Electricmachine

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inelectricalengineering,electricmachineisageneraltermforelectricmotorsandelectricgeneratorsandother
electromagneticmachines.Theyareelectromechanicalenergyconverters:anelectricmotorconvertselectricityto
mechanicalpowerwhileanelectricgeneratorconvertsmechanicalpowertoelectricity.Themovingpartsina
machinecanberotating(rotatingmachines)orlinear(linearmachines).Besidesmotorsandgenerators,athird
categoryoftenincludedistransformers,whichalthoughtheydonothaveanymovingpartsarealsoenergy
converters,changingthevoltagelevelofanalternatingcurrent.[1]

Electricmachines,intheformofgenerators,producevirtuallyallelectricpoweronEarth,andintheformof
electricmotorsconsumeapproximately60%ofallelectricpowerproduced.Electricmachinesweredeveloped
beginninginthemid19thcenturyandsincethattimehavebeenaubiquitouscomponentoftheinfrastructure.
Developingmoreefficientelectricmachinetechnologyiscrucialtoanyglobalconservation,greenenergy,or
alternativeenergystrategy.

Contents
1 Classifications
2 Generator
2.1 ACgenerator
2.2 DCgenerator
3 Motor
3.1 ACmotor
3.2 DCmotor
4 Otherelectromagneticmachines
5 Transformer
6 Electromagneticrotormachines
6.1 Permanentmagnetmachines
6.2 Brushedmachines
6.3 Inductionmachines
7 Reluctancemachines
8 Electrostaticmachines
9 Homopolarmachines
10 Electricmachinesystems
11 References

Classifications
Whenclassifyingelectricmachines(motorsandgenerators)itisreasonabletostartwithphysicalprinciplefor
convertingelectricenergytomechanicalenergy.Ifthecontrollerisincludedasapartofthemachineallmachines
canbepoweredbyeitheralternatingordirectcurrent,althoughsomemachineswillneedamoreadvanced
controllerthanothers.Classificationiscomplicatedbythepossibilitiesofcombiningphysicalprincipleswhen
constructinganelectricalmachine.Itcan,forexample,bepossibletorunabrushedmachineasareluctance
machine(withoutusingtherotorcoils)iftherotorironhasthecorrectshape.
Generally,electricmachinescanbeturnedinsideout,sothatrotorandstatorexchangeroles.Allrotatingelectric
machineshaveanequivalentlinearelectricmachinewherethestatormovesalongastraightlineinsteadof
rotating.Theoppositelineartorotarydualisnotalwaysthecase.Motorsandgeneratorscanbedesignedwith
orwithoutirontoimprovethepathofthemagneticfield(teethtoreducetheairgapisacommonexample)and
withandwithoutpermanentmagnets(PM),withdifferentpolenumberetc.,butstillbelongtodifferentclassesof
machines.Electricmachinescanbesynchronousmeaningthatthemagneticfieldsetupbythestatorcoilsrotates
withthesamespeedastherotororasynchronous,meaningthatthereisaspeeddifference.PMmachinesand
reluctancemachinesarealwayssynchronous.Brushedmachineswithrotorwindingscanbesynchronouswhenthe
rotorissuppliedwithDCorACwithsamefrequencyasstatororasynchronouswhenstatorandrotoraresupplied
withACwithdifferentfrequencies.Inductionmachinesareusuallyasynchronous,butcanbesynchronous,ifthere
aresuperconductorsintherotorwindings.

Generator
Anelectricgeneratorisadevicethatconvertsmechanicalenergyto
electricalenergy.Ageneratorforceselectronstoflowthroughanexternal
electricalcircuit.Itissomewhatanalogoustoawaterpump,whichcreates
aflowofwaterbutdoesnotcreatethewaterinside.Thesourceof
mechanicalenergy,theprimemover,maybeareciprocatingorturbine
steamengine,waterfallingthroughaturbineorwaterwheel,aninternal
combustionengine,awindturbine,ahandcrank,compressedairorany
othersourceofmechanicalenergy.

Thetwomainpartsofanelectricalmachinecanbedescribedineither
mechanicalorelectricalterms.Inmechanicalterms,therotoristherotating Electricgenerator.
part,andthestatoristhestationarypartofanelectricalmachine.In
electricalterms,thearmatureisthepowerproducingcomponentandthefieldisthemagneticfieldcomponentof
anelectricalmachine.Thearmaturecanbeoneithertherotororthestator.Themagneticfieldcanbeprovidedby
eitherelectromagnetsorpermanentmagnetsmountedoneithertherotororthestator.Generatorsareclassifiedinto
twotypes,ACgeneratorsandDCgenerators.

ACgenerator

AnACgeneratorconvertsmechanicalenergyintoalternatingcurrentelectricity.Becausepowertransferredinto
thefieldcircuitismuchlessthanpowertransferredintothearmaturecircuit,ACgeneratorsnearlyalwayshavethe
fieldwindingontherotorandthearmaturewindingonthestator.

ACgeneratorsareclassifiedintoseveraltypes.

Inaninductiongenerator,thestatermagneticfluxinducescurrentsintherotor.Theprimemoverthendrives
therotorabovethesynchronousspeed,causingtheopposingrotorfluxtocutthestatercoilsproducing
activecurrentinthestatercoils,thussendingpowerbacktotheelectricalgrid.Aninductiongeneratordraws
reactivepowerfromtheconnectedsystemandsocannotbeanisolatedsourceofpower.
InaSynchronousgenerator(alternator),thecurrentforthemagneticfieldisprovidedbyaseparateDC
currentsource.

DCgenerator

Anelectricgeneratorisamachinethatconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Anelectricgenerator
worksbasedontheprinciplethatwheneverconductorcutsthemagneticfield,anemfisinducedwhichwillcause
thecurrenttoflowifconductorcircuitisclosed.TaketheworkingofSimpleloopGeneratorasanexample.
Motor
Anelectricmotorconvertselectricalenergyintomechanicalenergy.The
reverseprocessofelectricalgenerators,mostelectricmotorsoperate
throughinteractingmagneticfieldsandcurrentcarryingconductorsto
generaterotationalforce.Motorsandgeneratorshavemanysimilarities
andmanytypesofelectricmotorscanberunasgenerators,andvice
versa.Electricmotorsarefoundinapplicationsasdiverseasindustrial
fans,blowersandpumps,machinetools,householdappliances,power
tools,anddiskdrives.Theymaybepoweredbydirectcurrentorby
alternatingcurrentwhichleadstothetwomainclassifications:AC
motorsandDCmotors. Electricmotor.

ACmotor

AnACmotorconvertsalternatingcurrentintomechanicalenergy.Itcommonlyconsistsoftwobasicparts,an
outsidestationarystatorhavingcoilssuppliedwithalternatingcurrenttoproducearotatingmagneticfield,andan
insiderotorattachedtotheoutputshaftthatisgivenatorquebytherotatingfield.ThetwomaintypesofAC
motorsaredistinguishedbythetypeofrotorused.

Induction(asynchronous)motor,therotormagneticfieldiscreatedbyaninducedcurrent.Therotormust
turnslightlyslower(orfaster)thanthestatormagneticfieldtoprovidetheinducedcurrent.Therearethree
typesofinductionmotorrotors,whicharesquirrelcagerotor,woundrotorandsolidcorerotor.
Synchronousmotor,itdoesnotrelyoninductionandsocanrotateexactlyatthesupplyfrequencyorsub
multiple.Themagneticfieldoftherotoriseithergeneratedbydirectcurrentdeliveredthroughsliprings
(exciter)orbyapermanentmagnet.

DCmotor

ThebrushedDCelectricmotorgeneratestorquedirectlyfromDCpowersuppliedtothemotorbyusinginternal
commutation,stationarypermanentmagnets,androtatingelectricalmagnets.Brushesandspringscarrytheelectric
currentfromthecommutatortothespinningwirewindingsoftherotorinsidethemotor.BrushlessDCmotorsuse
arotatingpermanentmagnetintherotor,andstationaryelectricalmagnetsonthemotorhousing.Amotor
controllerconvertsDCtoAC.Thisdesignissimplerthanthatofbrushedmotorsbecauseiteliminatesthe
complicationoftransferringpowerfromoutsidethemotortothespinningrotor.Anexampleofabrushless,
synchronousDCmotorisasteppermotorwhichcandivideafullrotationintoalargenumberofsteps.

Otherelectromagneticmachines
OtherelectromagneticmachinesincludetheAmplidyne,Synchro,Metadyne,Eddycurrentclutch,Eddycurrent
brake,Eddycurrentdynamometer,Hysteresisdynamometer,Rotaryconverter,andWardLeonardset.Arotary
converterisacombinationofmachinesthatactasamechanicalrectifier,inverterorfrequencyconverter.The
WardLeonardsetisacombinationofmachinesusedtoprovidespeedcontrol.Othermachinecombinations
includetheKraemerandScherbiussystems.

Transformer
Atransformerisastaticdevicethatconvertsalternatingcurrentfromonevoltageleveltoanotherlevel(higheror
lower),ortothesamelevel,withoutchangingthefrequency.Atransformertransferselectricalenergyfromone
circuittoanotherthroughinductivelycoupledconductorsthetransformer'scoils.Avaryingelectriccurrentinthe
firstorprimarywindingcreatesavaryingmagneticfluxinthe
transformer'scoreandthusavaryingmagneticfieldthroughthesecondary
winding.Thisvaryingmagneticfieldinducesavaryingelectromotiveforce
(EMF)or"voltage"inthesecondarywinding.Thiseffectiscalledmutual
induction.

Therearethreetypesoftransformers

1.Stepuptransformer
2.Stepdowntransformer Transformer.
3.Isolationtransformer

Therearefourtypesoftransformersbasedonstructure

1.coretype
2.shelltype
3.powertype
4.instrumenttype

Electromagneticrotormachines
Electromagneticrotormachinesaremachineshavingsomekindofelectriccurrentintherotorwhichcreatesa
magneticfieldwhichinteractswiththestatorwindings.Therotorcurrentcanbetheinternalcurrentinapermanent
magnet(PMmachine),acurrentsuppliedtotherotorthroughbrushes(Brushedmachine)oracurrentsetupin
closedrotorwindingsbyavaryingmagneticfield(Inductionmachine).

Permanentmagnetmachines

PMmachineshavepermanentmagnetsintherotorwhichsetupamagneticfield.Themagnetomotiveforceina
PM(causedbyorbitingelectronswithalignedspin)isgenerallymuchhigherthanwhatispossibleinacopper
coil.Thecoppercoilcan,however,befilledwithaferromagneticmaterial,whichgivesthecoilmuchlower
magneticreluctance.StillthemagneticfieldcreatedbymodernPMs(Neodymiummagnets)isstronger,which
meansthatPMmachineshaveabettertorque/volumeandtorque/weightratiothanmachineswithrotorcoilsunder
continuousoperation.Thismaychangewithintroductionofsuperconductorsinrotor.

SincethepermanentmagnetsinaPMmachinealreadyintroduceconsiderablemagneticreluctance,thenthe
reluctanceintheairgapandcoilsarelessimportant.ThisgivesconsiderablefreedomwhendesigningPM
machines.

Itisusuallypossibletooverloadelectricmachinesforashorttimeuntilthecurrentinthecoilsheatspartsofthe
machinetoatemperaturewhichcausedamage.PMmachinescaninlessdegreebesubjectedtosuchoverload
becausetoohighcurrentinthecoilscancreateamagneticfieldstrongenoughtodemagnetisethemagnets.

Brushedmachines

Brushedmachinesaremachineswheretherotorcoilissuppliedwithcurrentthroughbrushesinmuchthesame
wayascurrentissuppliedtothecarinanelectricslotcartrack.Moredurablebrushescanbemadeofgraphiteor
liquidmetal.Itisevenpossibletoeliminatethebrushesina"brushedmachine"byusingapartofrotorandstator
asatransformerwhichtransfercurrentwithoutcreatingtorque.Brushesmustnotbeconfusedwithacommutator.
Thedifferenceisthatthebrushesonlytransferelectriccurrenttoamovingrotorwhileacommutatoralsoprovide
switchingofthecurrentdirection.
Thereisiron(usuallylaminatedsteelcoresmadeofsheetmetal)betweentherotorcoilsandteethofironbetween
thestatorcoilsinadditiontoblackironbehindthestatorcoils.Thegapbetweenrotorandstatorisalsomadeas
smallaspossible.Allthisisdonetominimizemagneticreluctanceofthemagneticcircuitwhichthemagneticfield
createdbytherotorcoilstravelsthrough,somethingwhichisimportantforoptimizingthesemachines.

LargebrushedmachineswhicharerunwithDCtothestatorwindingsatsynchronousspeedarethemostcommon
generatorinpowerplants,becausetheyalsosupplyreactivepowertothegrid,becausetheycanbestartedbythe
turbineandbecausethemachineinthissystemcangeneratepoweratconstantspeedwithoutacontroller.This
typeofmachineisoftenreferredtointheliteratureasasynchronousmachine.

Thismachinecanalsoberunbyconnectingthestatorcoilstothegrid,andsupplyingtherotorcoilswithACfrom
aninverter.Theadvantageisthatitispossibletocontrolrotatingspeedofthemachinewithafractionallyrated
inverter.Whenrunthiswaythemachineisknownasabrusheddoublefeed"induction"machine."Induction"is
misleadingbecausethereisnousefulcurrentinthemachinewhichissetupbyinduction.

Inductionmachines

Inductionmachineshaveshortcircuitedrotorcoilswhereacurrentissetupandmaintainedbyinduction.This
requiresthattherotorrotatesatotherthansynchronousspeed,sothattherotorcoilsaresubjectedtoavarying
magneticfieldcreatedbythestatorcoils.Aninductionmachineisanasynchronousmachine.

Inductioneliminatestheneedforbrusheswhichisusuallyaweakpartinanelectricmachine.Italsoallows
designswhichmakeitveryeasytomanufacturetherotor.Ametalcylinderwillworkasrotor,buttoimprove
efficiencya"squirrelcage"rotororarotorwithclosedwindingsisusuallyused.Thespeedofasynchronous
inductionmachineswilldecreasewithincreasedloadbecausealargerspeeddifferencebetweenstatorandrotoris
necessarytosetupsufficientrotorcurrentandrotormagneticfield.Asynchronousinductionmachinescanbe
madesotheystartandrunwithoutanymeansofcontrolifconnectedtoanACgrid,butthestartingtorqueislow.

Aspecialcasewouldbeaninductionmachinewithsuperconductorsintherotor.Thecurrentinthe
superconductorswillbesetupbyinduction,buttherotorwillrunatsynchronousspeedbecausetherewillbeno
needforaspeeddifferencebetweenthemagneticfieldinstatorandspeedofrotortomaintaintherotorcurrent.

Anotherspecialcasewouldbethebrushlessdoublefedinductionmachine,whichhasadoublesetofcoilsinthe
stator.Sinceithastwomovingmagneticfieldsinthestator,itgivesnomeaningtotalkaboutsynchronousor
asynchronousspeed.

Reluctancemachines
Reluctancemachineshavenowindingsinrotor,onlyaferromagneticmaterialshapedsothat"electromagnets"in
statorcan"grab"theteethinrotorandmoveitalittle.Theelectromagnetsarethenturnedoff,whileanothersetof
electromagnetsisturnedontomovestatorfurther.Anothernameisstepmotor,anditissuitedforlowspeedand
accuratepositioncontrol.ReluctancemachinescanbesuppliedwithPMsinstatortoimproveperformance.The
electromagnetisthenturnedoffbysendinganegativecurrentinthecoil.Whenthecurrentispositivethe
magnetandthecurrentcooperatetocreateastrongermagneticfieldwhichwillimprovethereluctancemachines
maximumtorquewithoutincreasingthecurrentsmaximumabsolutevalue.

Electrostaticmachines
Inelectrostaticmachines,torqueiscreatedbyattractionorrepulsionofelectricchargeinrotorandstator.
Electrostaticgeneratorsgenerateelectricitybybuildingupelectriccharge.Earlytypeswerefrictionmachines,later
oneswereinfluencemachinesthatworkedbyelectrostaticinduction.TheVandeGraaffgeneratorisan
electrostaticgeneratorstillusedinresearchtoday.

Homopolarmachines
HomopolarmachinesaretrueDCmachineswherecurrentissuppliedtoaspinningwheelthroughbrushes.The
wheelisinsertedinamagneticfield,andtorqueiscreatedasthecurrenttravelsfromtheedgetothecentreofthe
wheelthroughthemagneticfield.

Electricmachinesystems
Foroptimizedorpracticaloperationofelectricmachines,today'selectricmachinesystemsarecomplementedwith
electroniccontrol.

References
Chapman,StephenJ.2005.ElectricalMachineryFundamentals.4thEd.NewYork:McGrawHill.

1.Flanagan.HandbookofTransformerDesignandApplications,Chap.1p1.

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_machine&oldid=777945331"

Categories: Machines Electricalengineering Electricmotors Electromechanicalengineering

Thispagewaslasteditedon30April2017,at07:13.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.