Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
Dear
viewers,
we
have
studied
the
bad
effects
of
chemical
farming,
principles
of
organic
farming,
methods
of
supplying
nutrients,
composting,
vermi
compost,
Panchagavya
etc.
in
the
first
part
of
this
film.
In
this
second
part
let
us
study
non-chemical
methods
for
pest
and
disease
control,
organic
certification,
marketing
etc.
2.
All
creatures
on
this
earth
have
the
right
and
ability
to
live
and
survive.
Hence
we
need
not
and
cannot
eradicate
any
pest,
pathogen
or
weed.
It
is
enough
if
it
is
kept
under
control
to
avoid
economic
damage
to
our
crops.
We
have
to
follow
non-chemical
integrated
farm
management
system
for
this
purpose.
There
are
many
useful
insects
and
organisms
in
the
nature.
There
will
be
one
or
the
other
natural
enemy
for
all
creatures.
This
brings
the
balance
in
the
eco
system.
But
the
interference
of
man
disturbed
this
balance.
Indiscriminate
use
of
pesticides
killed
the
predators
like
spider,
frog,
snake
and
bird.
This
led
to
the
sudden
multiplication
of
some
unknown
pests
and
has
gone
out
of
control.
Coconut
mite,
sugarcane
wooly
aphid
etc.
are
the
best
examples
for
this.
If
you
stop
spraying
pesticides
and
minimize
our
interference,
the
situation
will
recover
soon.
3.
According
to
our
national
standards
for
organic
production
or
NSOP
we
should
not
use
any
synthetic
insecticide,
fungicide
or
herbicide.
Instead
of
that,
we
are
advised
to
use
substances
of
plant,
animal
and
microbial
origin.
We
can
use
plastic
mulch,
insect
nets,
polyethylene
and
polypropylene
based
materials
in
protected
cultivation
in
green
houses.
But
we
have
to
collect
and
clean
these
materials
from
the
garden
after
the
harvest
of
the
crop.
Off
course
it
should
not
be
burnt.
4.
NSOP
suggests
destroying
the
original
source
of
pests
and
diseases
as
a
preventive
measure.
We
can
use
insect
barriers,
solar
energy,
heat,
UV
rays,
nets
and
plant
based
substances
from
neem,
garlic,
pongamia
etc.
as
control
measure.
One
may
use
mechanical
and
biological
methods
in
addition.
But
radiation
is
not
allowed.
Restricted
use
of
neem
oil
and
other
neem
products,
pyrethrins
extracted
from
chrysanthemum
plant,
predators
and
parasites,
vinegar
etc.
is
allowed.
We
can
use
silt,
sodium
bi-carbonate,
NPV,
soft
soap,
homeopathic
and
ayurvedic
products,
biodynamic
preparations,
mulch,
traps
etc.
without
any
restrictions.
Further,
limited
use
of
calcium
chloride,
sodium
carbonate,
copper
oxy-chloride,
copper
sulfate,
copper
hydroxide,
potassium
permanganate
and
sulphur
is
allowed.
But
volume
of
any
of
these
chemicals
should
not
cross
8
kilograms
per
hector
per
year.
Use
of
ethyl
alcohol
and
tobacco
is
not
permitted.
2
5.
Let
us
go
through
some
non-chemical
methods
of
weed
control
first.
Like
any
other
plant
weed
also
prepares
food
for
itself.
Hence
it
adds
humus
to
the
soil
if
it
is
incorporated
in
the
soil.
Weed
plays
an
important
role
in
soil
and
water
conservation.
Touch
me
not,
Cassia
and
many
leguminous
weeds
have
root
nodules
with
nitrogen
storage
to
enrich
soil
fertility.
Chopping
of
the
weed
is
popular
in
recent
years
instead
of
uprooting.
Weed
cutting
machines
are
popular
for
this
purpose.
If
the
space
is
less
between
crop
rows
to
operate
brush
cutters,
we
may
use
small
rotary
tillers
for
inter-cultivation.
Cover
crops
or
mulching
is
helpful
in
gardens
for
weed
control.
In
wide
open
field
irrigate
once
before
sowing.
Plough
the
land
after
the
germination
of
weed
seeds.
This
farmer
uses
simple
equipment
for
paddy
weeding.
Small
cage
wheel
is
attached
to
the
brush
cutter
itself
for
the
purpose.
Apart
from
weeding
this
operation
helps
for
better
tillering.
Flood
irrigation
encourages
weed
growth
in
gardens.
But
the
drip
irrigation
minimizes
the
weed
growth.
Panama
wilt
of
banana
spreads
with
flood
irrigation
water.
But
drip
irrigation
checks
this
problem.
6.
It
is
advised
to
grow
crops
and
varieties
adapted
to
the
local
conditions.
Hybrids
can
give
higher
yield
under
favorable
conditions.
But
it
fails
with
adverse
climatic
situations.
Farmer
has
to
spend
every
time
to
purchase
hybrid
seeds.
Generally
commercial
hybrids
have
less
resistance
against
pest
and
diseases.
Hence
the
spending
on
fertilizers
and
pesticides
is
more.
But
the
local
varieties
are
available
with
the
farmers
with
less
cost.
Use
of
these
varieties
enriches
crop
and
varietal
diversity.
Varieties
respond
well
to
organic
farming
and
can
face
adverse
climatic
conditions.
Pest
and
disease
problem
is
also
less.
There
are
varieties
with
resistance
or
tolerance
against
specific
disease
or
insect.
For
example
we
have
tomato
variety
resistant
to
bacterial
wilt.
Growing
this
type
of
resistant
variety
will
avoid
the
possibility
of
the
Growing
resistant
varieties
bring
down
the
necessity
of
medicines.
Planting
time
is
also
important.
Incidence
and
extent
of
damage
depends
on
the
season
and
climatic
condition.
Many
times
we
can
minimize
the
loss
due
to
pest
and
disease
by
adjusting
sowing
or
planting
time.
Crop
rotation
is
also
an
important
practice.
Repeated
growing
of
any
crop
will
lead
to
build
up
of
pest
and
disease
and
deficiency
of
micronutrients.
Crop
rotation
with
different
types
of
crops
will
minimize
these
problems.
This
improves
the
health
and
sturdiness
of
the
crop
minimizing
pest
and
disease
problem.
Leguminous
crops
in
the
crop
rotation
cycle
enrich
soil
fertility
benefiting
the
mono-cot
crop
of
the
next
season.
Intercropping
and
mixed
cropping
systems
are
also
useful
to
bring
down
pest
and
disease
problem.
7.
Most
of
the
insects
pupate
in
the
soil
after
the
harvest
of
crop.
Adults
emerge
by
next
cropping
season.
Hence
summer
ploughing
exposes
the
pupa
to
direct
sun
and
predators.
3
Even
the
pathogens
get
destroyed
by
direct
hot
sun.
Thus
summer
ploughing
helps
a
lot
for
pest
and
disease
control.
8.
Solaraization
is
another
effective
method
of
pest
and
disease
management.
Cover
the
seedbed
or
planting
site
tightly
with
transparent
plastic
sheet
for
8
weeks.
It
is
most
effective
in
hot
summer
if
the
soil
has
enough
moisture.
Heat
collected
beneath
the
poly
sheet
destroys
root
knot
nematodes,
soil
borne
pathogenic
fungi,
insects
and
weeds.
In
this
areca
garden
bunches
are
covered
with
poly
cover
to
avoid
Kole
roga
of
areca
nut.
This
is
a
popular
and
effective
method
in
heavy
rainfall
areas.
9.
Preventing
pest
and
disease
is
our
priority
in
organic
farming.
Follow
recommended
spacing
for
crops
and
varieties.
Light
penetration
and
free
movement
of
air
between
rows
and
plants
of
crop
will
keep
the
pests
away.
This
is
the
reason
for
healthy
growth
of
paddy
in
SRI
method.
Uproot
excess
plants
after
germination
to
maintain
optimum
plant
population.
This
allows
remaining
plants
to
grow
healthy
and
sturdy.
Vegetables
like
tomato,
bitter
gourd,
ridge
gourd
etc.
are
tied
upright
with
thread.
This
avoids
the
contact
of
leaves
and
fruits
with
the
soil
minimizing
soil
born
infection.
10.
Mulching
is
given
importance
in
organic
farming.
It
is
helpful
for
soil
and
water
conservation.
It
is
also
useful
for
pest
and
disease
management.
Mulching
avoids
splashing
of
pathogens
with
rainwater
from
soil
to
the
upper
portion
of
plants.
This
is
followed
in
black
pepper
for
the
control
of
wilt
disease.
Silver
colored
shining
plastic
mulch
repels
aphids
by
reflection
of
light.
This
method
minimizes
the
spreading
of
mosaic
disease
of
watermelon
and
wilt
disease
of
tomato
and
chili.
Preventing
the
entry
of
vector
insects
avoids
many
diseases
in
vegetable
nurseries.
Nylon
nets
are
used
for
this
purpose.
11.
It
is
possible
to
pick
and
kill
larvae
and
other
insects
in
kitchen
gardens.
Kill
the
pest
by
putting
it
in
kerosene
in
a
poly
bag.
Sticky
trap
is
one
of
the
methods
of
integrated
pest
management.
Paint
metal
plate
or
tin
with
yellow
colour
and
apply
grease
or
castor
oil
on
it.
Put
this
yellow
sticky
trap
in
the
field.
White
flies
and
aphids
of
brinjal,
tomato
and
cotton
are
attracted
to
this
trap.
Insects
get
trapped
on
the
sticky
surface
and
die.
Likewise
violet
colour
attracts
thrips
and
lice.
Clean
the
trap
once
in
2
3
days
and
apply
the
sticky
substance
again.
Adult
insect
get
attracted
to
the
lamp
in
dark
hours.
Glow
an
incandescent
bulb
in
the
field
from
6
to
9
pm.
Fill
water
in
an
earthen
vessel
with
wide
mouth
and
put
a
little
bit
of
kerosene.
Keep
vessel
below
the
bulb.
Insect
attracted
to
the
bulb
die
by
falling
in
to
water.
Switch
off
the
light
by
9
pm.
Otherwise
some
useful
insects
will
also
die.
4
12.
Paddy
case
worm
is
common
if
the
transplanting
is
delayed.
In
western
ghat
region
there
is
a
traditional
method
for
the
control
of
this
case
worm.
Twig
of
Mukkadaka
or
Gnidia
glauca
plant
which
has
insecticidal
property
is
swinged
like
this
to
open
the
case
of
the
worm.
Stop
water
flowing
in
and
flowing
out
before
this
work.
Case
worms
fall
down.
Put
a
little
amount
of
kerosene
to
a
gunny
bag
and
keep
it
in
the
water
outlet.
Then
leave
the
stagnant
water.
Case
worms
moving
with
the
flowing
water
die
due
to
kerosene.
Some
farmers
use
the
twigs
with
sharp
thorns
or
coconut
leaf
broom
instead
of
Gnidia
glauca
plant.
There
is
a
traditional
method
for
the
control
of
ear
head
bugs
of
paddy.
Burning
bundle
of
wooden
sticks
is
swinged
just
above
the
crop
by
7
to
8
pm.
The
bugs
fly
in
the
dark
and
die
due
to
burning
of
wings.
13.
Another
method
of
insect
control
is
the
use
of
pheromone
trap.
Pheromones
are
the
biological
substances
released
by
female
insect
to
attract
male.
Pheromones
are
specific
to
each
species
of
insects.
These
are
artificially
produced
in
the
lab
and
supplied
as
lures.
Traps
fitted
with
lure
are
placed
like
this
at
2
to
3
feet
height
above
the
crop.
5
pheromone
traps
are
enough
for
1
acre.
Male
insects
get
attracted,
trapped
in
the
poly
bag
and
die.
This
reduces
the
chance
of
mating
and
multiplication
cut
to
that
extent.
Originally
the
pheromone
trap
is
the
system
of
vigilance
on
the
pest
population.
Pheromone
traps
are
popular
for
the
control
of
helicorpa
and
spodoptera
insects
in
cotton,
sunflower
and
tomato,
and
stem
borer
and
fruit
borer
in
brinjal
etc.
It
is
commercially
used
for
the
control
of
fruit
flies
in
mango
and
other
fruit
crops
also.
14.
Repelling
the
pest
is
also
a
method
of
crop
protection.
Put
1
part
of
neem
cake
and
3
parts
of
water
in
an
earthen
pot.
Cover
the
mouth
with
cloth
and
ferment
it
for
3
days.
Keep
1
pot
in
each
corner
of
the
field.
Open
the
pot
and
stir
well
by
evening.
Bad
smell
of
fermented
neem
cake
will
keep
the
insects
away.
Cow
urine
and
Panchagavya
are
also
the
good
repellents
of
insects.
In
one
more
method
neem
cake
is
tied
in
a
gunny
bag
and
kept
immersed
in
the
water
inlet
of
the
farm.
Content
of
neem
cake
gets
dissolved
in
the
water.
This
protects
the
roots
and
tillers
of
the
plant
from
pest
and
diseases.
15.
Bird
perches
are
seen
in
some
fields.
Otherwise
maize
or
okra
plants
are
grown
here
and
there.
Birds
sit
on
these
perches
and
predate
on
the
insects.
20
bird
perches
per
acre
can
give
considerable
control
of
insect
pests.
However
bird
damage
is
a
major
problem
in
some
crops.
Here
shining
ribbons
are
tied
to
protect
the
seeds
sown
from
the
birds.
This
ribbon
tied
to
sorghum
ear
head
is
also
for
the
same
purpose.
Birds
damage
the
pomegranate
fruits
in
this
garden.
Cellular
tapes
are
tied
across
to
threaten
the
birds.
5
16.
Let
us
study
the
trap
crop
concept
now.
We
find
marigold
plant
rows
around
this
cotton
field.
Moths
of
cotton
bole
worm
are
attracted
to
these
flowers
and
lay
eggs.
Marigold
flowers
are
plucked
once
in
2
3
days
and
destroyed.
Likewise
okra
and
red
gram
are
also
used
as
trap
crops
in
cotton.
Marigold
is
helpful
even
in
tomato.
Apart
from
these
root
exudates
of
marigold
controls
soil
nematodes.
Hence
crop
rotation
with
marigold
in
nematode
affected
field
can
control
nematode
effectively.
Castor
is
the
trap
crop
for
spodoptera
cut
worms.
Mustered
plant
is
effective
for
diamond
back
moth
of
cabbage.
Putting
2
3
rows
of
sorghum
around
chili
crop
acts
as
physical
barrier
for
the
entry
of
the
vector
insect
aphid.
2
rows
of
red
gram
and
castor
around
the
vegetable
crop
control
most
of
the
larvae.
17.
Biological
control
of
pest
and
disease
is
the
method
of
priority
in
organic
farming.
Use
of
parasitoids
is
one
of
them.
Trichograma
insect
belonging
to
the
group
of
wasps
is
the
popular
one.
This
attacks
the
eggs
of
most
of
the
insects.
Trichograma
female
injects
its
egg
in
to
the
eggs
of
other
insects.
The
larva
eats
all
the
content
of
the
host
egg.
Trichograma
is
effective
on
stem
borers
of
paddy
and
sugarcane
and
cotton
bole
worm.
Trichograma
eggs
are
produced
in
the
lab.
Egg
card
is
stapled
to
the
crop
at
the
rate
of
40,000
eggs
per
acre.
Many
species
of
wasps
and
few
species
of
flies
are
useful
as
parasitoids.
These
insects
develop
on
or
inside
the
body
of
the
other
insects
and
kill
the
host.
18.
Use
of
predator
insects
is
another
important
method
of
biological
pest
control.
Natural
enemy
of
the
pest
insect
is
identified
first.
Then
it
is
developed
in
the
lab
and
released
in
the
crop.
Few
years
ago
wooly
aphid
became
a
major
pest
on
sugarcane.
Micromas
insect
was
used
as
predator.
Eggs
of
this
insect
was
produced
in
the
lab
on
large
scale
and
distributed
to
the
farmers.
Likewise
lady
bird
beetles
are
the
well
known
predators
in
the
nature.
These
attractive
tiny
beetles
predate
on
aphids
and
scale
insects.
Green
lacewing
bugs
are
also
useful
predators.
Adult
lacewing
bug
lays
eggs
in
groups
on
leaves
and
other
parts
of
the
plant.
Larvae
emerging
out
of
these
eggs
feed
on
the
eggs
and
larvae
of
other
insects.
1000
eggs
of
green
lacewing
bug
are
sufficient
for
one
acre.
It
predates
on
mites,
white
fly,
lice,
American
bole
worm
of
cotton
etc.
Snakes,
frogs,
spiders
and
dragon
fly
etc.
are
the
efficient
predators
in
the
nature.
If
we
stop
spraying
pesticides
and
allow
them
to
survive
they
will
do
their
work
effectively.
19.
Many
species
of
microorganisms
are
used
for
biological
control
of
pests
and
diseases.
NPV
is
popular
for
the
control
of
American
bole
worm
of
cotton
and
armyworm.
This
virus
solution
is
mixed
in
water
and
sprayed
in
evening
hours.
NPV
enters
the
body
of
the
pest
larvae
with
the
food.
Affected
larvae
die
within
2
to
5
days
by
drooping
down
their
head.
6
NPV
spreads
to
the
whole
crop
from
these
dead
larvae.
250
ml
of
100
LE
NPV
is
mixed
with
250
grams
of
jaggary
and
100
ml
of
soft
soap.
This
is
sufficient
for
spraying
1
acre
crop.
It
is
recommended
to
use
manual
sprayers
for
this
purpose.
20.
Bacillus
thurengenisis
or
BT
bacteria
is
very
popular
for
biological
pest
control.
This
enters
the
body
of
the
pest
insect
through
digestive
tract
and
produces
poisonous
protein.
BT
is
effective
for
the
control
of
butterflies,
moths,
beetles
and
flies.
There
are
some
pathogenic
fungi
of
pest
insects.
Beauveria
bassiana
fungus
works
against
white
fly,
thrips,
aphids
and
weevils.
Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus
fungus
controls
white
fly,
aphid
and
thrips.
Metarhizium
fungus
kills
beetles,
bugs,
spider
mites
etc.
21.
Certain
fungi
are
useful
for
the
control
of
diseases
also.
Trichoderma
horzianum
is
the
important
one.
It
inhibits
the
growth
of
pathogenic
fungi
by
producing
antibiotics,
competitive
growth
and
by
suppression.
Trichoderma
is
commercially
used
against
Botraitis
rot,
Fusarium
wilt
and
Phytophthora
diseases.
Trichoderma
cultured
in
lab
is
mixed
with
organic
manure
and
applied
around
the
base
of
the
plant.
It
is
necessary
to
maintain
enough
organic
matter
and
moisture
for
further
multiplication
of
Trichoderma
in
the
garden.
Do
not
apply
any
fertilizer
after
applying
Trichoderma.
Likewise
Pseudomonas
fungus
is
also
popular
for
biological
control
of
many
diseases.
22.
Let
us
study
the
methods
of
seed
treatment
in
organic
farming
now.
Milk
is
useful
for
this
purpose.
Mix
75
ml
of
milk
with
425
ml
of
water.
Keep
the
seeds
to
be
treated
in
a
cloth
like
this
and
soak
it
in
the
solution
for
6
hours.
Then
drain,
dry
under
shade
and
use
it
for
sowing.
This
treatment
helps
for
better
germination
and
for
the
control
of
seed
born
diseases.
In
one
more
method,
mix
500
ml
of
cow
urine
in
2.5
liters
of
water.
Soak
the
seeds
for
half
an
hour,
drain,
dry
under
shade
and
use
it
for
sowing.
This
avoids
seed
born
fungal
and
bacterial
diseases.
In
another
method
of
seed
treatment,
mix
500
grams
of
sweet
flag
root
powder
in
2.5
liters
of
water.
Soak
the
seeds
in
this
solution
for
half
an
hour.
Drain
the
seeds,
dry
under
shade
and
use
it
for
sowing.
In
one
more
method,
mix
250
grams
of
Pseudomonas
culture
with
1
liter
of
jaggary
solution.
Spread
germinated
paddy
seeds
sufficient
for
1
acre
on
the
floor
and
smear
the
solution.
Mix
gently
and
use
it
for
sowing.
Trichoderma
may
be
used
instead
of
Pseudomonas.
All
these
methods
are
effective
for
the
control
of
seed
born
diseases.
23.
Let
us
study
some
biological
methods
for
the
control
of
some
bacterial
and
fungal
diseases
of
crops.
Ferment
the
cow
urine
for
1
week
in
an
earthen
pot.
Mix
50
to
100
ml
of
this
in
1
liter
of
water
and
spray.
In
another
method,
mix
1
liter
of
cow
urine
7
and
1
liter
of
fermented
butter
milk
with
8
liters
of
water
and
use
it
for
spraying.
Otherwise
mix
300
ml
of
sweet
flag
root
extract
and
1
liter
of
cow
urine
in
8.7
liters
of
water
and
use
it
for
spraying.
To
prepare
sweet
flag
extract
soak
400
grams
of
sweet
flag
root
powder
in
2
liters
of
water
and
keep
it
for
3
hours.
Then
filter
it
for
the
extract.
Add
one
liter
of
cow
urine
with
10
liters
of
water
and
spray
the
solution
to
any
crop.
This
acts
as
a
source
of
micronutrient
and
pest
repellent.
It
can
control
some
diseases
also.
24.
We
can
use
some
plant
extracts
for
biological
control
of
pests
and
diseases.
First
one
is
the
neem
seed
extract.
3
kilograms
of
fresh
neem
seed
or
5
kilograms
of
old
neem
seed
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Pound
the
seed
finely
and
soak
it
in
earthen
pot
in
10
liters
of
water.
Cover
the
mouth
with
cloth
and
keep
it
for
3
days.
Neem
seed
extract
is
ready
after
filtering
this
mixture.
Azadirachtin
content
is
less
in
very
fresh
and
very
old
seeds.
Put
50
ml
of
neem
seed
extract
in
1
liter
of
water
if
the
pest
population
is
less
and
100
ml
extract
if
the
infestation
is
severe.
60
to
70
liters
of
this
solution
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Add
10
ml
of
soft
soap
solution
for
1
liter
of
the
spray
solution.
Detergent
is
not
present
in
this
soap.
Crush
the
soap
and
soak
it
in
water
for
1
day
to
get
the
soap
solution.
25.
The
second
one
is
neem
leaf
extract.
5
kilograms
of
neem
seed
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Crush
the
leaves
and
tie
it
loosely
in
a
cloth.
Soak
it
in
10
liters
of
water
overnight.
Then
filter
it
for
neem
leaf
extract.
Put
50
to
100
ml
of
this
extract
in
1
liter
of
water
depending
on
the
pest
population.
Add
10
ml
of
this
solution
for
1
liter
of
spray
solution
and
spray.
60
to
70
liters
of
solution
is
enough
for
1
acre.
26.
Now
let
us
prepare
neem
cake
extract.
5
kilograms
of
neem
cake
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Pound
the
neem
cake
and
tie
it
in
cotton
cloth.
Soak
it
in
10
liters
of
water
for
3
days.
It
will
give
7
to
8
liters
of
extract
after
squeezing
the
bag
of
the
cake.
Put
50
to
100
ml
of
this
extract
in
1
liter
of
water.
Spray
it
with
10
ml
of
soap
solution.
Soil
application
of
neem
leaves,
seeds
and
cake
is
also
a
popular
practice.
This
controls
soil
nematode,
termite
and
soil
born
diseases.
These
are
the
good
organic
manures
also.
27.
Use
of
neem
oil
is
also
common
in
organic
farming.
1200
to
1800
ml
of
neem
oil
is
sufficient
for
spraying
one
acre
of
crop.
Add
20
to
30
ml
of
neem
oil
and
10
ml
of
soap
solution
for
1
liter
of
water.
Stir
it
well
and
spray
immediately.
Neem
oil
gets
separated
from
water
and
floats
on
the
top
after
sometime.
It
is
better
to
use
power
sprayers
for
spraying
neem
oil
solution.
Neem
oil
gives
good
result
before
1
year.
8
28.
Ginger-Garlic
and
Chili
extract:
For
spraying
1
acre
half
kilogram
of
fresh
Ginger,
1
kilogram
of
garlic
and
half
kilogram
of
green
chili
is
enough.
Crush
all
these
to
make
it
a
paste.
Mix
it
in
7
liters
of
water
and
filter.
Use
this
extract
at
the
rate
of
50
to
100
ml
per
liter
of
water
and
add
10
ml
of
soap
solution.
Spraying
fresh
solution
gives
better
result.
It
may
be
kept
maximum
for
3
days.
29.
Jatropa
leaf
extract:
5
kilograms
of
leaves
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Crush
the
leaves
and
keep
it
in
a
pot
with
10
liters
of
water
for
1
week.
Stir
the
mixture
once
in
a
day
and
cover
the
mouth
with
cloth.
Filter
this
and
spray
the
extract
at
the
rate
of
50
ml
per
liter
of
water.
In
another
method
put
1
kilogram
of
cow
dung
in
10
liters
of
water
and
mix
thoroughly.
Filter
it
through
a
mesh
and
use
it
for
spraying.
This
is
useful
for
the
control
of
insect
pests.
30.
Five
leaves
extract:
Here
the
plants
with
latex
like
Giant
milk
weed,
Cactus
or
Jatropa,
bitter
plants
like
neem,
creat,
geloe
or
Dronapushpi,
plants
not
browsed
by
animals
like
malbar
nut,
plants
with
good
smell
like
five
leaved
chaste
tree,
holy
basil
or
papaya
and
plants
not
affected
by
pest
and
diseases
like
morinda
or
railway
creeper
are
used
for
this
extract
preparation.
Take
1
kilogram
leaves
of
any
one
plant
from
each
group.
Crush
the
leaves,
add
2
parts
of
water
and
keep
it
in
a
pot.
Add
1
liter
of
cow
urine
and
100
grams
of
Asafetida.
Cover
the
mouth
of
the
pot
tightly.
Stir
the
mixture
once
in
a
day
and
keep
it
for
1
week.
Spraying
this
solution
will
control
the
pests
and
diseases.
50
ml
of
this
extract
is
sufficient
for
1
liter
of
water.
This
extract
may
be
kept
up
to
30
days.
Asafetida
in
this
extract
prevents
flower
drop.
31.
Now
let
us
prepare
boiled
extract
of
herbs.
Collect
the
whole
plant
without
root
for
this
purpose.
Cut
it
in
to
small
pieces.
2
kilograms
of
plant
is
enough
for
1
acre.
Add
8
liters
of
water
for
2
kilograms
of
plant
and
boil
it
till
the
extract
evaporates
to
2
liters.
Mix
300
ml
of
this
boiled
extract
with
9.6
liters
of
water
and
100
ml
of
soap
solution.
Spray
this
solution
to
the
crop.
This
can
be
kept
for
sometime,
but
stir
it
once
in
a
day.
Spraying
this
boiled
extract
with
power
sprayer
is
effective
against
hoppers,
ear
head
bug
and
white
fly.
Spraying
in
the
morning
before
10
Oclock
gives
better
result.
Boiled
extract
of
Creat
plant
is
effective
against
all
types
of
larvae.
For
aphids
and
other
sucking
pests
use
Tough
weed
extract.
Boiled
extract
of
Malbar
nut
plant
can
control
fungal
diseases.
32.
Let
us
prepare
a
broad
spectrum
pesticide.
Take
100
liters
of
cow
urine,
3
kilograms
of
neem
leaves
or
cake,
3
kilograms
of
papaya
leaves
and
3
kilograms
of
pongamia
leaves
in
a
plastic
barrel.
Keep
it
under
shade
for
15
days.
Use
this
extract
at
the
rate
of
5
to
10
ml
9
or
even
more
with
1
liter
of
water
and
spray
to
any
crop.
This
works
against
most
of
the
pests
and
diseases.
33. There are many plants useful for biological pest and disease control.
#
Greater
Yam
or
Diascorea
alata:
It
has
tubers
below
the
soil
surface.
This
plant
is
useful
for
the
control
of
aphids,
lice,
maggots
etc.
#
Black
night
shade
or
Solanum
nigrum:
It
is
an
annual
plant.
Use
the
whole
plant
with
fruits
for
the
control
of
aphids
and
lice.
# Coriander: Leaves, seeds and oil of this plant is useful for the control of aphids.
#
Zinger:
Rhizome
is
used
against
American
bole
worm,
aphid,
anthracnose
of
mango
and
beetles
of
grams.
#
Turmeric:
Extract
of
the
rhizome
is
useful
for
the
control
of
armyworm,
aphid
and
for
some
diseases.
#
Lemon
grass:
Leaves,
roots,
seeds
and
oil
of
this
perennial
grass
is
useful.
This
lemon
grass
extracts
acts
as
repellent
of
pest
and
growth
retardant.
It
is
effective
against
fruit
fly,
mite,
mosquito
and
storage
pests.
#
Neem:
Leaves,
seeds,
cake
and
oil
are
useful.
Neem
preparations
are
effective
against
aphids,
brown
and
green
hoppers,
diamond
back
moth,
root
knot
nematode,
termite,
stem
borer
and
against
most
of
the
insects.
#
Onion:
Extract
of
the
tuber
is
effective
against
nematodes,
beetles
of
grams,
ticks
and
tobacco
mosaic
virus.
#
Garlic:
Tuber,
leaf,
flower
and
oil
is
useful.
Extract
of
these
works
against
aphids,
armyworm,
bacteria,
Colorado
beetle,
mite,
root
knot
nematode
and
blast
disease
of
paddy.
Around
2500
plants
in
the
nature
are
identified
to
have
insecticidal
property.
Here
we
mentioned
only
few
popular
herbs.
You
can
try
with
the
plants
of
your
locality.
It
is
better
to
use
different
plants
in
next
sprays.
34.
Let
us
study
the
methods
of
control
of
storage
pests
now.
Dip
the
gunny
bag
in
neem
seed
extract
solution
and
dry
before
filling
the
grain.
This
will
keep
away
the
pests
for
4
months.
Mixing
the
dry
leaves
of
neem,
pongamia
or
five
leaved
chaste
tree
with
the
grain
controls
the
storage
pests.
Even
we
may
use
the
powder
of
these
leaves.
10
Spread
the
leaves
in
a
layer
at
the
bottom.
Pour
20
kilograms
of
seeds
on
it.
Put
another
layer
of
leaves.
Fill
the
grain
again.
Repeat
these
layers
till
the
bag
is
full.
Spread
the
leaves
at
the
top
and
tie
the
bag.
This
method
will
avoid
the
storage
pests
for
1
year.
35.
Smoke
method
in
the
warehouse:
Put
ignited
charcoal
in
a
metal
pan
and
keep
it
in
the
warehouse.
Put
handful
of
green
leaves
of
neem
or
five
leaved
chaste
tree
on
it.
Close
all
the
windows
and
door
so
that
the
smoke
accumulates
in
the
entire
room.
Smoke
the
room
for
1
hour.
Moths
and
all
other
pest
insects
will
die.
Then
clean
the
room
and
keep
it
closed.
Rats
and
mouse
are
the
permanent
pests
of
any
warehouse.
A
small
mouse
eats
1
kilogram
of
grain
per
year.
Apart
from
this
it
pollutes
the
grain
with
the
excreta.
Keep
traps
for
the
control
of
rats
and
mouse.
Use
of
poisons
is
not
allowed
even
for
this
in
organic
farming.
36.
Organic
certification
is
necessary
to
sell
the
produce
in
national
and
international
markets
under
organic
label.
This
certification
is
done
only
by
companies
approved
at
national
level.
SKAL,
ECOCERT,
INDOCERT
and
few
more
companies
are
working
in
our
country
as
organic
certifying
agencies.
Certification
is
done
for
organic
crop
produce,
processing
of
organic
products,
product
from
natural
collection,
organic
farm
inputs
etc.
Subsidiary
activities
like
animal
husbandry,
bee
keeping
etc.
under
organic
practice
are
also
being
certified.
37.
Conventional
farms
cannot
be
certified
organic
with
immediate
effect.
Residues
of
chemicals
used
earlier
will
remain
for
sometime.
Normal
time
gap
specified
for
certification
is
3
year.
This
is
called
conversion
period.
Inspectors
from
the
certification
agency
visit
the
farm
from
time
to
time
to
verify
whether
all
the
norms
of
organic
farming
are
followed.
They
give
all
necessary
information
on
requirements
for
certification
and
suggest
necessary
changes.
If
the
entire
farm
is
not
brought
under
organic
farming
farmer
has
to
maintain
safer
distance
and
clear
separation
between
organic
and
inorganic
divisions
of
the
farm.
In
such
cases
all
necessary
precautions
should
be
taken
to
maintain
organic
and
conventional
produce
separate
at
the
time
of
harvesting,
processing
and
storage.
In
field
crops
for
certification
2
years
must
be
over
at
the
time
of
sowing
after
implementing
organic
methods.
In
plantation
crops
3
years
should
be
completed
before
the
harvest
of
first
organic
crop.
Specific
guidelines
are
laid
down
for
each
crop,
practice
or
product
for
organic
certification.
One
can
get
such
details
for
their
specific
requirement
from
certification
agencies.
38.
One
should
follow
organic
certification
guidelines
even
for
processing
and
packing.
PVC
packing
materials
are
not
permitted.
It
is
advised
to
keep
away
the
laminated
and
aluminum
coated
packing
materials.
Organic
certification
agencies
are
controlled
by
APEDA
11
of
commerce
ministry
of
government
of
India.
Cost
of
certification
is
bit
high
for
an
isolated
individual
farm.
Group
certification
of
many
farms
together
works
out
quite
cheap.
India
Organic
is
the
brand
given
for
organic
products
of
our
country.
39.
Let
us
study
the
organic
practice
in
animal
husbandry
now.
Animals
should
have
freedom
to
exercise
their
natural
behavior.
They
should
have
enough
space
for
movement,
clean
air,
water
and
sunlight.
The
animal
should
have
protection
against
excess
light,
heat,
rain
and
wind.
Enough
space
should
be
provided
for
rest
and
the
floor
should
have
natural
bedding
material.
Equipment
used
on
the
farm
must
be
safe
for
the
animals.
Poultry
birds
and
rabbits
should
not
be
kept
in
cages.
Farms
without
sufficient
land
are
not
permitted.
Animals
living
in
groups
or
herd
should
not
be
reared
separately.
Breeding
should
be
by
natural
method.
However
artificial
insemination
is
allowed.
But
the
technique
of
embryo
transfer
is
not
permitted.
Species
and
breeds
from
genetic
engineering
are
not
allowed
in
organic
farming.
40.
Food
provided
to
the
animals
on
an
organic
farm
should
be
pure
organic.
Use
of
coloring
agents
is
not
allowed.
All
artificial
stimulants,
preservatives,
digestion
promoters,
urea,
oil
cakes
from
solvent
extraction
etc.
are
not
permitted.
But
vitamins
and
minerals
from
natural
sources
are
acceptable.
We
may
use
bacteria,
fungi,
enzymes
and
molasses
for
fodder
preservation.
Priority
should
be
given
for
ethno-veterinary
practices
and
medicines,
homeopathy,
ayurveda
and
yunani
medicines
for
the
treatment
of
health
problems.
Avoid
the
chance
of
illness
and
cut
down
the
use
of
medicines.
However
one
can
use
conventional
medicines,
but
by
considering
double
time
of
safety
period.
All
vaccines
specified
by
the
animal
husbandry
department
are
allowed.
But
the
vaccines
of
biotechnology
are
not
permitted.
Certification
agency
will
consider
all
these
points
while
certifying
animal
husbandry
units.
41.
Bee
keeping
in
organic
methods
is
also
picking
up
in
recent
years.
Foraging
area
of
these
honey
bees
must
be
either
natural
forest
or
the
organic
farm.
Bee
boxes
should
not
be
kept
near
the
farms
using
chemicals.
Avoid
artificial
feeding
of
honey
bees
unless
it
is
quite
essential.
Further
the
food
provided
should
be
of
organic
product.
Keep
bee
species
adapted
to
the
locality.
Foundation
wax
sheet
tied
to
the
frames
must
be
from
organic
wax.
Veterinary
medicines
are
not
allowed.
One
must
not
use
any
restricted
substance
and
chemicals
for
any
purpose
in
organic
bee
keeping.
42.
Demand
for
organic
products
is
increasing
in
recent
years.
Organic
farming
is
very
popular
in
Germany,
France,
Australia
and
America
and
in
many
other
countries.
12
It
is
picking
up
slowly
in
India
also.
Consumers
are
getting
awareness
about
the
hazardous
effects
of
agro-chemicals.
We
find
organic
outlets
here
and
there
in
big
cities
now.
Organic
products
are
fetching
better
price.
Farmers
have
also
started
organic
farming
on
large
scale.
Organic
produce
needs
systematic
marketing
network
now.
43.
Off
course
this
organic
farming
is
not
a
new
practice
for
our
farmers.
Till
1965
chemical
farming
was
not
known
in
India.
Even
after
the
popularity
of
green
revolution
many
traditional
and
tribal
farmers
of
western
ghat
region
were
following
organic
farming
itself.
They
grow
indigenous
crops
and
varieties
organically
even
today.
Farmer
has
to
come
out
of
the
mindset
of
chemical
farming
now
and
follow
the
practices
that
existed
earlier
to
green
revolution.
This
is
the
necessity
of
todays
Indian
agriculture.
It
is
better
to
stop
fighting
against
the
nature.
This
can
bring
back
the
balance
in
the
eco
system.
This
will
lead
to
sustainable
crop
production
also.
Organic
farming
can
answer
many
problems
like
poor
health,
environmental
pollution,
farmers
suicide,
social
stress
etc.
It
is
expected
from
the
government
to
give
priority
and
support
for
organic
farming
instead
of
announcing
loan
and
relief
packages.
Organic
farming
can
improve
the
profitability
of
farming.
This
will
lead
to
the
social
stability
of
rural
India.
44.
Organic
farming
means
living
as
a
part
of
nature.
It
is
the
farming
method
following
the
nature.
There
is
no
confrontation
with
other
creatures
in
the
eco
system.
No
intention
to
use
all
resources
for
ourselves
by
suppressing
other
members
of
the
nature.
Hence
this
organic
farming
will
continue
for
ever..
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