eye
so
that
approximately
half
of
the
data
points
are
on
either
side
of
the
line
of
best
fit.
Example
11
A
sports
scientist
is
looking
at
data
comparing
the
heights
of
athletes
and
their
performance
in
the
high
jump.
The
following
table
and
scatterplot
represent
the
data
they
have
collected.
A
line
of
best
fit
by
eye
has
been
drawn
on
the
scatterplot.
Choose
two
appropriate
points
that
lie
on
the
line
of
best
fit
and
determine
the
equation
for
the
line.
Page 19 of 20
GENERAL MATHEMATICS 2017
Making
predictions
Interpolation
When we use interpolation, we aremaking a prediction from a line of bestfit that appears within the
parameters ofthe original data set.
If
we
plot
our
line
of
best
fit
on
the
scatterplot
of
the
given
data,
then
interpolation will occur between
thefirst and last points of the scatterplot.
Extrapolation
When we use extrapolation, we are making a prediction from a line of best fit that appears outside the
parameters of the original data set.
Reliability
of
predictions
The
more
pieces
of
data
there
are
in
a
set,
the
better
the
line
of
best
fit
you
will
be
able
to
draw.
More
data
points
allow
more
reliable
predictions.
In
general,
interpolation
is
a
far
more
reliable
method
of
making
predictions
than
extrapolation.
However,
there
are
other
factors
that
should
also
be
considered.
Interpolation
closer
to
the
centre
of
the
data
set
will
be
more
reliable
that
interpolation
closer
to
the
edge
of
the
data
set.
Extrapolation
that
appears
closer
to
the
data
set
will
be
much
more
reliable
than
extrapolation
that
appears
further
away
from
the
data
set.
Worked
Example
12
The
following
data
represent
the
air
temperature
(C)
and
depth
of
snow
(cm)
at
a
popular
ski
resort.
The
line
of
best
fit
for
this
data
set
has
been
calculated
as
= -7.2 + 84.
a) Use
the
line
of
best
fit
to
estimate
the
depth
of
snow
if
the
air
temperature
is
-6.5.
b) Use
the
line
of
best
fit
to
estimate
the
depth
of
snow
if
the
air
temperature
is
25.2.
c) Comment
on
the
reliability
of
your
estimations
in
parts
a)
and
b).
Page 20 of 20