,KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.

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ROyAL
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JUBAIL 8i YANBU,
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Directorate General for Yanbu Project

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',FIRSTDRAFT

R.Ol'"AL . COMMISSION
i CAD. STANDARDS .

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CAD' 'STANDARDS
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CAD ...STAN'DARDS'
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PREFACE,
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'VOLUME'I
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,Organization and Setup,
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VOLUME:lr CAD Procedures

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'.VOLUf\1E'.1I1 References and Standards
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VOLUME: 'IV ',~ ,
CAD Software
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(ljll the!four [4) vo/~~es are'included in this binder)

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" " . . PRI;FAC,.E .:

. The Royal Commission CAD Standard ls designed to "be a comprehensive':::!?'''.':'':

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source of information documenting the approach ,to CAD, the hardware and :,'!', .
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software used, CAD procedures; CAD drafting standards, and commonly used' "
. reference material. The manual is composed of four (4) volumes: ,:'
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I Organization' and Setup

II CAD Procedures
III .References and standards
!", IV CAD Software
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Each volume is 'a standalone document-in itself. This modularapproach to the I

. ~' . : overall' CAg .Standard allows for the selective distribution of themtormatlonto: .i.v.. .. t .:e:

meet the: needs of readereand users", for various purposes,without the :"
encumbrances of the entire' Standard.' It also facilitates updating those' sections!
.. . . that are subject to
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'... ..updates, ....and the distritiutionof ....those...sections'.':'.. ..'::, '.' .
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CAD STANDARDS

VOLUME 1
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ORGANIZA TIONANDSETU.P
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 CAD APPROACH' .. ..... l.
HOW ROYALCOMMISSION, COMPOSES
DRAWINGS "1 ...

101.2.1 Large Projects

101.2.2 Small Projects .
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,: '; 201', : GENERAL

. 202 .: FILE NAMING CONVENTION'
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202.1 APPROACH
202.2' DRAWING FILE NAME , .
202.3 . 2-D MODEL FILE NAME' .. ' i , . . , '.-

202.4. 3-D MOPEL FILE NAME .: .... ..,. ....,

202.5 EXTRACTEO ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING,
FILE NAME

FILE SETUP" ..
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203.14 '

:, 205.1\, ..': CONTROLLED BACKGROUNDS': ' : " ",'

:":,'205.2" SPECIAL ELECTRICAL BACKGROUNDS
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: "'STANDARD BORDER.', '

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STANDARD BORDERS
PROJECT BORDERS " '
,"COPVt'NG BORDERS PROHIBITED
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".' 207.1 METRIC.WORKINGUNITS, '. "

,:' .1"207.2 'METRIC'BdRDERS'~"::' .'
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CHAPTER ,1

,INTRODUCTION

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 Date
11-97

,.2.2 small projects

.,."', ..".,,.,.,.!. F~/~~~I:I;'~~~jects, mosfrevamp projects, the 'refe~encefile method' of composing drawings is"awkw~rq
and 'Impractical.Thus~ where appropriate, drawings should be done on aeheet-by-sheet basis, as on the
drawiogboarq. Theborder.however, ~hoiJldalways be a reference file.,' . ';, :.".. ' .,:.:'."::':
:t<,'!'!"",;'i"' i.,';.~;:,';/~l:d...:":;,:' ':',':\ ;',"' ..~ ' ... ," . "". . "," '" . ,""',' '," .,.,". '. I ' ," '., ,

Plantenglrieeririg projects, or facility outsource projects, which Involve miscellaneous task orders, may
"",!-,I.,o" . involve oneoronlya few disciplines per task order.' The scope of such projects may Involve only a few
concept drawings. ' ~uchprojects, regardless of the' size, are 'examples of the small 'office' approach to
t. '.,,';.';L... :,':~:,":';',"i'I':'""'i; drawingcomposition.- ., .

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:';~;'F~;{S;,;::i:i):+;Royal Commission has developed Its CAD standards to provide total design"control through the g~aphics,.
:', !:t }l:'t::[:l;iF!'f;r'tEtrmlnal. ~.,:These ,standards ..utilize MicroStation level. strucfure design: .....All, Royal C.ommission, CAD"
Vi ::.;":~" :< !:;:,;:. I, engineering ~esign files have other files associated with the~. Thes,e Includes a cell library, color table; . .
t (~j:" ; _:~~',':":I;i and reference file .(form or border). The design files use logical names to point to these associated files . .
" ! r ;"i ":::,"~""': (one of the reasons why you must use Royal Commission seed files) and follow the Royal Commission
'mtrt;:~T';,:'t?i:\:~-:O ,~t~~~a~~s,(wOrk~ngunits, grid display and locks), , '. '. ,< Ii':'" .:: '"

:rn,U;:;::.~:-:,;,:i+;' t Th~' benefitst~ be gained by u~lng CAD may be rnadmlzed if all dlsci~lInes ~ork' to~ethe~~acc~rding' to s:. '..;','.',
,~,!-i( , '::):l<,>common plan. : The'RoyalCommlssion method of using the MicroStation,referencefilecapabilities":', "
J:{!T~~:,:<:i:>:" :r:duces' re~etitiou? drafting and enhances interdiscipline.coordinatio~, resulting In' a ":lore:econo~ical and, ",..:
: .f":';i;\.~;;j;:::;i,{ !hlgherquahty design, and less rework. TheJ,yplcaJproject setup dlscussed.Jo_thls_sectlon proVldes.Jhe
,;,i :"'>~:\:(y:standardization and coordination' between disciplines that allows us to maximize the benefits of CAD~ ..
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ffio:.::'~lr<:,;?:However, the"soccessful use of CAD.on a project, largeor'small,.hinges uponeach userandeachj'

,!, ,:)1, ).~. ,::,,; ii::" discipline faithfully adhering to the procedures, standards, and requirements set forth in this section.' The:"
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. ", ,'i:-, : ,.' ':: . ; typical prolect setup ,on a project is administered by a Project CAD Coordinator. I ,(.,
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 ,Manual. ..
: : .'.CAD STANDARDS
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Organlzation and Setu
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~,:~'.2. TYPICAL PROJECT SETUP
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iThe following guidelines Illustrate how RoyaIC~mr:ni~~Ic?'Q ..n~~_e.s
..GAD.files.._.These guidelines shall be ,'.'
Ii:,''l.:::,.:.;,;used byalldis.ciplines, for all project.files,on all pr~jects unless.a different conventlon isspecified.by the :.,'
;~~iif~I:;ji:.);.!:f\':R0Y,a!.co~~i~~lon.i;:. ':.,;"::'. ,',.. ,: ... ,: '.. :"' .. '. ' ,;. i'i'" " .. ',,',
'i' : ',,' ,::, 202.1 APPROACH
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~~:L!:,;J:;~:t2.~;;\L)Thebaslc; fundamental approach to naming CAD files is that tl]e drawing number will be the name of the
r,"!!:::('i't:i[:{::!':CADfile .. : The .CAD, file names are limited to a maximum 'of; eight alphenumertc-characters (no': .'
~l'\"'!:~'~}1>,~:punctuation)followed'bya threifcharactereXtension L_...:~":'_':':'_.XX X). ": 'i: ..',...... ".:. .: :', ',;
r{."i"~:"":'~ii.: ,:,.-:"-",,~,.,,.-, ~. ....,'., - ",' .: ,.' '.,' . i .' . ....:'

: /~~i;:~:;.\I::\:f::T:':lfith~dra~ing ~umb~r'IS'great~r 'ih~nelght characte~s,the p~ojeclfile na~ing c~nv~ntlon.Wiltspeciiytio~ ..,"

,: l: i/; \'::j:k\)~enumberwill be truncated down t~ eight .c~aracters. _A!t~4gb-=~tIE(draWing ~ni.Jiiiberjnthe .title~block t.
r:,:;.,h:,):j,,'-i: ~no~ally does notdo so.we will use leadingzeroesfor'fuisslng.dlglts. in the drawing file names in order to.'
~'i:,~':,/,,: :;: .)!makeali"drawiiiiffilenames the'~sariielength. For example: ,2,.CE~A1;:QP(in.the~itleblock willbe a CAD .;
::J,\~~i);:"'tr .xxx..
;;.:file mlrne.Qf..~-=.G.E::A.t:P.9J The..~rawing size is .normallyol11ittedfrom the' cAD' file: name.' '.,:":. ;:.' ;~>
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'If.a CAD user Is :asslgned to a project very early on, before the formal document numbering system is
. 'N';:;'; .' . ,!~stablished, he should makifa.,-attempt't'O foUowTlie basic filenaming'format set forth below for drawing
f:': :.:,tfile names.~Thatls, identify the plant or area (not the chemical process),his discipline, and a sequential
;~R~;; i . ".: ,number. Acronymsbased on the chemical process or the 'words In the title ,block!are not acceptable;
t~':i:.;':...'.: . :When the docum'etlt numbering system and the CAD file naming systemare In place, the CAD user shan'
, . , \;1" .'{jrename hls files in order to conform with the CAD file naming convention' -, .:

~;;}j,.'. '::',,' .:' :E~Ch C~~ drawink fi:lewill ~ontai~ only one' drawing, and each drawing will hav~ a unique drawi~g:
":':: '.;.. . ; .,~nl!r:n~er.lt, is Engineering Department poncy to net create.m.ultiplesheet ,drawings..:. ..... ..,. <" .
;:;-Jf',.:'!';' t':' . . ;' :.:.. .' ..' ,. . . '. . . l ". . '.
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:Gen~nc type file. nam,es such as ~IE.D~~ shall ~o~~be_l)_~ecl . ...;
.E~~h.Ji.l~.:!1am~_sball
incl~dea.proj~ct:
"~:':!:~"-'...,.' \;:; tide~tJfiethrand ...at_dIStCiPhlJ.e
..~Qg~_~9Jb_~tP~sltJveiden,tlficatl~~.;.:C?Uhe. conter:'ts._'!1~~_.~~_~a~e
Without haVing
. ' . '. 0 view e con en s ,....,. '. . i t

r~l;r::;;,':;,.:/!;;':j21 6f. th~'~rOject' d~a~i~g_~les.and 20 .

~OdeL.file~...wil~.have:jh~.Jetter..~zn.f~r.."the!last "digit~f the. file',': ::, .
,ii'.'"> i., . :extension:Ib.~_~~~lc!.eJJlifiesthe file' as the active working file.on disk. The "zn maybe changed to an A,.-' ...
Pi' :",.;.,,'.: B, 0, 1, 2, etc. when an archive is performed in order to indicate the revision number of the archive. . '.
fV'.t::;;:.;.i:::.:' .\I.~:,:~:7:'.,.'.": ',' i ... ". .:.: >',.~.~.''','.' ..... ..' :':: '''' ..-''':'::--.-:'.',; .
~'"':):::;::,:::~::, Strict adherence to the file naming convention is -of critical irrip.9rtance.for a number of reasons. File ..'.
: .:j :: ;'.:;:;:J:-.::~!management,9fany .kind,is much easier when 'project files are named uniformly; Batch operations: '
f0;>,;.'<:;~:.?;which areus~d'as'much as possible, for sorting, indexing, and other types of automated file processing
,~:,.~;::<~,::.>;;.}? ;are effective only when files are named uniformly. Incorrectly named files ~i1tbe mls-sorted, or not even .
';,;);:::,'::~t:;~"L)::foundo~Ii.s~~d,bi~u~omaticsearch criteria. Furthermore, most clients require, a.standardized~aming, c': . , ... ': .. '." .
 \..:202.3 20 MODEL FILE NAME'
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. , .:The. naming convention for 20 model files will be similar to that used for drawing'files: However, the third .
',! : :': field, C, of the file name will be a three digit designation for the elevation of the plan cut, 'or the column line': '.

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.' :';:)i';::~:'i!;:(::i"''':' 2, TYPICAL PROJECT SETUP

~[lif!lillt~~~,"+if:~'
';tQ~Jth(;;(J;;n;t;I'k'CAD 'ha~ bec~~e: more.widely used b~ bothc~ntractors. ~ndowners: CAD
c:; ~ ....."
are"no~' COrnmo~IY',',,:,.'.'
2~- FILES~P .' ... ' ;'i'"
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ii 'iJ;!';;l;':;:}f:S:;>1 designated as project dellverables,along WIth the plotted draWIngs. The emphasls Is no longer on simply
::';~t:.:;,::'qi';:';;;.iprodUCinga drawing that "looks right." The CAD file also has to "be right." .The file must be clean and free" ',:,':
t:.?f '; /"~; :,':' , ': of extraneous elements. ,The work must be in the correct position In the file. 'The working units and other' '.
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: ,"-':'1 ';::,' ';,"i,: ',::: : ~arameters must be,se~as specified in order to meet Royal Commission and project requirements. ,
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,hi,;,:,: ':t:i \ 203.1 WORKING UNITS . . '.:" ,", j, '

li~;t(H'::::'2'Yl:':'i':': ;,.. :" ;.':"'" ' :', .' " .: ' '. .' > ,,:::,:::',<i . '." "',
,:ill': i:(:J';~.'i;~,!:';!iWorklng. units are a.means of relating the system's Internal measurement of unlts of resolution (UORs) 'to
:i~~lFi;ij}i[\:J~t f'. ~easurabte ~orking .lJn}ts.(meters, centimeters, .etc.) to meet the~eeds .of,the;dElsignfile. Working units c

';,;I.;1,",':!,L;;::;I.;':'Jare the cocrdlnates umtscorrespondlng to the position and defimtion of.a polnt In the design file. The
:~.'.".Y;.;"'' ;'.'.i.;,.~.:".;'.:.::.Jworking un.itsdl~ates the deg.reeof acc~racy for placement of elementsina:draw.I~9 and determines ,the,
!:r:0,l~'\'i'::,:'scale relationshIp of elements In,thedesIgn file. ,.' ,"'" -.': . . .
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~~~~':tfH':-:'::~:~.;..t~;'.r;:.f.:!:_>;' .; . '. . "."., ,,~ ,: '. . '. '. "'," '>" [" '.,; .'
',!:.!i.':,::;"l.<!Unless specified otherwise by the Royal Commission, the ,working units for all Royal Commission CAD,
. ~'i:' :'; work will be' . . , I' .

;'~lll~~!f,\;_.'.. .~~.= '. ~:~E~nl~

,;':'}'L:<:',Theold
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value of 1.600positional units shall not be used. If old 1600 PU files are copied to form the basis "
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: r.'j'i': .';:i':'::::, of new drawings; the working units shall be changed to 315PU and the work scaled up by .a factor of 5'
X~J ;';);:::~/,,~!and moved to ttlE~:appropriatenew location. Over, a.perlod of time the most common old files will have
:::;';"::}:'::.i<;: l.beenrnade Into 315PU files.' .,' ,,' . '" .' '. . "
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, l?iY:," :'::;:'\::[:01 It Is recommended that the accuracy of the da~areadout be set to 1/16" or .0625 MM :

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",C:;::. :":;::<;,203.2 <, GLOBAL ORIGIN, '.

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;:,!:', ;':;:.I',;,The global origin forall2D files shall be at the center of the design plane. The XYreadout for 315 PU to':,
;~j:"',,'.:"t;;i,;!,:{,;l,beat the/center, over a period of time,the old files most commonly reused will hav~the glob~1origin at the, '
;hq!:)i:!;i1i;),I;,~e.~,t~~ for e~~y access, read out and referencing. ': ':' ..' : ,)! . , '."';
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;f:~!;::"::':,::!'::J,::;i:203:~:'L6~ATION OF WORK IN DESIGN PLANE . '
::;'IJi/";,~",,q!c\:;'!':,i"': ';:;"'\i",:,: .'.' .. ' . '. '.' ':: " ' .. ' .. ' .
'.1 ::'i::::'~'r:;::; N~~aIlY~ ~Ii d~slg~'work will be do~e at actual plaritcoordinates;"When plarit c60rdlnates 'fall outside the':, .
'G~j,..'j,':;~,;i:,>+,deSlgnplane,the,workwlII be done at CAD plant coo,rdinates'specified .by the .Royal.Commission., This, ..,
,:',\I; ,;;;,;,';~,;;':'<ii:f.'NUI ;e"-sur~~atanwork done by each discipline will overlay every other discipline's work. " . ." H; . , :
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..: ; :~':J~",f~:'::,+-~H~~:~ ~;-'
:':r.,: ~:'~;:~:'~;~:,,;',:'~":~;::~;~::~~.r\'
.~:':_~T~:':;::':!'':+~';\:,:' .',,~:~:~~': .' .,- ': ". ",~',,~ '~i'~ ..:,':"" .: '.", ..",:~,_ , .: - ";'.;-.:~'" -.'. ' ~-.:',
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,Conc~ptually,'a'designer
begins hls'work by attaching the approved background reference file, which is
';fW::n.~;::'::::;r.':(\,i(:Llo~ated.at.t~e
given coordinate" .He will then do his design ,and layout his work as anoverleyjothe
;'HjU:~(:iJjti;~:T~;ii;backgfound:'!nshort,.hedesigns to the ,appro~ed,background. All reference ,files will overlay each other
 ~l!i;!'\iijl';iT' ..... ,i .''" .<,. i. ......... ' .' ." .: '.' .. ' . ,.' ... i.' ... ! ......... '.' ." ....i.
; !. r3<:!U>f~'<:Non':CfimensI0i1eddrawings shall be done with the loWer left comer of the border (not the trim line) iocated ' .
.,~?!r'>:;,:!:;?:'at X'(=10000,10000; .this is accomplished by attaching the border with th~ reset methodand drawing"'.
"r:'::'~:! ::':, ',J.': .. !;\ within the border' . '. . .., .

:r~::~(j;};':;:,Jr;.j,.:!,,;,:.;.'.:.;:::,' :,
,:"::\:<::I;!;:::.::': \203:4 REFERENCE FILE ATTACHMENTS .j
:\~ni,:,'(;~~;;.!;::J: ,':' ~..; .' . ,,' .... : .' .'.' :.' ........ .,'.' . .': . . . ~.:t;, ' .;' ~ '.,. '.,
,;_.~:;t..'\.:,)::.:~:.;ALL:reference .file attachments must be made with the two-character discipline 'variable; .(The two.. ..' .
!~::;;!L.!:?'):,:character ,discipline codes are listed in Figure 3-1;) Please note that eaeh attachment shall include)he ";';:.'
:~;:?l r::tL:'}::;
j,:i" ~eference fil~ ~a~e, a logical name, and a brief descrip~i~n~.As a minimum the. logical name~hall be th~. , .
::':!~:~ '(:j\~~f:":ii:;}:itwo ,Iett~r diSCipline.code plus a two.letter code describing the type of file that Is being attached.: For,
p::iP;r ;(:;:;o';'i~.:, ~example,the logical name ARPL would lndlcate an architectural plan. The logical STEL would represent a .
/.ll,''''!,,''\i:trut
:;;'i.!">:: :;',>1./ is c uraII' e eva tIon. . . . . , ). ".. .. ' . !I' ". , , "

n~!'1~~if~'!203~
I,'
~F~NCHILEU~GE . ' ' .
:i.., ';';;; ", ,The use of,reference'files as an' enhancement for interdiscipline coordination of dimensioned. drawings Is
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'S;: '.. 1:::i.::.:):always good pra~tice. On projects that are using the 20 modelling system, the user, when performing :;, .
)"{j !.,:,.;(~:(;;:;layoutldesign work in his own .OPZ file, shan have the appropriate .o=z files of other'disciplines.attached .
:,'IE ;,:'.;:-:;:.::'::[/.;to
hl~ .OPZ file.
As the user performs his layout/design he is required to display the other; disciplines' work :. ,'.
I~<' ':'>"'t~"iandY'latch for.interferences as he proceeds. If this important feature of MlcroStation Is not used, :'
L;> :.::.':<:';:' 'extensive rework:will usually be required to eliminate the inevitable interferences. Similarly, the use of:.
:::: .;,<.~:;:'.y; (reference files is required with most 3D appljcations ..' .......,. . '.

~;!f;i~~"~~;r2~~~6
,?;i:
~O~E~S " ::!) ..:,!.::Borderswill,
.. ..
be attached to drawings as reference files, unless requested otherwise by the Royal'
: .. '. .
tt) ::' ,1::>:';!'..:Commlssion .: A master set of project borders will be provided at 1 to 1 scale' (actiJaI size) In the "ge" ,."
: ,:': : ... '. 'standards directory of each project. For non-dimensioned drawings, which are drawn at a.t to 1 scale, the' -.' , . ,
'~J; :::,:borders shall beattached with the reset method, and the work done Inside the border .. For dimensioned .... .'. ,
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!drawlngs,,Which are plotted at different scales, the borderaehall be attached with the,saved view method ..
!

:'\'i ~,~:-; ,:: so that the borders may be scaled as part of the attachment. The saved view name for borders is ..
; : ~: ! ;";.:';:.::::;. ;:i "BO~O.". Unless specified otherwise by the client, the logiCal mime fpr the border attachment shall be'."
:R:::l :~':;':~in;;"" ;"BOR." The logical name of "BOR" is required by the automated plott.ingprograms':!he"ps:",v~r~~ble is .'.
:<\ :r;'~;:)i::' normallY,usedfor border attachments. . . " 1" ..
;'~.r):,'.:",':~:!,:l..:/:~L ' ;',"'' i.::;,:, " :.;:":' ..': :',:.: .. .: ',',.. "':".' i',' : . ":. ," '. '!.':'" :.'
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0;1 !r; ,::U.:';:i,;..l'Thedisciplines, shall not copy. and s~le' borders their own director!es. Ita dlsciplint{requlres .a:: In
i':~:.:!::~,::.;.:' :,::0;: speclallz~d border, they shall consult With tlJe Royal9ommlssion f~r epprovel, ..~enever changes are : ..-:
, i:,': :';;:': :: .. made to a project border, they are made to the master set In the~ge" standards directory. Thus, when, ai<.
. ::':',.~' ~'.' : 1 change Is mad~. It will automatically be reflected on every drawing using that border. Hence, the border of " .
!, " r-, ! : 'a CAD drawing should remain with the drawing throughout Its continuous life' cycle for that .
'il. " -:;.,,'.,.::.: ,.:'.:;C" i!, ,r"e.!.
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',~::):i;'" I" .t'. 2. TYPICAL PROJECT SETUP

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" .r "".!L~:';' ,203.7 PLOTSHAPES
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general rule; plotShapes shall not be placed ha drawing file. Drawings are plotted with borders,and .:.
(t~)r~<i:;:\'~;n:,i:,;sinceevery border' contains a plotshape, plotshspes are not necessary .in the ,drawing file.Plot~hap,es
!:i~.i::\i~~:;:>!r:~;maybe placed in model files.... . .;

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..
":;i;\.::::i\,,','Unless.specified otherwise .by project or ~oy~1 Commission requireme.nt".all fil~s sJ:tall use font 61 ....
.... . .
:J"~:jIF'i'.;;'..'/:'.:', (slanted . with' serifs:) reference' Royal' Corrimission .General Design' Criteria &. ~echnical' Guidelines' .:.';.
; Si; .:':'.: .:! :;,:',! :', :drafting standards. If a non-proportional font is required, font 62 shall be used. . ,':': '

~fl'I!(j;t'i\;1,:2f~,9J~E:DF'LES;... . ,............'..,... > .: '...........

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t;'ii"~.:1:,:!,l ,,'.::)t is strongly recommended that each discipline create' their own seed files for the various types of ":
: ;!~;i;,:;:,::i,<~dra~ings that they 'produce, and thatthese seed files be used to create new drawings;'The use of the ',
!I',i,::,,>"';'>''' ;system seedfil,es Is nC?tre~o~~ended. ..".......... ,. !
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:!1',::;" .". '203.10 LEVEL STRUCTURES (LV)'

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r.;::1 ,';. ::.i: iThe'design area of a CAD design file is composed of 63 identically. sized overlayed planes . These
:~1::,:p;;~',:\::.overlays or levels are used in the Royal Commission standards to separate equipment, types of liri.es and ..
~.,:. ::'~:':!;, ,other drawing details to enable CAD to be a more productive tool. A level structure table is given for each ';:
:1.:1.;:. c' ";:':.' 'product (Refer to level structure for each discipline In Vplume III). , .
:~~~t::;, ;'L: ':"~';.:::.""".\:.; .. ,j~::.;,'::~~'"" ",' : .: .,' ...
.;:: : 203.11 COLOR CODES (CO) .., .
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t:~i.. ':!: Royal Cb~'mission" CAD standards use the'defa~1t Color table' provided by MicroStation., In o~cier'to'
: .. specify an active c610r code, the CO = N, where 'N' Is the color code number, must be used. ' .
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.203.12. LINE WEIGHT (WI') : :.
; \':! . ,(:, ..... >' .: . ;., . :.,.. .:' .,:' '.. -
,:.;" MicroStation' provides various "weight thickness 'for lines.' 'Attachment "B' .provides' the' required .line
r " " ; thickness for hard copy plots .of Roy~1 Commission CAD drawings. Special pen tables may be required to -:..,
:':i:: achieve these requirements. The approximate thickness. ~f these weight as plotted on a 400 DPI plotter.' ,:
:.. , '!' " ~. '. . .
:: li,",-,(:... are as lonows:. '. ..' '. . .

,~j;c/?,::! .~ickn~ (moo) ..

 .. '. ' . ... , .! ... .
, In category 1, the .OPZ designfil.e is.thedeslqndata :base; The Drawing ...
.;:files:aremerelythe means .by which information from !tfie.design~,data:>.
':'. hase)s presented.onan "F" size 'piece of paper.' The drawing files will.':
, ' .: < ::': .corit~irJqnly. the. title. block information ~and..the text 'and' callouts that go . '. " .. ,
~
. ' :.:.' .. along 'with the picture' that is ln the ~OpZfile.The teXt,whichrnight extend ..,..' ,
. .,
'

, '. .': :outside the matchllnes on the plotted.drawings, is plot-size dependent and. '.'. .' 'i:
:.-.'.' , :.must be placed in the drawing file. :The text would be twice as larger fora..'.'. ..!.
; :.1/8"='1'-0" drawing file than in a 1/4".= 1'_0drawing'file.! .AnY,number of" "
.;.:.: .. drawings may be produced at-minimal costandrrianhoure.v." .
.';..:..~~~.~. .''..:'...' .. " >' . :.. , .,.'.:
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5.1.3 2-D MODELLING GUIDELINES.
: I

~opying from a reference file into an active file'will not be permitted: This' .
:'.: . ..mayrequire the' discipline being referenced to draw an oblecttwlce: oncet; .
):':,',':,for .their own use and once 'for .use by other disciplines .. Forexample,., ...\
i :,.:" ':~lectrical may use a. symbol on. their drawing,' but the 'other disciplines: : .
. '

. ' "'may need tosee the exact shape and size of the object.' Ele.ctri9alwould ..'
"~'dra~ their symbol on one .layer(33~ for example)' and the actual scaled'
.. 'r~presentation on another layer (43, for example). The electrical drawing
wtll display layer 33 and turn off layer.43. The other disciplines would
display layer 43 and tum off layer 33; The extra effort required by.
'f~::' , .;".;.:
., '~....: .: i:
...~.'. electrical will be recouped several times. over by the 'other dlsclpllnes.
: ....during the course of the project. .The use of multi-layer cells will tessen '; ;'
; .'~~: > '

i.'-: :.the' effort required by-theorigiriating disCipline.' '.. ,,:' .;. :' .:. '. ,'. ".:..
~...

One'of the basic concepts and goals of the 2-D modelling system is that' .. ,.
....
objects in the design be drawnonly once. in .CAD.Thus~when' a change':',:
.'occurs,' it is seen in' all drawings, because they are all referencing the' '.'
. same .OPZ file. Unfortunately, this goal can not be achieved in all cases." ...
For exarlJple, if one 'discipline, such as, architectural, .needs to depict a .
.. stairWay differently than strucnrral, thedlsclpllne needing the different
.":'presentation .
.must~..draw.it " in .'their own" file to'. meet their,'pictorial.
~requirement::ln this example,structural is .the discipline responsiblefor.
.:the stairs, and is 'the 'disciplinethat,will be referenced by the other .....
:':".disciplines. If is the ..architect'sresponsibilitY,'however,:to refere.nce:th~-,:Z
"C"',"";,' ";""'_"'structural,.OPZ 'fileas a check and guide, so that they':may revise their' .
, .own representation of the stairs' if the size' or location of the stairway' . ':'
, ,;shouldchange du~h,gthe course.~f the design; '.

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 : Another example is theload b~aring wall.- structural' is' r~sponsible f~r ,the'"
'.Ioad bearing walls, and willdraw them. ln their.OPZ. design' file .. They Will
.. also draW. elevations of. these walls. because .. they; must" "Show the,:>. '.
.',:'additional:reinforeingaroundOpenings';etc),:' The 'architects'.WiII.h~ave't6"<'::':::.
duplicate these walls in their' .001~esign 'files to:rneetthEroperat!orial "
requlrements ofthe APDP software.packag'e.. .
.,i';:. ,
:.:~~' ..':"
~ .
,
.A third .example is . the'sym6'0109Y~fth~.daShe'd:li~e~,,: For"~:~lr,th'~ .....
.'engineering disciplines.the dashed line is used to indicate an object that is' . ' .
..,underneath 'or behind another object. "If,as is.the case with the architects, . '.
. the dashed line is used to represent an object that is above :some~hing..'
.... else, they will' have to: draw theobjecLin:.their-file:using their own ,.
. symbology: The odd .man 'out will have t() :draw the object inquestiolia'::
. ..second time, in their own design, file'. .lt will .be their, responsibility to be':. '"
:' .~abreast of changes that occur so that they.' may update .their ',own .',' .:.
, . ... representation'to be in conformance with everyone else.: .' ."'.,' .
,~,! I '.. " .! '. .

The ;2-0 modelling system may 'als6 be used 'for certain keyele~~tio.n~,:,>"
.arid/or section throughout the facil.itY.(such' as coordinating penetrations':',
through various walls). '.Each discipline involved would have one overall :~. "
elevation file (with extension .ELZ) at a prescribed location on the design ,~. ,
'" plane where they will lay out their etevation orsection,regardl.ess,othov/1:,1.:,::
many 1/4" = l' ~O"drawings are required to present the' entire elevation.;,' .' .
"Orawingfiles for the partial elevations.will be prepared as they a~efo(the'
partial floor plans. . .' : .. . i:. i ..'
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 .CAD files at the Final and

.Submit electronic CAD files in one of the following media:, ",

Mini .data cartridge tape. 120MB '(DC21~O) utilizing

Trakker's 250 or 350 software. '
,', 'I ,

, ' .CD-ROM In Windows 95'or DOSformat 1

i
: !.
"Iocl~de the following'Information on sUbmitte'd'm~dia:
..
.File retrieval command .. . . ..
List of drawings with file names ..
,Blocking factor and total number of bytes occupied.by data
.. ~
~ ...
Create .design/construction drawlngs-. ln: accordance with Royal
Standards.'

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 I' ,. 1'"

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':. '\ 204';5 "'COPYING FROM REFERENCE FILES PROHIBITED
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R: ",' " :,,;;:::';cells will 'be placed in the discipline's JOBLlB.CEL Cells created shall, conforms
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i; iCommission General.Design
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Criteria & Technical Guidelines Standard Drawhig Symbols.
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 Size (mm)

AO 841 x 1188 mm - concept only

A1 594 x 841 mm.- Preferred.Stnd.
A3 297 x 420 mm - Sketches
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1000 mm

1180 x 841 46.8 x 33.1

.....841 . x 594 33:1 K23.4
.594 X 420.. ': 23.4 X 16.5 ,:'.
420 X 297. .16.5 X 11:7
'297.x:210 11.7 x 8.3' ..

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;m~",';tJ:,'(':;l~~re are many ben'efits to using cAb as a simple drafting tool, on an Individual basis. There are more> "~' ,;')
,,',: c[. '.'.:' :,slgnlfi~nt. benefi!s to be g~ine~ by using, CAD.'I,n,a stendardlzed format" witO.coordiflCitipnbetween.the':~ '.":" '< I'::
,I ..,,'" ' " ", " "',, ' ,,,,, ," ," " , ",
~~;!":idisciplines.:;.In addition, prudent fde management will furtherOfacllitate the, use of CAD., In order to'::,:': .. ,
"io';>,;maxlmlzethe overall benefit to the project, the Individual disciplines 'may, berequlred. on occasion, to',': ,,:
'}':!modlfy' thelr~work processes to accommodate the overallprojectneeds~ .To :thls end, thefollowlng".'" ,
:171,:,':, ,.', :,"" !starid,ar~sh~ve been setforthf~r use by the disclplh1es.The success of our CAD,o~eration hinges upon:':,<;~, .
Jt:;:!' " 1::1
,i: each 'dlscl~ll~e fal~fullyadherlng :toth~ proce~ure!?, standards, and requlrements s~tfOrth }nt~~~::' ,,
['::;i.r;,,::;;:\,%:;::!S~~;d~~~f:!';;,",',,!',',
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.r~;::,:'.~:,' ~::';:,';This chapter: presents an .overvlew of the, typical,discipline' CAoorganlzation, the directories' provided for
::"<>. ',.(!:"
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'",; discipline use, file management techniques requiring discipline action:'
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'COMMISSION

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CAD'STANDARDS' ,
Vol. 1 ..:;Organization and Setup "
Chapter ",i:, ','
";,';,:,3.' TYPICAL DISCIPLINE SETUP

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'DESIGN FILE , ':,

DRAWING FILE
.OPZ FILE,
2-D MODELLING .. ;.1;

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"R~SPONSIBILITY
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,~,PROCEDURE
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5.1 SCALED DRAWINGS - PLANS, ELEVATIONS~SECTIONS':

5.2 .'NON-DIMENSIONED DRAWINGS" , ' ,
SCALED DRAWINGS:, - ~.oETAILS;SECTIONS" .EQUIP.,-, ,
'ORA' 'WING"S" ,'.",' '::',', ,,:' ,'",: .: '" ,':-:,' "",,:,"
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5.1.1 ' 2-D MODEL FILES

,5.1.2 DRAWING FILES '"
,. -".5.1;3 :," '"' 2~DMODELLING GUIDELINES
,,5.104 :, .;El.EVATIONS AND SECTIONS
",GENERAL":'"

, ", ,.1 .: ,; ;' :" ",>" ~. .:\"

- :!t" '~ ,
 PURPOSE:

, . ,The purpoee of this document is to' explain' how Royal Commission uses the'. .... .
:.. ;'Jeatures and capabilities of CAD to produce both scaled land non-scaled.' " ,
, en'girieering drawings. An understanding of the contents of this documents by , ,
.CAD Rersonnel,engineers, job' leaders, ....en,gineering . managers,' . project,'. . .
.. enQineers, and project managers win significantly facilitate the production' of .:.'.::,'.' "
". engineering drawings, and will enhance design coordination betWeenthe various .'. i"

.': engineerjng disciplines. . . . .' r :

. .; '.~
.
" : I

....DEFINITIONS

The . following ..definitions will'. aid all .partles , lnvolved. to.

~n.gineering drawings.are prepared... . .: ,.

", 'Design File': . A 2-D CAD file 'th~ contains'.~ '"full si~e, dimensionally';:
accuraterepresentatlonof the 'object being designed. Generally a plan/
elevation, or" section cut of the object. The ,file name: extension fora.';:
. :design flle is.OPZ for plans, oELZfor elevations, and .SEZ for sections.' .....
'J'he
.' '..
design ,'..'file is sometimes
".
called
.
a working file. :...: . I
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'.,4.0! " RESPONSIBILITY ,

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"1"he :2-D modelling system will work only if all disciplines participate ,and' .
'use it in, a consistent and uniform manner. " It is the responsibility of all > ,' "
, , " disciplines and operators; therefore, -to-ablde by'.the:tprocedures'snd" ,":' .
'concepts set forth in ,his document Forexample, it is,the.resporisibilityof:,,: :
thedlsciplinesnot to copy hard intotheir own.OPZ filesinformation,that':
: appears in someone else's .OPZ files.,~ It is thefurtherresponsjbilityof:.::: '
:,eachoperator in each discipline tc;>,aggresivelyusethe reference files not ':,: ,
',only for backgrounds -to drawings, but asa.tool ,for"doordinatirig their <. '.
',design, work with' the work of the other disciplines.' :At' ti~esit will also be' ,'. v. : '
'th~responsibilityof a discipline to ~createand maintains'.OPZfilesolely'
.'.for the support of the other .dlsclpllnee, even if they will not use such 'a.file",:
for their own draWings.', , ,:: " ',', " ., .. '.,' '
.. . ;
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- ~: .. ,'. .
0:180:0 0:112:40 : 0:300:0 ,'. . '0:240:0- '.:'.0:150:0 .
:" ,. .

.I :40: ....... :,: 40'.".. '1:16:0 ;~:':0:180:0 .., --

0:144:0' 0:90:0 .:~. '0:240:0" ..
..
0:192:0 : 0:120:0 ,J ..... '...
.

I : 331/3 33. 1/3. 0:846:53 .," 0:149:79-' --'0:119:79 -,-- '0:74:79":" ..'0:199:78"- .'~~0: 159:79,--- -:~ 0:99: 79'''::~ ,-
I : 20 ;:[.'-20.,
: 0:508:0 ,,0:90:0-' '0:72:0 .'. ' 0:45:0 0:120:0, . .\,,0:96:0'-< 0:60:0
1 :10
... :10 .. . ,

0:254:0" ;,0:45:0 : 0:36:0 . 0:22:40,

".

0:60:0 .-
" 0:48:0, . 0:30:0
,

.. .
. .i.

,.". .
'

: ,I : 8:': ';>.'-: 8::,:. '.

0:203:16 '.-- 0'36~0;
'
. 0:28:64': ',. ..,.'....
.. 0: 18:0.".. 048'0,
.: <0:38:32 0:24:0 '.' . ,'.' ;'.';'-

.
,.,..1 : 5'" ,'< '5 ., 0~127:0 " '...0:22:40 ' 0:18:0 ....
;. .....0:11:20 0:30:0 ..', 0:~4:0.\
.'

0:15:0 .>,

I :4 .... ,lL ;4 i,. 0:101:48 . ,-;...." 0'180 ;'. ...

.:0:14:32 '0:9:0 0:24,:0, . ,;: 0:19:16(:~;.. >{.0:12:0,, ,,'
,
,--

<:1:: 2, /2," ' , 0:50:64 ." .: 0:9:0 0:7:16 .. 0'4-40':'"

. . .,' ..0:12:0 0:9:4'8 .. 0:6:0 'c '; L----
.',
-.

. TI:J' ":' .. ,:
1 --- - 0:25:32 .' "'.0:4:40 " '0:3:48 ., 0:2:20 0:6:0 -- . 0:4:64 =. .:
,
0:3:0 '
.,0' -- --- ',' ,
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 ,.

9.01
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.
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 ; .. Directory of
.. 316THTXT UCM
, AS1.. UCM
AS10. 'UCM
AS100.. UCM
ASl12 UCM
AS12 UCM
'AS14 UCM
'AS16 . UCM
AS18 UCM
AS1INCH UCM
AS20.' '. UCM
AS200 .... 'UCM
AS316 UCM
. AS332 UCM
' .: AS34: ".UCH:
. AS38 UCM ;
, .
AS3INCH. UCM
AS6INCH' UCM'
CELONLINUCM
CLOUD ':'UCM
. COPYGGUCM
CPYINCED UCM
CTX UCM
CTY' UCM
DEL BAK UCM
DEL"':'"SAV UCM'
DIVDCOPYUCM
EDITXTMSUCM
ES_HPGL UCM
EWTUTUCM .' I,.

'~" FENCSNAP UCM'

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FIX CRSR UCM "

. '
" ~ 'FNCCHFNT UCM:
'FNCCLRED UCM
FNCHTXSZ UCM'
G SCALES UCM
HORIZCEL.UCM
"LEAARR, .UCM-,:,. 0 '

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LEADOT UCM '.";

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LEAPLU UCM
LEAWOR 'UCM
LVLCHK ,UCM
MERGETXT UCM
MLTCPY, :.UCM
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MODCELLUCM
.~
"
PC SETPR UCM
'PC~STPR5 UCM
< PLTSHP. UCM
'REMOTEP. UCM
. SETSHOW . UCM '.
SNAPS.:.,P.. UCM ...
SNAPTOGLUCM'
'.,TESTFONT
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UCM'
..' TXCTR UCM
"'i.' " I' I TXT4TH 'UCM
:i'TXT8TH"UCM
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CONVERSION, TABLES.
..
~.:

I
, :
., ,

,',", .

.~ .:
"

, .

.,.,,'
"
!" ::, .
 ... '

" ,
" 1 Iqll&l'e /.Deb 1 0.015 N2 2a' O.OOS N& "',
1 1quar'.1IU - -, 1 '.411' _
U.72& '.
1Iqll&l'e fool - , uc ,
ll1qll&l'e JVd - ,- Uti'
1 Iqll&l'e rocl - It 20 ,121
1 Iqll&l'e dWlI - 1%12M , 11 too
1 acre , 272"0 110 000
1 Iqll&l" mil. , 14.11 lot " .00 too
, 1 Iqll&l'e ocWDI\er- ,0.15$ 000 a 0.002 471 054

- ISSO.003, :W.TtO &c 10.'183 111

, 15 aoo 031 :W7105.4 101 8311.1

.'

. "alllu, Cubic laW.

',*,' 1 cubic /.Dab - 1 " 0.000 m '103 .,

1 cubio loot.
1 cubIc )Vel
1 cubic: ectl.m_-
-
- ' .1..
lUI

0.0&102374
,,'
0.000 0S5 ai' 81
, I 1
' 21

1 cubic dedml\er - 111.023 'I. 0.035 al4081, "

1 cubic IllI\er til 023.'14 . la.a14 81 .,'
I

0.0111 eoe 81 0.002 013 133 0.000 210 JOI a

'1 ".121 '.101112 I.
'1 .'1 I
n
III
11
,'.11

III n
112& 121
4.412 DOO : . O.l&c lUll
f8eO.052 ta7.!05.I'
0.270 Ill. 0.031 11' 1'1 :
170.111' 11.114 1'1 '

:,.'

....
~.:
.. ';.
 "

0.000 O1a 7a a J.N

1.000 U' ,1t.U'1
0.000 110 103 g ".41
, 0.000 a&a w II."
,1.00$ U' 102.12
I.IU' Jill. II
UO.S4.'
,,' ......

1.1111
.".IIIIUU
"S1.lao6
111l.JfI.'
IU.21.IU4
4." OS.
404".".224
'211 1111"."

, ('

n.llT,O" '0.010 187 OM ,0:000 010 187 OM -I eubk bleb

,21 '15.141..1'2 28.110 0 1112 " 0.021,110 "0 1112 -IO\1l:11cfClOt
7" ST.14 : 7M.1&& ~7 '" 0.7M 1&&~7 III -I cubi, 7Wd
1 0.001 '.100 001, -I cubioOIIItimnet '
1,100 1 , I.tol -ll11J111cWm-wr
1 000 000 1000, ' 1 -I cublolIWkr '

0.000 018 278 0& 0.003 _ 'IG4 0.000 002 176 7110 0.000 081 eoo 711
0.000.n liS 0.225 ass g 0.000130 147 0.003 OQOlIS
'.007'U I 1.11)& 887 a 0.001 ou m 0.0211172 70 :',
0.031 JI 7.111 T' 0.00&177 117 ' 0.111 2110 .: .-
0.121 21.'71 0.010 710 07 , 0.'12 103:a
0.21 ' 17.71 0.033 G) 1. 0.""8128 6 "
" 1 , 0.113 NO e, , , ,1.'115100 ,,'
0.000 17"7017 0.010114 81
,1- , 11.110 05
0.000 0S5 Ila G4 ; '.101 ,
0.015 .11' G4
 .. ! ,."

.,

: .. ,

":,: ..

CUBIC FEET PER SEcONOl. cfs .. ,' ... : ,::.., ..

x 0.02832 . , - Cubic metres peraeccnd (m'ls) ..; i :'~

. '. x 1.699 . = Cubic metres per minute (m'/min). .

.. ~ X448.8: '.::. U~S.gallons per minute (U.S. gpm); ....
: '.:'.X 0.6463 '" ~ Mllion U.S. gallons per day(~S. gpd)
CUBIC JNCHeS -In" .' . : '.. :... . .. ".
x 1.6387X 10.1 = Cubic metres (m,) ..
.' x 16.387 .. : :, ..;::: Cubic centimetres (em')
x 0.016387. .,.. ;::: Utres (I) ...: . . .. ..
. x 5.787 X ,.10'" =CUbictee! (ft')'
x 2.143 x .10.1 .' = Cubic yards (yd');'
, .
.... ...
x 4.329 x 10' .: = U.S. gillions (U.S. gal) .: .:
.....,: x.3.605x.10' .'....'.~ Impenalgallons.(impgall
',' ..... " '. . ...
CUBIC METRES--: m' i.;; ; . . 1:.
.. '= Utres (I) .... .
x 1000.
.x 35.315 . .: =Cubic feet (ft') :, '
x 61.024 x 10' .. ::::i Cubic Inches (In,) .
',"

x1.3080 ;=Cublcyards(yd,) .'.

....x 264.2 . = U.S. gallons (U.S. gal) ."
x 22O~0 ;' J.' . = Impeilal gallons (Imp gal) .,,'
: CuBICMETRESPER'HOUR;';"m'/h" : . .
'., x0.2778 ."'.= UtresperNc:Oncl(Vs) ... ' ..:.'
.. X2. 778 x 10~ ..:.~- .. Cubicmetresper~(m'/s) ....
-. '. x4.403 .. . ...;,~ U.S. gaJlonsper minute (U.S.gpm)
.'CUBI6uETRES PERSECoNO ~ m'/~' '..
. 'x 3600 . . = Cubic metres per hour (m'lh) .
.:,. x 15.85 x 10' : ==:.U.S.gallons per minute (U.S.gpm)
CUBICYAROS-yd' '.: .!. '. ' '
x 0.7646 = Cubic metres (m')
X 764.6 .' = Uttes (I) '. ,-. ,, .
.. x 7.646 X 10' .. = Cubiccentimetres (em,)
x 27 = CubiCteet (ft') , ..
x 46,656 . . = Cubic Inches (In') .
x 201.97 = U.S.gallons (U.S. gal)' .
x 168.17 . = Imperial gallons (Impgal)
DEGREES,ANGULAR
.' x 0.017453 .
r; .'
!'"
= Radians (rad)
.; ,
x 60 .' = Minutes (') .
x 3600= Seconds (1 .
. x 1.111 ; ~~rad~ (gon) .
. . DEGREES PER SECONO,ANGULAR rls)'
x 0.017453 . .' = Radians per second (rad/s)
x 0.16667 .. . = Revolutions per minute (r/mln)
x 2.m8 x 10', .';:::Revol~ons per second.(rls) ..
. . . . G~rns(g)' .
,= Grains (gr) .
. -:. Ou~ces (oz) .:

',=
= Metres (m)
Feet (ft) ' ..
::: i::.
= Metres (m) .
= Centimetres (em)

," "~' ,'. , ..... " - "';'.

.;,.....~..._;..;.... ...:....~.~__ .. --. .,:"" _:'.' ,::;~:i':"'" ..~.,.._:..:....,.",:" ..:,.'.. ~..,,-.;__ ~-: .. ;,. __ '...._ ..

. "',': .. .....::.. '. :.

', ,

. "",

.! .:~,.'.'." .: ;:: .~:::;,:.::-,

 MILES-mi
1 1.8093 II 10' = Me1reS(m)
x 1.8093 : KilometreS(km)
II:
1 5280.' = F.et (ft)
11760 .. = YIIds (Yd)
. MUs PERHOUR";;mPh\'! ': ..... ....
'. X 44.70' . .... = Centimetrespenecond (c::rn/s)
.
'. X 1.6093"
.1 26.82 .'
.. =
KIIcmetresper hour (IcmJh) .
= Metres per minute (mlmln)
x 88 . =
Feetper ~Inute (ftlmin) .
11.4a67. ' ;.'. = Feetpenecond (ftls)
.... ' XO.869O::,\->.. .. :~ '.~~'~):';,.,
MILES PERMlNlJrE-ml/mini ,. ,., ., .....
...' .
. .1 1.6093, =KiIornItres per minute (kmImln) .
:.' 1 2682 .,'= CentImetrespersecond(cm/s) .
. x 88 .' .=F.et penec:ond (ftls) .;;'. . .
160 '. ". =
Milesper hour (mph) '....
.... . .'. . ..... " .. 1",;'. ".'
..-. ('1.. : ii;
.MIM.r1'ES.ANGUJ.AR ..',
. xU09x 10'" ...' -=.Ridians(rad)
". NEWT6Ns~N . i .
x 0.10197 "
10.2248 .'.
'. '17.233
'x10' .
OUNCES- CIZ av. '., . , .. !
x 28.35 ' =Grarns (g) ...
x2.835x10-1' =.Tonnes(t)metricton
x 16" .... . =
. Drams (dr) av.. .
:~~:
xO.911S
-~:;9~)av.....:
. = Ounces~OZ)troy ,
12.790 II 10-' .. ;; -:- ,Tens(ton) long ..,
OUNCES ~ oitroy' ,.' ! .. '.
x 31.103 . =Grams(g) .
'x 480, . Grains (gr). = ".' ,
x 20,= Pennyweights(cIwt)troy
x 0.08333 ~ .
x 0.06857
. '=.
Pouncls~Ib)trOY.
= Pounds Ib) avo-.
....
.
x 1.0971 . = Ounces oz) av... .:
OUNCES-ozU.S.ftuid: '. . l: ~.
'. ,x 0.02957. . = Lltres (I) ' .
.x 1.8046 . '=Cublcbiches(ln)
. . .. '. I'.

OUNCES-FORCEPER SOUARE INCH - ozI/in2

x 43.1 Pascals(Pa) . ' =
,< .' .
x 0.06250 =:
Poundsforceper square Inch (psi) .. ' '
x 4.395= Gramsforce per square centimetre ' '.
", (gf/cml) ." ,.
A\RTS PER MILLION BY MASs'-masS(welght)lnwater'
': ., xO.9991 . " =
Gramsper cubic metre (g1m')at 1S'C
i>: -, x 0.0583. .,=, G~ver U.S. gallon (gr/U.S. gal) at, ,
x 0.0700 = Grains per imperial gallon (grlimp gal) at '
, 62r . .
x 8.328 = Poundsper mUilonU.S. gallons at 6Or.
PASCALS"';;Pa' .. ' :.
x 1
x 1."SO~ 10"
. ~NewloriS per squale metre (NIm1)
. .= Poundsforceper square Inch (psi) .
<' ,.'
x 1.0197 x 10-1 . =. KUogramsforceper square centimetre
" (lCg/cm,)'.. . , .' . .'
X 10-'.:': =
K1lclp&scals
(kPa) ..
. PENNvWeIGHTS-clwt1rj)f';' .' .'
'x1.5552~ .= GramS(g) .
'. x 24 "._ . =:= Grains (gr)
POIS'ES~'P '.;,. '. , !

.10.1000.

, .x100
x 2.0886 ~ 10-' ,

"., .
....:'.:.:, ."
 . HORSEPOWER-hp ;' ,:,:,,; .' ...
x 745.7 .. ;. .... = watts eN)
. x 0.7457 . = Kilowatts (kw). .., . .: . .
x 33.000 = Foot-pouncls-1orcePf'I' minute (ft ~Ibf/mln).
x!50' .=Foot-pounds-force per second (ft .lbf/S) .
x 42.43 .: = BrItishthermal units per minute (BtuJrnin)
.' .'. (see note) .'
:.x 10.69 ..
x 1.0139
.'.:
...=Horsepower(metric)
.' .
= .'..
Kilocalories per minute (kcaVmin).
" ." .'
HORSEPoWER - tip boile~. ..; .: ,........ ". : .
x 33.480 ". -. .'.= .Britishthermal units per hour (Btu/h)
... . ". '(aeenote) "".
~x 9.80$ .<'. =KiIOwattS(kW) .
tiOFtsEPOWER-HC>UAS- tip ~h .':' . '..
x 0.7457
x 1.976 x
., . '.
10' .' .
=. Kilowatt-hours (kW" h)
== Foot-pounds-force (ft "Ibf). .
, ,x 2545 = British thermal units (Btu)(seenote) '. .., .
x 641.5 . = Kilocalories (kcal) . ,.
x 2.732 x 10' '. = Ki/og{arn-force-metres(kgf "m).
INcHES ~'In . : . . v, ',.." .
x 2.540 . -:- Centi~" (em)
INCHES OF MERCURY -lnHg lit erc .. ,- ':,"
x 3.3864 . ..': .. = I>CiIoP8sca1s(kPa)
x 0.D3386 . '.
x 1.135
Bars (bar) .... =
= Feet of water (ftHzO)at68"F .
.

x 13.62
x 0.03453
=
. .Inches of water (InHzO)at 68F.
= KilOgra~force per square centimetre :
. . (kg/em2) .," : '.': ....
'. . x 70.73 . = PcUnas-forc:eper square foot (lbflft2) . -.
x 0.4912 = Pounds-force per square Inch (pSi)
.x 0.03342 . = Standard atmospheres
.INCHES OF WATER -lnH,O ~t 68~F.' .
. x 0.2<\87. = Kilopascals (kPa) '. .
x 2.487li: 10-* = Bars (bar) . ':' .
. .x 0.07342 . = Inches of mercury (inHg) at OC ','
x 2.535 x 10-* = Kilograms-force per square centimetre' -.
. .! (kg/em!)' ." .., : . . . :
x 0.5770. .= Ounces-force per square Inch (ozflin2)
.x 5.193 .. .= Pounds-force per square foot (lbflft2)
x 0.03606 = .Pounds-forceper square Inch (psi)
.. x 2.454 x 10-J = ..
,j
S1ancIard
,
"
atmospheres. . '.. . . ....
1
'JOULES-J
x 0.9484 x 10-'
x 0.2390
x 0.7376 .
x 2.778 x 10.
, KILOGRAMS - kg
x 2.2046 = Pounds (Ib)
x 1.102 x 10-J = Tons (ton) short
KILOGRAMS-FORCE ~ kgf J '. .
x 9.807. ": . = Newtons (N) ",' .'

x 2.205 ". . .. = ~ncls-force (lbf) ,I".

KILOGRAMS-FORCE PER METRE ~ kgflm '..

. x 9.807 _. = Newtons per metre (N/m) ..
x 0.6721 ,I .: =
PoUnds-forceper foot (Ibflft)
... , KIL.oGRAMS-FORCE PERSOUARE CENTIMETRELkg/cm'
.

. x 98.07 .
x 0.9807 '.
x 32.87.
".=
== ~ascals
Bars (bar),
(kPa)
. .:. .' '..
Feet of water (ftH~O)8t681=.
. '. .

~ x 28.96 . -Inches of mercury (InHg) at OC .

x 2048 . '. = Pounds-force per square foot (lbflft2)
; x 14.223 . .' = Pounds-force per square Inch (psi)
;0 x 0.9678 ' . .~ .Standard atmospheres,,: .
, ., KILOORAMs.:FORCEPERSoUARE MILLIMETRE.~ kgf/mm' : .
.'x 9.807 '. .. .... = Megapascals (MPa) .' '. .:
'. , ~ 1.000 x 10' ... .KiJograms-f~ Pf'I' square m~re::
.: . .' .. :' ;i,\I(Kgf~!)., " .... .: .
. ,;.". KILOMETRES PER HOUR'~ kmltr.,- .:'' :' ":, .._', _'._,
''. x 27;78 : . = Centimetres per ieCOncI(emls) .
xO.9113 . ... = Feetper second (ftls) . ' ... ;, ..
'. X 54.68 . . = Feet per minute (ttlrriln) . i' .' .
x 16.667 = Metres per minute (mlmln) .
x 0.53996 . ~ International knots (kn) .
x 0.6214 '.. = M~esper.hour (mph)
}.. ;:"
,
.. '
j'
! -. '.......

:. !',

. .'. .

,': ...
 .- ..
"~~ii,~~~jf~ .'......
....
' ...
i l'!;~:~;".::!. .[..:'FEETPERMINUTE-ftlmln: . /~:. -. HORSEPOWER~hp;:'" ;.... . ,.:. . ..
><~W)!i;. (t}:i x 0.5080' ,,i:: = eerltimetrespe,.eCencl (emls) " x 745.7. '.= Watts (W) .' .;' .. .: .
.. 1.1'.:1:'::' '.. '!(I'~':_:'1'_X 001829'\".'.:
j".;-' .::".;" -- 'Kilometr es~lIlAIr
... (kmIh~ ,.xO.7 57 .. '= KiIowattslkWl . . ...
~J.:"I"rfl'

f dlf:'t'!,::L,:;
i". ~)"":'

.!:; :f):!ttipl;,: ;.q:[;;,) .x 0.3048 ....) .'...' ,. = Metres per minute (mlmln
i. x 0.016667 ,'... 'n: . = Feetper second (fils)
.. ' .: x 33,000 . ':',
x 550
. '..
. =
= Foot-pourids-forceper miNlte (ft o'lbf/mln)
Footopounclsforceper second (ft olbf/s).

~=--~~~~
;i{;.!:ji::'':i,'!;.i;eh\i xO.01136:.<' : ..:' = Milesperhour(mph) . -: x 42.43= Brttlshthermal units per minute (Btulmin)
'....:t..t~f:.,~.;.:'.~':.-fr
..~.:,',:.'
.:':...-:'f'-f .'. ,:,,',.:r ~.' ',.'- ;:,'. ,<,' "." " . ..,", . , . (tee note) . ' '. ....': . .
j~i:;rt;;.:'~1:ir:';rr\FEET PER SECOND PER SECOND ":"1Iisl . '. ....: x 10.69 = KiloCaloriesper minute (kcallmin)' . '.

r.=
",~I1(\ji!'~i;~ii;g.?r:
IC1.0139=
HORSEPOWER...hP~lJ~r;
'. x 33,480'"
"'.; :'. .
HotsepOwer(metrlc) ,
.....
= British thermaJunits per hout (Btu/h)
. .'.

;j~:j;'J;j:;ii.i;i<;: FOOTPOUNDS-FORCE- ft -Ibf.

::ii'i!::'~;;';;,:.!'X1.356'
.:UU',.(::;;:,~';:I.x 1.285 x 10'
=Joules(J} .
. =B~shth!!rmalunlts(Btu)
.
.'
.'
.

(seenete) .
x 9.809 t;:;KJ::~:~
;..f,<:ci,,;,::,,::I.: . .:;:x3.239x 10'" = KJlocalories(kcal) .' . . HORSEPOWER-HOuRS~ hp ~It :'.;.:. .: .
; r:i:J. r";'::X>i
1(: xO.13825 < . = Kllogram-force-metres (Icgf m) -. . ... xO.7457 . . .. =. KiloWatthours(lcWoh) . .
.! ,.;:'j );'.::;;:::.:";',i,! x 5.050 x 10:' .., . = Horsepowerhours (hp h) 'X 1.976 x.10' .=
FOotpoundsforce(ft olbf) '.
;".i.r:::,;y:;/:};P.>l x 3.766 x 10:", .: '. = Kilowatthours(kW h) : x 2545 ,'. .'= British thermal units (BtuHseenote)
:_~!-L;;T>i,r;::::'.~l;;L.'('::~'T'~~{
'~..'.. ". "':~'., :.,: ' . .:: . '-", . ,'.. ., , x 641.5.. . = KIlocalories (kcal) . .'. ..' .-
f7:Ti.:-,';r;',;i,GALLONS,U.S:-U.S.gal. ,', . ..;x 2.732 x.10'. " ~ KiJogr~fcc;e-metres (kgf - m) . ~',
". f.~li.;:::..;..;-,!,:i.'.;.:.x 3785.4 i' . " . Cubic centime.tres (em,)
';:\t:;l;;'::"i;)';,) ..x3.7854 " Litres (I)' .' .'=
= . ,> '

'INCHES-In
. ',,_ , ..'

....,.'
! . '.. ,,: 1. t"::"
.'
".:- ,"' . " '

":l~'i j'::/;,.:,;!';';!X 3.7854,x10:-' = Cubic metres (m,) .: .x2.540 .:=Centimetres(em)

:!~:I j'{;'I.\~:>1 x 231 ,;>. Cubic Inches (in') = . . ..... . j.

,pJ;:;).:.::;:t x.O.13368 .' ~ .

:1';;<I ..:.':~;;:;.\!:.i'::t:':.;:. :x 4.951 x 10~~:
= Cub!cfeet(ft,) .
:: C!Jbicyards (.~') .
e, '. INCHES OF MERCURY-lnHg at O"C
x 3.386:4. ....,
x 0.03386. ..
~(kPa)=
=
BarS(bar) '.
.

..
'~.'.'.~'."'.'.:'.':'L.'.'."':""'.'.'."/.'.'X8,. '.. ' - PInts (pt)liauid .... ... .x 1.135 '- '. : = Feet of water (ftHaO)at ssoF '.
";/'.:';'\:"i;':I<.;;x4 .: I .. : =Quartslql)liquid'
,;,i:: 'il::jid.:;-!. X 0.8327 = Imperial gallens (Imp ial) x 13.62 . = Inches of water (InHaO)at ssoF
:;2{:'. ;!<;r:,:f. x 8.328.. ::.Pcunds of water at 60 F In air x 0.03453 .= KIlograms-forceper square centimetre ..
,[.Niii ';;;i!:)'U")J, x 8.337 .'. .- Pounds of w~ter at 60"F In vacuo
.' ,". ';
.x 70.73 .
......, '(kg/em') :'.' . !..' .. .
= Pcurldsforce per square foot (lbfJft') .'
.",1 >.'. ,,',J3ALLONS.IMPERIAI. -imp gal .'. . x 0.4912 '.= Pounclsforcepersquare Inch (psi) ."
';:i ,::,:1,: ': ,,I";"yx 4546 1", ,.' = Cubic centImetres (em,) x 0.03342 . Standar:cs atmospheres' . .. . . ,.
;, ,,: "'.0::.> ;;\'" I'. x 4.546 .: . . = Utres II)
.; r:=:. ! > ::",;";:,' i. x 4.546 x 10.-a = Cubic metres (m') . INCHESOF WATER-lnH20 at 68"F
: 1.2 ;; :.:\:;I::X 0.16054 ' . = Cubic feet (ft,) . x 0.2487. ,= Kitopascals(kPa) '.
; k~!':':",
.. ''i'' ".:
i'

.: .~: X 5.946 x 10-

x~.20094
a
.
Cubic yards lyd3)
= U.S. gallons (U.S. gal) .'
.= x 2.487 x 10'
x 0.07342
Bars (bar)" . = .
= Inches of mercury (inHgl at OC. .
;, ..i:::>:.; .:(.X10.000: .' = Pounds of water at 62F In air . x 2.535 x10' . = KllQgrams.forceper square centimetre
. (kg/em') .
~ < "';":':'GALLONS,PER 'MINUTE.U.S. ~ U.S. gpm . '. . xo.rno = Ounces-force per square Inch (ozflin2)
'x 0.22715 r. . . = Cubic metres per hour (m~lh) x5.193 .. = PoundSfQfC8per square foot (Ibflft') -,
.
... }.;:.:'I:!'I'. ',...:;.'' ,:':
' :.;, :,;
: i ;'.:
:x 0.06309,./': =Utres per second (Vs) xO.03606 = Poundsforce per square Inch (psi) ....
:.... i.:' ..x 8.021 .'. = Cubic feel per hour It;Jh) x 2.454 x 10'" Stanclardatmospheres.= .
,"'t,,; i. iX 2.228 x 10-a .' = Cubic feet per second (cfs) .
. ,'" :' .~ ,., t _- " , . , . JOULES-J
:"i':',:::',: GRAINS -gr avoortroy' '.' . x 0.9484 x 10". = British thermal units (Btu) (see note)
. : ,:':tlxo.0648':;= Grams (g) x 0.2390 '. = Calories (cal) thermochemical ..
';-,; "",:-:.,,:.t:.'l " .,,'" '", xO.7376 .. , = Footpoundsforce (ft olbl) .
. :. ,'J".!:
, .' ::
GRAINS PER U.S. GALLON - grlU.S. gal at 60"F
X 17.12 . = Grams per cubic metre (g/m')
x 2.778 x 10'" = Watthours h) rN
.' .<"J" x 17.15:' = Parts per mnlionby weight Inwater KILOGRAMS-kg
;,,>:.::x 142.9' =.Poundspermilliongallons. x2.2046 . = Pounds(lb) .
" ../:;;1.::;.; GRAINS P'ERIMPERIALGALLON _ g~li~p gat at 62"F . x 1.10~ x 10~ ,=Tons (ton) short
, -,;. I,r;''. I:' x 14.25 .'. " = Grams per cubiCmetrE!(g/m'). KILOGRAMSFORCE- kef : ....,. ..
. . tr<,.'.i. '. . . .: '.'!, C'. 't. !,'.... x 14.29 .!. :.... . = Partsper million by weIght Inwater x 9.807 . ..' . '.= filewtons (N) ,
x 2.205 '. ". = Poundsforce (lbf)
::!;JJY:'::;i; ..
~, ., . 1
r~~~~32g
., . X 0.035274 .
: = 'Grains<gr) , '.
= Ounces(oz)av...
"~. KILOGRAMS-FORCEPERMETRE~kgflm
. x9.807; '.
.....
,"= Newtons per metre (N/m) ......
. ' b\~;.: ""1. xO.0321S1'. .= Ounces (02.)uoy xO.6721..-:-:.Pounclsforceperfoot(lbfJft):>
~~::F .; \ :i
:X; :', .:
!. x ~.204h .10-' -. Pounds (Ib)
GRAMS-FORCE- gr ..... .
KIi.OGRAMiFORCEPER SOUARE CENTIMETRE ~ kg/em' .
x 98.07' ' = KiJopascals(kPa) .'
.Ii' ,.x9.807)c10a =.Newtons(N) xO.9807 . = Bars (bar) .'" ...... '
r;;:
I:};
GRAMS.FORCEPERCENTIMETRE-gf/em
. 98.07 .,
'. .'
= Newtons per metre (N/m) ."
, :~:~=
x 2048
Fr:e~~~~~?t~~~~ro,c
.
. = Poundsfprce per square foot (lbfJft2)
..
t,., 5.600 x 10-' .. = Poundsforce per Inch (Ibflln) x 14.223 . = Poundsforce per square Inch (psQ .
;!\ ..., . ..'. . . x 0.9678 .. = Stanclarclatrnospheres ''.: , . l ...
; ,. : ::,;.' '. r,;GRAMS PER CUBIC CENTIMETRE - g/t:"'" . . .
9::.:' ..',':'.:~ :.i'x 62.43 "':.,', _. = Pounds per cubiCfoot (lMt') KILOGRAMs-FORCE PER sQUARE MILLIMETRE - k9r/mml .
[.;:~~ /';::,..:'.:.:.::.: xO.03613<.::= Pounclsper.cublcfl:tch(Iblin') x 9.807, '. = Megapascals(MPa) . .:,'
'U i,;;' ',::.,'rl,' GRAMS PER'LITRE.~ gil . "'>,.:,'. .'. .' X 1.000 x 1.0'..- :Ki~Wm;for.ce: pers,quare0etre~
_.':' .;';/:i"":'}:,; x58.42:~i.:. :>.= GralnsperU.S;gallon(grJU.S -,gal) ., ...
':'.;'. ::.>:.'/,~::t x8.345::' .' = PouDdsper1~U.S.gallons . KILOMETRESPERHOUR-Icmhl.. . .'
, b.:' i'" :;;.:1' ;:::!:.; x 0.06243 . = Pounds per C!Jblcfoot (lbIft') '. . x 27.78. . .= Centimetres per secOnd(emls) .
" L,i':':' .',;::",',;;1: 1 x 1002 . .= Parts per mlJllonby mass (weight) In. x 0.9113 .= Feetperseccnd (fils)

...::g= ..,.~
.~~f7'.;
. \i',;<,L.:; . . waterat'60F '.', ..' x54.SS= Feetper minute (ftlmln) .

Ni:,;j',1'~~ii;t{f&rj:ro7,~~~:::=:~~::,,-.C~7-,- ...
'.i .

:R"J!-;'(':'~f.;::"';~.,_., .,., ' ~.o~~,_,;.;".,., '.-. " . _..: .

.' '~~.\)!:'._ ~': .'..~~: i .
, ; '. ,.". . ,'. ,t. . ~ .
~.
 , '
" ....

.: .

. :;

.....

"

..-'

..,.,~,',,,' .. ~,n " .

.... ...... .. , ': .. .;.';,,:. ',': . :.~.~::.;:-:.~

:';~~~~~~ ..
, -;~.; -.~~~.,.. ..--~',:....:~:---~---
..:"":'-:~"~.---'-- -.":

. , ,'" .<.~
 .,,~t~:T.;\:.(~
.'I'."
.. , .. ,~".,.
. ,'-',
. ..
., STOt<ES- St : '. i ' '." '. .. .
.'~:':Grams (g)' " x10 . ,' ' . = Squaremetresperaecond(mt/s) .
=
Ounces (oz) avo x 1.076 X 10-1 = Square fttl per IICOnd (It'll) .' .'
'=
Drams (dr) avo
.=G~ns (gr) .'
= Tons (ton) short
TeiNs-MASs -'tlnm;
. x1016. .
long""
=.I<iIogramI(leg)
.' .

= PcuncIs(lb) troy . .: X 2240." = Pounds (Ib) av.

,". :,." x 101200 . =, Tona'(ton) Ihott
= Grams (g) .' ToNNES ~t metrlc1cn.~m~r i
'.' ;:".:'.:':.;"';.....
;'.'.':;.'.~'.':.
'~[Ij'!:;,i;i'<,,','ix5760
'.' X 240
.
=
-
=
Ounces (oz) troy
PeMywetghts (ijwt) troy
Gralns(gr) '.
:~.6 ...=~fG)
mlt,icb,.force
.
, . ' ; i':". :).; "'., :x 0.8229 = Pounds]lb) aY. .TONNEs.FORce~tf
~'~~F'';'"
:.:, ')'1 "j
:.,:;<" ...~::': ':.; '..
X 3.6735 x 10'"
)X13.166 .' =
=
Ounces(oz)av t : ,
Tons (ton} long
xSl80.7'.,
"," {" :-: . ::.' .
'. -= Ntwtana (N)
/.'>::,:.';'L:, ','
:>.",; ,"c' .
:;:'~:'; '[: .',;' , -:.. i x 4.1143 x 10"'" = Tons (ton short TONS-tonahort. .' ..1 . ~
.!
i':' ", c'.".' !: :x 3.7324 x 10"" = Tonnes (t metrictons : X 901.2 " '. = IOIograrrIs(kg) ,
, I I , 1 .: I ~ ;. I t
. x 0.9072 .' = Tonnes (t). .
~.:.~;';,1:,:':,; f POUNDS-MAss OF WATER AT 6O"F . ':., -:..
,.;,:.::> ..; I
.:~; i.' x 453.98 .' = CubIccentimetres (an') .':~" .,. : =~)a:V.":'
.':'",i, -: .; ", : :\ , x 0.45398 '
: .;1,:,';:;':;:',.) ':"j x 0.01603
"IY:'>,;~,.::r.(;.j ,x27.70 "'.
= Utres (I) ., .
Cublcfeet(It')
- Cubic Inches (in') :
: '= , . x 2<430.6-=
.. x 0.8829 . .-.
Pound. Vb) troy
=Tona (ten) lOng -:
r:;;:'\'.,:;;.;:y;:::,: X,0.1~99.': ,: . =.U.S.gB;llons(u.S.gaQ TONS OF WATER paU4 HOURS AT ~
'. x 0.03789
.. .1'
= Cublcrnetresperhour(m'lh)
'.. ,'

..'
.

: Ml.H':'.:i;:: liflPoUNDS OF,WATER PER'MINlITE AT 6O'F' '. , .. x 83.33 .-= Pounds of water per hour (1b1hH,o) at
,'j'r::,;\>1,i'i.{,: x7.576"; = Cublccentimetrespersecond(an'/s) .. ..' ...., .... ', ... .:6O"F;.' .. .'..... ..' ..... :..;
;:I'i( ":;';:I;,;!X,2.6!5 x 10"'; == .Cubicfeet perseconcl (ets) .', . xO.1668
X,1.338 .. "
. . = U.s.gaIIOnsperrninute(U.s.gpm)
. CublCfeetperhour(cIh) = "
'.' .....
'.:
;f]I'~;~:')rpOUNDSPERCUBIC FOOT;"'lbnt' ,. .'
li~ ,ii.;' '.; i , ,,." x 16.018 ,', I. '. = Kilograms per cubicmetre (kg/m') WATrS-W I,

:u:~r:':,{.:'::r'<:'i x 0.016018 r.. .. =GramsperCUbi~centlrnetre(g/cm') x 0.05690 = BritiShthermal units p8r minute (Btulmln)
"b"'"':'::'.X5.787x10"', -Poundspercublclnch(Ibfn'), .: (see note) " .'. .' .
; ,I ." f ,I - .: ,;, . : :, ,'i., ...~'!.: j -.".;- , :. ,, ':' .:. .:.. . . x 44.25 = Foot-pouncls-forceper minute (It lbf/mln)
": fiF',':::':'POUNOS PER CUBIC lNCH-tbl\n' .. x 0.7376 . = Footpounclsforceper aecond (ft lbf/s)
: r;~" ,..:,.:.,.:':I.:,'i ..x 2.768)C10.,:=Kilogramsper~bicmetre(kg/m')
Y:l';.>, ,.:)':r x 27.68 . ;"
I" ; i x 1728 i' .
.. Grams.per cubic centimetre (glan,)
- Poundsper-cublcfoot (lbltt')
i ~
'....
::- ", .; : -:
':
= x 1.341X10-1
x 0.01433 . =
.'
= Hor~r(hp) ".
Kilocalories perinlnute (kcallmln)
.'.

-I - ~ . ,!
WATT-HOURS-Wh .'.
'12<:<,):'
:f.~;jI,'
POUNDS-FORCE PER FOOT -Ibfltt
,il;;.x 14.59 '.;'::
',. .
= Newtons per metre (N/m) '.
x 3600
x 3.413, ..=
i
. = Joules (J)'
.
,.'
British thermal unhs (Btu) (see note)
.
r); ~:1, ~ :: ,>: X 1.488"', . _' = Kilograms-force per metre (kgf/m) x 2655 = Foot-pounds-force(ft Ibf). ..,.. .:
..;fI: -: ....:.i:: i x .14.88:, ';. = Gra~s.fo~ce per centimetre (;f/cm)
I

X 1.341X10-1
x 0.860
= Horsepower-hours (hp h)'
= KI/ocelorles(kcal) ..
.
,
J:'. . : [. POUNDS.FORCE PER SOUARE FOOT -Ibflttz I . . . x 367.1 = KlIOgram-foree-metres(leg{ m) .
.;:, I : x 47.88 ,:' = Pascals (Pa) .
i~: .. ..!.,: x 0.01605 '. ;:= Feet 0( water (ttHaO) at 68'F . ,'"
, ~,.YI' . -: . i: .' X 4.882 x '0'" . . =.Kilograms-bee per sqJ8I'e centimetre ..
i '1":':".';::, !<,t..,:,.,.:, .... ., .(kg.1cmZ)...." ,....
,.. ..' '. . NOTE:,SIGNIFiCANTFlGURESTheprecislontowhlcha .
:-:mil:::!/: :'X6.944 X10~" = Poundsforce per lqL!are Inch (psi) . given conversion factor tsknown, and.1ts application. deter- .
:.)..~;:'. x;.' :.:.:.i.:.... UNDS.FORC,E' .PERS~UARE INCH -psi
i..
:. ',.Po. -; . mine the number of significant figures which should be used
.' \.~ I: ,'1'
:,'.U/':,;;:
,W.~~,,t
. I
::
','!: !. x 6.895
".';".
i. X 27.73< .." ,
= Kilopascals (kPa)
"x 0.06805 . ;" i . .Feet
,;X 2.311
Standard atmospheres
of.water(ftH,O) at 68 F
= Inches of water (InH,O) at 68'F .
'1"
. . .t.
j."

'....
,

..-
= ..
While many handbooks and standards glvefactors cOntained
.. In this table to six or more significant figures, the facl that "
. different sources disagree, In many cases,ln the fifth or

.:'.
'. !,;;i;;u'ylo: :,x2.036. r; .. = Inchesofmercury(inHg)atO'C: further figure Indicates that four or five significant figures ':,' ,
: \f) ';:-:1';1'.' x 0.07031.' . ,= Kilograms.f~rcepersquarecentirnelre. . represent~e'precislonfOrthesefactorsfalrly .Atpresentthe~.:

:!:~J~/:,:,:r~j;:F~A,~~~~~,~; :~.~:~/:metr~(an') ':' ';::t!~:~r~~r:~=:~~~~~=~g~~~:~~I~ ..

:~!;?F,,::.;[~'.!!j:\:;~67.20.1-';,
: :: I""f :" ,;t,:! ,QUARTS - qt 6quld :.... .' '. .'. . .. .
. ~ C~i~ l~rJleS(in') .' .... .' :::rim:~~:~~:::
~~::~ ~~S~:=1:'1~~r(~~e
the use digital computers In process lnstr"Umentatior,) .~.
i,I<;':'!i:
I i 'X 946.4 '"." .:'. - Cubic centimetres (an'). tends to lead to use of as manyflgures as the calculator will
.Rfi'~.,,';:;.;:.:j ':}' X 57~75. ;, .:: .,":, = Cubic inches (In,). . . handle:. However, when'thls exceeds the precision of the
Ji~l;)/'ji:{:lc:, 'QUINTA1.S~obSolete metiic mass term .:.
=.. .'. data, or the accuracy of the appIlcatlon,such a practice Is .
; );.:()'. Y i.i.V:; :l:i.:.i21 :',.x 220100
";rn"~~!;'/:~!:)':!!j'' ;:()::
;~~'
4'6 :;!

.< ,~.~ ~~:

KPoil~~(ISb(kg)s<a;
. '. ;

f~ =~na.. .

..'~6~E;-~RrriS:~'~ER~J
.' I!'isl~ding and ti~wastlng; .: " .

U'Nrr~e;,~~~~g'~~IIl~ .

'~~~==~=Sez
; :.;'.1
!.'.'1'<'('. i~iji:.:X101.41:. . = Pounds (Ib Chile. . tlons involving Btu It must be remembered that there are::

.=: =~::..
: ~;:J; i ,::,:,.;.-;,-; ;, 'x 101 47 ",= Pounds (Ib MexiCO several definltions of the Btu; The first three slgnHicantfig-

'I(l!i!"i:tj;]':fn!~~t.~,
: c';;, ). ,,'/' .:; ~:{ :'RAoIANS PER SECOND"::' radls' .. . .' prlate handbooks and standardsshould be consulted to ~ :
=
,~l;~!,~l~~lijvt~f~IP~~~~'~~::.
. .' ,'. .... .
:l I' :":)'.'J."'.' x57.30.. : .. Oegrees per second (O/s) angular . " sure the proper definition and factor are being used . ,'

~ , 'i"" ;:"',i" ,',i,: I",': (, .' " . .'., '.,' ""'. .' '.; 'tions (160 mmHg and 0 C~... ' .i: ..' ....... " ..
;:.,.,.J ..
. I '.. j"' ....... , .... 1 .. ..
;':~:;i.:-;:::X;t:!J!.!'::X:1.608,.<.,
" ....... ,. '.
.: = Cubic~~tres.~t\our
. ... ~ ~ ., ':;O ..
mill at_ w .c>: .
.tt~f..i;;, ~i~:
.:. i"/.;:':'.? .i,... ::_:l. :.~.:_'.; .. :.:.,.'i.:.,.A "
0
.' COnditiOns(760mm 9 ani:! C) .'.'.'
.... " ,"
"
-: ....
'.
"~,.
.".,:-:.:".,~.",}:':';-::,
'
,,'
 :. " -: .' ..

Inter-graph Software'

4.1.1 Graphic Software'

4.1.2 .Appllcatlon Software, '
4.1.3 Utility Software '

.". I,';"
; :.

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,81:'"
 Manual---------------, Date Revision Page
;,' CAD STANDARDS' 11-97 ",0, 401-1
" Vol. 2 .;..Hardware and Software .... ~
Chapter ,' ,
" i:'4, SYSTEM SOFTWARE

;~':;;f,:;:?:,i:;:;~::r,': 401- INTERGRAPH SOFTwARE

i;~!,;V;,M;FV,','fF, ",: . ........-: > .".... .'...,>, '.",; i .'".......;

;:::,ti;'; ;,:;;,;';! r:1 ~icro~ti:lti~n.ls ~e basic I~tergraph graphic:design software. It p~ovides.graphic.ca~a~i1ityonworkstation~
:.!~t:\!~fi,;J:)i:i.use~ In 'a :dlstnbuted :environment of file serversend workstations. MlcroStatlon IS,usedonlntergraph:,
'~W;!:ii:::f/,'!i'HUNIX ~orkstations and Intel 486 andPentlum computers'referred to as Engineering Workstations (EWS);,'
:.:I:;;:jV h'i ;:~:;,,~A:::HDOS, and .Windows NT op,eratll1g~ystems,are u~ed,on'the' ~WS machines. 'Mic~oStationVersion 5.0 and>, .
::.;i i i"l;)~'<C:i>1
M.icro~ta,tlon,~5,~r~ .used,.de~~ndl~g upon 1~c.at!on,~~~
..proJ~ctscope ,of work.: Th~ ,:gr~phic"files ~ro.m~"::'
:'I:'>':':":i',;~:':; ;.:>;systems are,compatible wlth~eachother. ", " " " ','. ~'I", ,', "C,' " ,,:', ;'

j:l~!~\::t":~;:~I':;;H
.::!:':::,i' ::,.',:: ' .~, ."".", :.' ,',,'; .: , " "'" - 'i\ '", ".".;.
'i:!T,',~:~';(:;':Alarge 'number of Intergraph sotlWareapplications are used throughout the~RoyalCommission, as':
:'r',:U,:,<'U"';':,,'i'Jrequested:6y the Individual engineering disciplines. These applications run on top of the, MicroStatiol) :.
:~h;i~:\<I;';):;':,i:i';;\Jsoftware,td
provide specialized 'engineering discipline design capabilities. i"

'~;';i!:~;~,1+;1;'CROSTA~'ON '..~"..'..... :.! . .... '. . " ..

::,,iL:;:,i,~;>,rJ:iMicroStation Is a general-purpose graphics software package that meets a broad range of CAD needs.' It ,.'
I"" J ... 'i' " " "

: l,<",:' provldesrnore than 200 ccmmendsfor generating and editing data, and support of a full range of input
'-';:;';'t~)'J
, ,f~~; i ,: :f~':,;,:', ,:~ l and output devices. Up to 256 reference files may' be attached to the active file fo~ scaling, rotating, or
II~."'.'!
I
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,,,,,,:[',1 !clpplng.
1""
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"tt;: '~' ::,\:l<~:';':/:'All 'MicroStation Jile' formats such .as design files, cell libraries, font libraries,' user 'commands, ,etc: are',' ,
J,:j" ,:!', l{, "I:,; ~: transferable between UNIX, DOS, and Windows NTwithout translation. ,
, ,.;i',;;';:i:::,:::{:'{:. ',',"':',~~ ,,"<: " '. '". ,',',.. :'."', .' ,":, ,",,!>
:r8!:, ~,:,;i;\>jc ,:;,l, Each :MicroStation design 'file 'contains 63~drawing levels 'or '"overlays" which can be" independently ,0'

,1~:~!: ::,,;.~T:>"::',1 controlled. The us.ar may view any combination of the 63=.overlaysan,ddesign_or_~ditt~eir_col)te,nt~ This
feature combined with the reference file capability, offers the user a'choice of oy.~r,16,900,viewing levels.
r:", l~~':';"(\~;~'::l""':;!
.d;:\tnlH:I: ,~:,;,i'The software offers flexible display and element symbologies including line styles, line weights (width) and ,
,:t.':~:{f?:',i);t;'!~':\)];1:~lor~,,10~,~.~enden~trley~1s.
," , " ' : ,,; ': ' .;: ", " " .' ,:, .:, \' . ",',.' ," .~".
. .... ;,
: 'i+ ::.::~!,,:lC" i'MlcroStation
features"a' user-definable 32~bitdatabase with over 4 billion addressable' points on 'each 'axis,"
:~d:~i:':~',:i'->! making, it, Ideal for creating, high-precision 'archltecturai:tlrawirigs~' ,mechanical 'designs;",englr1'eering,
,l.;:;: ~:< 1;,,! drawings, maps and ,o~er drawll)gs and desi~ns In .two,dl,:"e~slons: ~ikewl~e, :h_lg~,~p!e~,~;;J~~._~~~~e
:f7.i : ' . ',..:,': ,:.;, jII dimensional
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:": i :.i", :/,.~:,' ','J A.uto!!latl~ dimensloning.f~a~lI~~~_~~er.30 commandswhic? ,s~pport,AEC, mechanical, and ':'lapping-style . '.
:r;:;:: :,i::":.'!:;J dimensioning I~ English, Metnc, or CJualformats.The working units are user-d~finabl~, allOWIngt~euse of, . '
:k{ I' ':: .if!' ! abstract coordinated systems.
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m i'<'.;;7:i:>; ,:: I: supported by tlie'software.
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': ':'L: t',.:;::: '.:~:';:,! One.ofthe key tools provided by MlcroStatlon Is the reference file.'. The use of reference files provides an'
'f;;i:,'::.: ;((, t, ~,; easy and efficient means of eliminating repetitious drafting, while providing a means of interdiscipline
t~::':,:,', I':: : i "i i'coordination of design activities . Graphic deslgn data appears,only once',in the'?riglnating ~ls~lpline's' "

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"':, 'PDS 2DPID., "An' intergraph application package used ' to ,create,'"intelUgent".procesa and":' ,', '
>instWmentation diagrams (P&IDs) in addition to Increasing produotlonspeed.l Any item placed on:' ,
:';!,.thearawing has a set of attributes attached, which may be entered on the PID;.;A process called. :,', .
propagatio,n extracts .Informatlori"trom Items, performs error checking and places the data in an,',,",::, '
,.Oracle database. .The database-Information is used 'by.otherpapkages, fo~ example, PD$ 3D-~:;;":,,
. Piping and Loop, packages,as well as ~reating reports such as line lists, equipment lists, and":'
','instrument lists. , .' , .' " ':.' ,,
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, PDS 3D-:Equlpment Modeller . Software.:module used to create and n~vis'e3D models 0('
process equlpment and associated data base information.' Standard pieces 'of equipment 'are. "
defined parametriCally,allowing creation of iterris'fr~m manufacturers catalog data.' '. .
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PD.s~,iD.~~i~ing_M()~ener.sottWare module_us~J~~.create
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. . All.of the Project Architect drawlogJypes_areJnte.o:elaJed.....Flo..9LP.I~os_ar.e-used-as-reference-files ..: .

" for.!.~~~c..t~~~JJ!~g=e,i~ii~_~[I.cLeleyatio.os.,~Detalls.~_ctiO'!!~,J~_QcLeley.a~i.C>D.s ..a(eJd.elJtified_oo the
'.:.floor plan dra~i~.g~_!l.ith..~p~pJ!-3L~y.!!l~~~~JE~~~~m.~y.J~~e..~b.~~cr.OS$.:.r.efer.encedJo lruJlcate_~ >:;
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'. draWingsoiiwhlch" the details.'sections and elevations
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Geometric Layout.~ilri initiating the site design process;)nRoadsaccepts data from numerousv'
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<..' . sources' to createthe layout of'a slte/Fo'r example,:lnRoadsreadily'aceeptSfield data through .:.
.: , ..e.lectronic theodolite. data 'recorders to plot baselines," property lines, and topographY.,With
i.existing data stored, .lnRoads performs .additional.geometriccalculations.to'defineall .design
, '. criteria through the use of a CoGo module. Data generated with InRoads is 100% compatible
;: with ether Intergraph products. ' .. , " .' j , ,: ' , :' .,: ,..
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Surface Modeling . Original and design.surface modeling'are features of INROADS .Usingan

i irregular triangulated network approach, digital terrain models' can' be 'I~aded into 10 surfaces.
11)edesignerthen interactively molds the surfaces to 'create a new digital terrain model of,the:
..proposed surface .: InRoads intelligendy determines' suitable finished grades and. embanknJent$ ,:,.
~.and ~isplaysthe Intersection of existing and design surfaces. . 'i' .':':.. ..... ... ,

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Engineering' - From the proposed site design, Inroads generates volumes, cross'sectlons, and
profiles.' 'Inthisway the designer' may quickly determine the most cost-effective solution .for
'necessary earthwork. InRoads.recognizes and controls multiple surfaces, allowing the designer'"
'. to separately estimate material quantities for a variety of situations~' ".. j.' .
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..' Storm Drainage Design (SOD/Inflow) - With the proposed site finalized, the engineer may then
,.defina,and complete the design.of an appropriate etormsewer system. InRoads provides al\ the, .
. tools t~rriake th,isan easy process. . .' ,

.,Analy~ls:- From the existing site or the designed model, InRoads extracts 'profiles and cross...:
;:.~: sections along pavement and drainage ditch centerllnes. A system of color shading describes:,. .

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..elevations; With capabilities for slope analysis and'flow,vectors,.lnRoads helpe the designer::,'

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produce the by-products of the engineering and design processes - drawings,..reports, and lists
Like the data control and design functions of InRoads, drawing and report production Is fullyuser
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, definable, allowing the designer to create contract documents customized to the project needs .
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;&.ii ':'!.' Th~power~. f.computergrap~!cStechnOIOgy ma~e~ln~oads ~ fas~site'design t~oC~orexam.p.le,the.'system.. J,:

I~>' I .. .t creates 50 to 80 cross-secnons in a matter of rnlnutes-e-a function that can take several days of manual
. ,: . :',.: extractions. Unified system controls and procedures create a highly'responsive system.

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':'n i::','::1.':;;"[401.2.5Model View
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.r;l':; ','i: i Model View is a 3D image rendering and animation sofiware with advanced capabilities., Model
.:L/j::."'i~;,r::i'.l'capabilities,make it possible to create still photorealistic Images as wei! as.animations by generatlng'a series
:[ :.::;;',';.: of Images based on user-defined key frames. Model View allows for the examination of a complex design" .,
,itk'',.;.:';':::;prior ,to.cory,struction,thus ayoi~ing costlydesign errors and ensuring design integrity.!",'" ," ,'; ....:':.{' .'
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Manual.
iCAD STANDARDS. . .' ,
'i Vol, 2 - Hardware'and Software J '.
Chapter . I

.; 4. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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