CST 311Introduction to Computer

Networks Final

In your answer sheet please remember to

write your name

Do not start until told to do so.

Use your time wisely

make sure to answer the questions you know first.

Total
points: 30 points

Total Time = 2 hours

Read the questions carefully.

1.
Determine the shortest path using Dijkstras algorithm from node v to
all other nodes in the
network. You need to draw a table similar to the one shown in class
and clearly illustrate all the steps. You will not get credit for just writing
the final answer.
(5 points)

step N' P(V) P(W) P(X) P(Y) P(T) P(Z)

infinit infinit
1 x y y 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
 2 xv 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
3 xvu 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
4 xvuw 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
5 xvuwy 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x
xvuwy
6 tz 7,v 6,v 3,x 6,x 6,x 8,x

2. What is the difference between routing and forwarding?

(1 point)

Routing describes processes and protocols relating to figuring out

where to send packets. Forwarding describes processes and
protocols associated with actually sending the message. In routing a
suitable path is determine. In forwarding, the packet is sent towards
the destination.

3. What is 32 bit equivalent of the IP address 223.2.7.61?

(1 point)
11011111.00000010.00000111.00111101

4. Write the largest possible subnet mask if three routers 223.2.7.7,

223.2.7.1 and 223.2.7.5 are all in the same subnet.
(2 points)

223.2.255.7
223.2.255.1
223.2.255.5

5. How big is the MAC address space? Compare it against the IPv4
address space?
(2 points)
The MAC address space holds 48 bits where the IPv4 holds 32.

6. What is the main difference between non-persistent and persistent

HTTP?
(1 point)
Persistant HTTP uses chaches to remember data about host that
have connected to the HTTP server. Such caches generally hold log in
information and search history within a web app. Non-persistant
connections do not utilize caches or other storage methods to
remember host-affiliated data.

7. Why is an ARP query sent within a broadcast frame? Why is an

ARP response sent within a frame with a specific destination MAC
address?
(2 points)

An ARP query is sent within a broadcast frame because the querying

host does not know which new adapted address corresponds to the IP
address. The sending node knows the adapter address to which the
response should be sent, so a broadcast frame is not needed.

8. Describe TCP congestion control namely the slow start,

congestion avoidance and fast recovery phases.
(2 Points)

There are two modes for TCP congestion control. The first increases
window size additively every RTT by 1 until a loss of data is detected
After a loss there is a multiplicative decrease in which the window size
is cut in half. When a connection begins in TCP, The amount of
segments is increased at an exponential rate until the first loss event.
Slow Start doubles the window size every RTT every time an ACK is
detected. Congestion avoidance is handled by TCP RENO and TCP
Tahoe. Both systems work towards reacting towards loss. IF there are
three duplicate ACKs the system will assume TCP RENO where the
window size is cut in half and then grows linearly. TCP Tahoe always
sets the window size to one if there is a time ourt or duplicate ACKs.

9. Consider the scenario in the figure below, in which three hosts are
each connected to a router by a 100 Mbps link, with an near-zero ms
propagation delay. That router in turn is connected to another router
over a 30 Mbps link with a 50 ms propagation delay, and that latter
router is connected to two remote logging servers, each over a 20
Mbps link with a10 ms propagation delay.Suppose one of the host
sends a message directly to one of the remote logging servers.The
message is 10K bits long. What is the end-to-end delay from when the
message is first transmitted by the host to when it is received at the
remote server? Assume that the request goes directly to the server,
that there are no queueing delays, and that node (router) packet-
processing delays are also zero.
(3 points)

Due to the 10k bit packet, it will take .0005 seconds to send this
packet over a 20 mbps data connection. It will also take 0.000333
seconds to send over a 30 mbps connection, and 0.0001 seconds to
send over a 100 mbps connection. The total time it will take for the
transmission is 0.0009333 seconds. The propogation delay will be 60
ms, and the total end to end delay will be 0.0609333.

10) Describe the primary function of DNS, DHCP and NAT.

(3 points)

The main function of DNS is to associate domain names with IP

addresses. DHCP stands for DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION
PROTOCOL. It automatically provides IP hosts with an IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway. NAT or Network Address
Translation is a way of remapping IP addresses into new IP addresses
by modifying network address information in datagram packet headers
when they are in transit along routing devices.

11)Describe the ALOHA protocol.

(2 points)

ALOHA protocol is an example of a random access MAC protocol.

ALOHA assumes that all frames are the same size, that time is divided
into equal sized slots, that nodes synchronized, and that if 2 or more
nodes transmit in slot, all nodes detect the collision. When an node
obtains a fresh frame it then transmits in the next slot. If there is a
collision the node will retransmit the frame in each subsequent slot
until there is successful connection.

12)Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection.

Assume Host B has no data to send Host A. Host B will not send
acknowledgments to Host A because Host B cannot piggyback these
acknowledgements on data.
True or False?
(1 point)

FALSE, Piggybacking is used when both sides have to send data to

eachother. Instead of the receiver sending two packets, they just send
one for ACK and data packet.

13) Suppose Host A sends a few TCP segments back to back to Host
B over a TCP connection. The first segment has sequence number 90;
the second has sequence number 110.
a) How much data is in the first segment?
The first segment contains 110-90 = 20 bytes of data.

b) Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment
arrives at B. In the acknowledgment that Host B sends to Host A, what
will be the acknowledgment number?
(2 points)

Host B will acknowledge that it has received everything up to

sequence number 90, excluding sequence number 90.

14. Consider the application layer protocol SMTP. What transport layer
protocol does SMTP run over? Explain your answer
(2 points)

SMTP runs on TCP. It uses port 25. If it ran on UDDP it would be

much less reliable.

15. UDPprovides reliable data transfer in the transport layer

True or False?
(1 point)

FALSE