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A full 3D time-dependent electromagnetic model for Roebel cables

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2013 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 052001

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IOP PUBLISHING SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001 (8pp) doi:10.1088/0953-2048/26/5/052001

FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION

A full 3D time-dependent electromagnetic

model for Roebel cables
Victor M R Zermeno1,2 , Francesco Grilli1 and Frederic Sirois3
1
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
2
Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
3
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

E-mail: victor.zermeno@kit.edu

Received 15 December 2012, in final form 15 February 2013

Published 21 March 2013
Online at stacks.iop.org/SUST/26/052001
Abstract
High temperature superconductor Roebel cables are well known for their large current
capacity and low AC losses. For this reason they have become attractive candidates for many
power applications. The continuous transposition of their strands reduces the coupling losses
while ensuring better current sharing among them. However, since Roebel cables have a true
3D structure and are made of several high aspect ratio coated conductors, modelling and
simulation of their electromagnetic properties is very challenging. Therefore, a realistic model
taking into account the actual layout of the cable is unavoidably a large scale computational
problem. In this work, we present a full 3D model of a Roebel cable with 14 strands. The
model is based on the H-formulation, widely used for 2D problems. In order to keep the 3D
features of the cable (in particular the magnetization currents near the transpositions), no
simplifications are made other than the reduction of the modelled length according to the
periodicity of the cable structure. The 3D model is used to study the dependence of AC losses
on the amplitude of the AC applied magnetic field or transport current. Beyond the importance
of simulating the Roebel cable layout, this work represents a further step into achieving 3D
simulation of superconducting devices for real applications.
(Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

1. Introduction
In recent years, the use of Roebel cables made with 2G high
temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors has
become very attractive. Their large current capacity, compact
design, mechanical flexibility and low AC losses make them
suitable candidates for many power applications. They are
currently being used not just for current transport but also for
coil design [1, 2]. The continuous transposition of the strands
in Roebel cables reduces the coupling losses while ensuring
better current sharing among the strands. Therefore, larger
AC currents can be allocated in the superconducting layers
for a given amount of energy loss. Given the aforementioned
attractiveness of Roebel cables, there is growing interest in
modelling and simulating their electromagnetic properties
with the aim of optimizing their use in larger devices. Among
the various modelling techniques, finite element analysis
(FEA) is becoming increasingly popular for design and
optimization. Nowadays, the existence of well tested models
allows the simulation of devices of growing complexity. Many
examples of 2D FEA for diverse superconducting applications
can be found in the literature [3, 4]. For the particular case
of the Roebel layout, several models have already been used,
for both DC and AC operating conditions [5, 6]. All these
approaches model the cross section of the cable as two
parallel stacks of HTS coated conductors in 2D. However,
one of the main challenges in a realistic 3D model for Roebel
cables is the continuous transposition of the strands. This
turns into a modelling problem because the longitudinal or
axial symmetries present in stacks or coils are broken by the

0953-2048/13/052001+08$33.00 1 c 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK & the USA


Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001
Figure 1. A Roebel cable composed of 14 strands (left). The geometric model used for numerical calculations is presented on the right
side. For better visualization, every strand is painted with a different colour.
transposition. Therefore the Roebel layout requires a true 3D
model as no 2D simplification can account for the transposing
segment.
It is worth noting that a further step towards a 3D
model of a Roebel cable was presented in [7]. There,
an infinitesimally thin approximation for the conductors
was used to simulate a six-strand Roebel cable in AC
conditions. Although this model represents a 3D structure, it
does not account for the finite thickness of the conductors.
Infinitesimally thin approximations have already been used in
several instances for 2D and 3D models [810]. In essence,
they do not account for current distributions across the tapes
thickness. It has been shown in [11] that these infinitesimally
thin approaches can lead to a lower AC loss estimation. On
the other hand, full 3D examples of superconducting devices
are rather scarce as only simple cases have been reported in
the literature [1217]. To the best of our knowledge, at this
point no full 3D model for a Roebel cable has been developed.
Considering the importance of Roebel cables and the involved
complexity of their layout, it is reasonable to make some effort
to evaluate their performance with a full 3D model.
In this work, a realistic model for a 14-strand Roebel
cable is presented. The model makes no further simplifications
other than the use of the periodic structure of the cable
layout. Overall, this work presents a pioneering example of
3D FEA used in real HTS application devices where no model
reductions are considered.
2. Model description
2.1. Geometrical model
The model as shown in figure 1 displays the actual layout
of a Roebel cable with 14 strands made of 2G HTS coated
conductors, as described by Terzieva et al [1]. In this first
approach, and for easing the computational effort, besides
the surrounding air only the superconducting layers were
considered in the model. This is well justified as the resistivity
of the substrate and the coating layers is several orders of
magnitude larger than that of the superconducting material.
Also, in order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom in
the air domain, the thickness of the HTS layers was scaled to
10 m. The periodicity of the physical cable is given by the
transposition length. In this way, analysing such a length is
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sufficient to provide results in all ideal physical configurations
such as transport current, magnetization and a combination of
both, with the possibility in all cases to consider the strands
as being coupled or decoupled, i.e. to allow the possibility
of different currents to flow in each filament, even currents
of opposite signs. However, in the spirit of reducing the
computational burden and considering the periodicity of the
geometric layout alone, we can reduce the computational
domain to solely 1/14th of the transposition length. Thus, the
cable can be seen as composed of identical unit cells in a linear
array, one after the other. This model, however, constrains
the analysis to the uncoupled case, i.e. all strands transport
the same current. To optimize computational speed, we could
take advantage of further symmetries related to the geometry
or to the physical behaviour of the problem. However, in
this first approach the geometric model was not further
reduced. For consistency, while comparing with experimental
data, parameters for the cable were taken from [1]. This
corresponded to a 14-strand cable with a Roebel angle of 35 ,
a transposition length of 109 mm, a width of 4.3 mm and a
central gap of 300 m. In the same manner, the critical current
of the cable was taken to be 465 A.
2.2. Governing equations
The model is based on the widely used H-formulation for
electromagnetic diffusion as proposed in [12, 18, 19]. For the
sake of completeness and also for a better understanding of the
H-formulation, its derivation and justification are presented
here with an emphasis on the way the condition of zero
divergence of the magnetic induction B is met. For power
applications, the low frequency regime is assumed. Therefore,
displacement currents are neglected and the electromagnetic
field can be obtained by solving the resulting quasi-static
problem, where the superconductor is modelled as a material
with nonlinear resistivity. The relevant equations are [20, 21]
B
E= , (1)
t
H = J, (2)
B = 0, (3)
E = J, (4)
B = H. (5)
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001
We start our treatment by substituting (4) and (5),
respectively the EJ and BH constitutive relationships,
in the MaxwellFaraday equation (1) and Gausss law for
magnetism (3), hence the magnetostatic problem can be
restated as the following system of equations:
(H)
( H) = (6)
t
and
(H) = 0. (7)
The simultaneous solution of equations (6) and (7) presents
a problem, as it would involve having an over-constrained
system in the general case, therefore an alternative procedure
must be used. Although this issue has already been addressed
by Bossavit [22] by writing these equations in weak form
and treating the problem as one of functional analysis, in this
work, and for the sake of simplicity, we will follow an elegant
equivalent solution presented by Kajikawa et al [23]. Taking
the divergence of equation (6) yields
(H)
 
( ( H)) = . (8) imposed on all the domains lying on the periodic boundary,
t therefore creating a periodic unit cell that includes both the
The left-hand side of equation (8) is identically zero and, after
exchanging the order of time and spatial derivatives, it is easy
to see that (H), or alternatively B, is constant in
time. Consequently, if B = 0 at a given time t0 , then
B = 0 will hold at any other instant. So, if initial conditions
are chosen such that
(H)|t=t0 = 0, (9)
then (H) = 0 will hold at all times.
A Dirichlet boundary condition allows for modelling
instances where magnetic field, transport current or a
combination of both are considered. In the case of a transport
current flowing in several conductors, a set of integral
constraints allows us to fix the net current in each conductor.
Therefore a net current Ik (t) can be imposed in the kth
conductor by enforcing
Z in this work, yielding similar results. For uniformity and
Ik (t) = J dAk (10)
k
where Ak denotes any open surface that completely intersects
the kth conductor alone.
The final model therefore consists of equation (6), initial
conditions fulfilling equation (4) and a set of appropriate
boundary conditions and/or constraints. One should note
that the treatment above is invariant as it does not rely
on the choice of any specific coordinate system or reduced
dimensionality, therefore it holds for rectangular, cylindrical,
spherical or any other coordinate system in 1D, 2D or 3D.
It is important to emphasize that the divergence free
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Figure 2. Periodic boundary conditions. The value of the magnetic
field is mapped from source to destination boundaries.
2.2.1. Periodic boundary conditions. As described in
section 2.1, by taking advantage of the periodic structure of
Roebel cables the computational domain can be reduced. For
this reason, periodic boundary conditions are implemented in
such a way that the magnetic field H at the periodic boundary
is mapped from the source boundary to the destination
boundary, as shown in figure 2. This periodic mapping is
strands and the surrounding air.
The applied transport current can be imposed by means of
integral constraints. It should be noted, however, that the use
of the aforementioned periodic conditions already fulfils the
condition of equal current sharing by mere construction. This
is because, with the continuous transposition, the periodic
condition maps the magnetic field H from one strand to the
other. For instance, with reference to figure 2, the field will be
mapped from the left side of the red strand to the right side of
the dark blue strand as the white arrow shows. This process
is followed by all strands in a self-consistent manner. For this
reason, transport current can be implemented in several ways:
by constraining the current in a single strand (one constraint),
by constraining the current in all strands individually (14
constraints), or by constraining the current in all strands
collectively (one constraint). These three methods were tested
simplicity, only the latter method was implemented for all
results presented here.
2.2.2. Resistivity tensor. For most modelling applications
in 1D, 2D and some 3D cases, an isotropic tensor is used to
describe the EJ relationship of superconducting materials.
However, recent works [2426] have pointed out that an
anisotropic tensor might be required for such purposes.
Nevertheless, lacking a better alternative and aiming to focus
on the 3D model for the Roebel cable, the following isotropic
EJ relationship was used:
characteristic of the magnetic induction B is enforced solely  n
J J
by analytical construction and not by the edge elements E = Ec   . (11)
Jc |J|
used in the discretization process as has been previously
reported [13, 19]. However, this way to impose the divergence However, it is worth noting that actual implementation of
free characteristic on B can be sensitive to errors if the time our 3D model can easily take into account any anisotropic
integration solver is not sufficiently robust. resistivity model.

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Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001
Figure 3. Mapping of the computational domain to the visualization domain. The periodic cell domain (bottom) is used to perform
calculations. However, for ease in visualization, the strand shape (top) is reconstructed from the calculation domain. The region delimited
by the white dotted line corresponds to the external portion of the strand, as defined in the text.
2.2.3. Calculation of AC losses. To obtain local
representation of the time averaged AC losses, the following
expression was evaluated:
Z T
Q=2 E J dt (12)
T/2
where T = 1/f is the period of the AC signal and Q can
be considered as a measure of the local loss per cycle (in
J m3 /cycle).
2.3. Simulation test cases
The model described above was used to simulate the current
distribution in the strands of Roebel cables and to estimate the
AC losses for both transport current and magnetization cases.
In all cases, the simulations were performed over one full AC
cycle. However, only the second half of the cycle was used
to compute AC losses, therefore allowing for the transient
response due to zero initial conditions to die out.
3. Results
Taking into account the symmetries within the periodic cell
and the considered test cases, it is possible to give a full picture
of the current distributions in the strands by considering only
one-quarter of the simulated superconducting domain. For
clarity in the visualization, the results are plotted following
the shape of a single strand rather than that of the periodic
cell. The relationship between the computational domain and
the visualization can easily be inferred from figure 3. Black
arrows act as a guide of the mapping used in this procedure.
Dashed lines are used to project the layout of the overlying
(and underlying) strands. One can note in the upper part of
figure 3 that while most sections of the cable are composed
of seven stacked strands, the triangular regions marked with
labels A, B and C are only six strands high. In a similar
fashion, the regions labelled A0 , B0 and C0 , are eight strands
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high. It is also important to note that regions A, B and C
are located one on top of the other. Correspondingly, regions
A0 , B0 and C0 are located one on top of the other too. Finally,
note in figure 3 the region delimited by the white dotted line,
which corresponds to the portion of the strand whose outer
face looks towards the air. In what follows, we will refer to
this as the external portion of the strand.
A model based on an infinitesimally thin sheet
approximation like the one presented in [7] assumes a uniform
current distribution across the thickness of the conductor.
Hence, such a model neglects the local differences that
exist on the two faces of a strand. This could, in turn,
have an impact on the estimate values for the AC losses.
However, simulation of the current density distribution using
the 3D model described in this work yielded results that are
qualitatively similar to those presented in [7]. Conversely, one
important feature of the model described in the present work
is the capability of resolving for the current distribution within
each strand. Even with a discretization as coarse as taking
two tetrahedral elements to account for the tape thickness,
it is possible to distinguish current profiles on both faces of
a strand. For this purpose, one can consider the dark blue
strand (the uppermost strand of the cable section) shown in
figure 3 which corresponds to the transposing section. In
what follows, we will refer to inner and outer faces of a
strand considering the position of said blue strand. Hence,
the inner face of the strand looks towards the inside of the
cable, while the outer sees the surrounding air. Results for
both transport current and magnetization are compared with
the 2D numerical results presented in [5]. In said work, the
computations using a power law for the EJ relationship are
based on the H formulation as described in [18, 19]. Similarly,
the calculations using the critical state model are computed
following the method presented in [27, 28].
3.1. Transport current
To study the current density distribution in the strands of the
Roebel cable, the case of an AC transport current of 400 A
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001 Fast Track Communication

Figure 4. Current distribution for an applied net transport current of 400 A (86% of Ic ) at peak value. Note the profile difference between
both faces of the strand. The colour scale shows the magnitude of the current density. Cones indicate the direction of the current density
vector.

Figure 5. Time averaged local AC losses 400 A (bottom). For reference, the isolated strand intended for analysis along with the projection
of the remaining strands is shown above. Labels A, B and C point to regions where higher AC losses are found.

(86% of Ic ) at 50 Hz applied in the cable is considered.
Figure 4 shows the current distribution on both faces of a
strand at current peak value (t = 0.015 s). One can note
that the current flows mostly in the external portion of the
strand, i.e. the region that is in contact with the air. Although
the overall current density distribution is roughly similar
on both faces of the strand, there are clear differences in
both magnitude and orientation of the current density vector.
In general it is worth noting that the outer face carries an
overall larger current density than the inner one. This effect is
most noticeable in external portions of the strand, particularly
where the transposition takes place.
Figure 5 presents a plot of Q, as defined in (12), for the
case of a net AC transport current with amplitude of 400 A
(86% of Ic ). A similar pattern was observed for other net
current values in the range of 46.5465 A (10%100% of Ic ).
No significant difference was observed in the loss patterns on
either side of the strand. This is easily explained considering
that the time averaged local AC losses depend linearly on the
E J product, which is in turn proportional to |J/Jc |n . Hence,
the biggest contributions to the overall losses are expected to
come from regions where |J| is of the order of Jc or larger. For
reference, the layout of the cable is shown in the upper part
of figure 5. One can observe that most of the losses occur in
the outer rim of the straight section of the strand, away from
the centre of the cable. On the other hand, the transposing
portion of the strand does not experience significant losses.
Finally, it is easy to note the three hump-like regions indicated
by arrows A, B and C, where losses go deeper into the
cable as compared to the surrounding regions. These areas of
the strand correspond to different transposing sections. One
can note that region A experiences larger losses, followed by
regions B and C. This can be explained by recalling that region
A corresponds to the section of the strand that is in the external
layer of the cable, i.e. all neighbouring strands are either above
or below it in the stack. Furthermore being at the transposition,
it is only six strands high, while the neighbouring regions
are seven or eight strands high. Although region B also
experiences some replicant losses, these are lower due to the
screening provided by the upper strand. Even lower losses are
seen in region C, as it experiences double layer screening.
Computation of AC losses was performed for several
current values. Figure 6 presents the losses (in J m1 /cycle)
versus the normalized applied current (I/Ic ). Comparison
is made against previously published experimental data and
2D calculations [1, 5]. Good agreement is shown with
experimental data for low current fractions (I/Ic < 0.4),
whereas for higher currents, the 3D model underestimates
the losses when compared with experimental data. However,
it is interesting to note that good agreement is found
when comparing the proposed 3D model with 2D numerical
calculations at high current values.
In the future further studies taking into account the
anisotropic Jc (B) or use of denser meshes could help refine
the model. In the same manner, comparisons with other
experimental data sets are desirable, considering that in the
experimental setup, no perfect uncoupling could be obtained,
i.e. the strands were not individually isolated [1].

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Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001
Figure 6. AC losses in a 14-strand Roebel cable. Experimental and
2D calculation data were obtained from [1, 5]. Data points labelled
3D power law were calculated with the method described in this
paper.
3.2. Magnetization
Figure 7 presents the current density distribution for the case
of a perpendicularly applied AC magnetic field of 20 mT
at 50 Hz. Unlike in the case of transport current, only
minor differences were found when comparing both faces
of the same strand. Magnetization currents are observed in
the strands. The magnitude of the current density vector is
higher in the external portion of the strand. In particular one
can note the narrowing of the subcritical region (the blue
zone in figure 7) in the transposing section. This issue is of
interest for cable design, as a wider transposing section could
Figure 7. Current density distribution for the magnetization case of a perpendicularly applied magnetic field of 20 mT (peak value). Note
that only minor differences are seen between both faces of the strand. The colour scale shows the magnitude of the current density. Cones
indicate the direction of the current density vector.
Figure 8. Averaged AC losses for the case of a perpendicularly applied magnetic field of 20 mT.
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potentially improve the capacity of the cable to withstand
higher magnetic fields.
Similar to the case of transport current discussed in the
previous section, local information about the loss pattern was
obtained by evaluating Q as defined in (12). In figure 8 one
can note that the losses are clearly localized in two small
regions in the transposing section, starting at the inner fillet
and protruding towards the centre of the strand. This high
localization of the losses should be carefully investigated for
design of applications. For instance, optimization techniques
can be used to find optimal geometric parameters such as fillet
radius or Roebel angle to reduce AC losses in a Roebel cable
under applied magnetic fields.
Losses were estimated for several perpendicularly
applied magnetic fields as shown in figure 9. Although no
full agreement with experimental data was obtained, the
overall trend is reproduced. It is important to point out
the good agreement with calculations made using the 2D
critical state model for the uncoupled case for fields above
20 mT. However, the latter agreement must be cautiously
analysed since the 2D model disregards the losses present
in the transposing section, the same place where the 3D
model, as shown in figure 8, predicts that most losses
are localized. Furthermore, the lack of a better agreement
with experimental data for the 3D model could be better
understood, considering that in the experimental setup no
perfect coupling or uncoupling cases were tested, i.e. the
strands were not individually isolated. Therefore, despite
the large difference in the electrical resistivity values for
superconducting and stabilizing layers, in principle, electric
coupling cannot be completely excluded. Further comparison
with experimental data sets considering completely uncoupled
strands is expected to help explain the observed discrepancies.
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 052001
Figure 9. AC losses for the magnetization case. 3D calculations
assuming a power law EJ relationship were performed using the
model described in this work. For comparison, experimental and 2D
numerical calculations were obtained from [1, 5].
As a reference, other 2D estimates [1] calculated using the
critical state model assuming high coupling, as well as a
monoblock equivalent configuration, are also presented.
4. Conclusion
In this work we have presented a full 3D time-dependent
electromagnetic model for Roebel cables. The use of periodic
boundary conditions allowed for a computational domain
reduced to 1/14th of the transposition length. In particular, in
this work, only the case of uncoupled strands was considered.
However, consideration of a larger computational domain
can easily allow one to take into account the coupled
case. For completeness, the derivation of the H-formulation
was presented. Emphasis was placed upon the analytical
enforcement of the divergence free condition for the magnetic
induction by means of initial conditions, and not on the type of
basis function used in numerical solution. The full 3D model
presented here allows for further knowledge of the resistivity
tensor to be easily implemented.
The model was used to estimate AC losses in a
14-strand Roebel cable. Both events of transport current and
applied magnetic field were considered and the AC loss
dependence upon the amplitude of the applied magnetic
field or transport current was studied. In both cases, current
density distributions and local AC losses were presented
and discussed. In the transport current case, the AC losses
were localized mostly along the straight section of the
strands, showing a 2D-like pattern. On the other hand,
for the magnetization case, AC losses were localized in
the transposing section of the strand, hence exhibiting
3D behaviour. Significant differences were found when
comparing the current density distributions on both faces of
a strand for the case of transport current. In contrast, no
such effect was observed for the case of applied magnetic
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field. Good agreement was found in the transport current
case for low current fractions. However for larger currents,
the proposed 3D model underestimates the AC loss. For the
case of a perpendicularly applied magnetic field, while no
exact agreement with experimental data was obtained the
overall trend was well reproduced. This disparity can be well
justified by considering that the experimental setup [1] did not
grant perfect uncoupling of the strands. In addition, the Jc (B)
characteristics should also be taken into account in future
work as the self-field can be significant in such a high current
cable. Further investigation both in model refinement as well
as comparison with other experimental data sets is sought
in the near future. Overall, this work should be considered
as a further step towards achieving a general purpose 3D
simulation tool for transient problems in superconducting
devices for real applications.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded partly by the Helmholtz-University
Young Investigator Group Grant VH-NG-617 and partly by
the Fonds de Recherches du QuebecNature et Technologies
(Dossier 149667). V Zermeno would like to thank Dr
Mads P Soerensen (Department of Applied Mathematics
at the Technical University of Denmark) for access to his
computational resources.
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