Nanoscience and Technology - It is concerned with the manipulation of objects of nanometer

dimensions. It deals with molecular objects performing mechanical functions.

Quantum Mechanics Rules of atoms and molecules that systems have to obey.
Newtons Equation of Motion have to be satisfied by a macroscopic object in motion
Richard P. Feynman postulated the possibility of atomically manipulated matter in December
29, 1959.
The principles of physics do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by
atom.
Manipulation of molecules and implementation of their functions requires the use of synthetic
chemistry.
Covalent Approach of Synthesis or Routine Chemistry covalent bonds are added in a series to
assemble larger structures.
A typical covalent synthesis requires precise control of parameters, longer time and more
effort.
Non-covalent self-assembly The alternate approach used for making larger structures.
Supramolecular chemistry Non-covalent interactions make and reform structures
Functional Assembly constitutes chemical architecture in which responsive modules can be
made to perform specific functions by activation by external stimulus including photons,
electrons, ions, heat, etc.
Macroscopic Motor device which converts energy into mechanical work, often in the form of
displacement
Machine Assembly of devices designed to perform functions by consuming energy.
Chemical or Physical Stimulus control the displacement of molecular motors or machines.
Motor proteins contain a head region which binds and hydrolyses ATP. A tail region which
recognizes the cargo.
Three kinds of motor protein families:
1. Myosin
2. Kinesin
3. Dynein
Incorporation of Molecular Building Blocks the most important aspect of nanoscale devices
Category of nanosystems or devices:
a) Photoactive
b) Radioactive
c) Ion active
Nature of Stimulus:
a) Photons
b) Redox Chemistry
c) Ions
Switches- It has the ability to exist in two states, which can be interconverted.
Categories where several molecular systems used as switches conform to:
a) Conformational change
b) Configurational change
c) Constitutional change
Ratchets - allow motions in one direction only.
Simplest ratchets contains:
a. Toothed ratchet wheel
b. Paw
c. Spring
Nanotribology is the branch of tribology that studies friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication
phenomena at the nanoscale, where atomic interactions and quantum effects are not negligible.
. NANOTRIBOMETER
- A unique instrument for characterizing the tribological properties of a wide range of
surfaces at low contact pressures. In nano-tribometer, a flat, a pin or a sphere is pressed onto
the test sample with a precisely known force.
B. SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS (SFA)
- measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and
retracted. One surface is held by a cantilevered spring, and the deflection of the spring is used
to calculate the force being exerted.
C. QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE (QCM)
- Measures the interaction force of two surfaces as they are brought together and
retracted. One surface is held by a cantilevered spring, and the deflection of the spring is used
to calculate the force being exerted.
D. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)
- AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. The AFM
works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam.
E. FRICTION FORCE MICROSCOPE
 - In FFMs the sample is scanned in the direction in which the cantilever is twisted.
Frictional force, occurring between probe and sample, is converted into cantilevers torsion
which is simultaneously detected as frictional and topographic images.

NANOTRIBOLOGY APPLICATION
A. SUPERLUBRICITY
It is a phenomenon wherein two parallel surfaces slide over each other in incommensurate
contact, they experience non-existent or negligible friction.
B. HEAD DISK CAPACITY
- technology today demands ultra low flying head-disks. The aerial densities of these
disks strongly depend on the distance maintained between the slider and the hard disk
Electronics fabricated using Integrated Circuit (IC) process sequences
Micromechanical Fabricated by using compatible micro-machining processes that
selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the
mechanical and electromechanical matrices.
MEMS
made by using single crystalline silicone.
Modern Times characterized by the transformation of the transportation sector, the advent
of capitalism and rapid urbanization, and the gradual rise of the modern industrial society.
- All these developments laid the ground for the next revolution.
- Industrial Automation also known as the second Industrial Revolution (1870).
- 1964
- The Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg patented two of the elements he
had synthesized Americium and Curium.
- 1974
- The term nanotechnology was coined by Norio Tanigutchi, a professor at Tokyo
Science University who appointed out the trend of precision manufacturing at the scale
of nanometers.
- Nanoscience a trans-disciplinary nature since it involves chemistry, physics, biology,
mathematics, cognitive science and life sciences, in particular genomics and proteomics.
- Nanotechnology fuses with other recent technologies like information and
communication technologies, and biotechnology
- 'Green Nanotechnology' - challenges both nature and ecosystem because the control
and manipulation of matter at its very elementary level leads to the creation of new
matter not present in the realm of nature.
-
- 'Bio-Nanotechnology' - offers a wide spectrum of possibilities for mitigating the adverse
effects of environmental degradation, regardless of its causes and sources.
Despite the clash of interests and opinions, the two blocks agree on three central issues
in the public nano discourse namely:
 The non interference into privacy
Preservation of human dignity
The protection of the society and natural environment from hazards

According to W.F. Ogburns theory of technological evolutionism, there is a gap between

the technical development of a society and it is moral and legal institutions

Two possible avenues to assess the trend of nanos presence in the media:

Use the number of scientific publications

Publications in popular science

Lotus Effect- discovered by Wilhelm Barhlott and Christoph Neinhius, illustrates how
knowledge of what happens at the bio-nano interface can be made fruitful.