SAMCEF For Power Lines and Substations: Jérémy HARDY Janvier 2011

SAMCEF for Power Lines and substations
Jrmy HARDY
Janvier 2011
This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 1

Table of contents Training Program
Chapter 0
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Cable Domain Features
Chapter 3: Imposed Length Cables
Chapter 4: Imposed Force Cables
Chapter 5: Imposed Sag Cable
Chapter 6: Transient (Quasi-static) analyses
Chapter 7: Dynamic Analyses
Chapter 8: Beam Analyses

Table of contents Exercise Table
Chapter 0
Exercise 1: Cable with anchoring string between supports

Exercise 2: Three cables in slope (imposed tension)
Exercise 3: Imposed sag
Exercise 4: Quasi-static analyses (wind, frost)
Exercise 5: Dynamic analysis : drop of a pendulum
Exercise 6: Short-circuit
Exercise 7: Cable with droppers
Exercise 8: Short-circuit in a rigid busbar

I. INTRODUCTION
1. History
2. SAMCEF Mecano

1. HISTORY
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
SAMCEF CABLE
+ Logica
1.1 SAMCEF Cable Logica (1978-1996)
TDEE Department (University of Lige, JL LILIEN)
Specific Pre-processor (command language)
Customers:
Merlin-Grin (Grenoble)
FN (Lige)
Laborelec (Bruxelles)
Tractebel (Bruxelles)
EDF (Paris)

1. HISTORY
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
SAMCEF CABLE MECANO Cble

+ Logica HVS
1.2 Software re-engineering (1996)

Objective MG: full computation, 1 day hour
Means
Integration of CABLE features into MECANO
Specific GUI (HVS)
Consequences
HVS: specific product. A first experience
Standard SAMCEF pre-processor: Bacon
Many coupling possibilities within MECANO

1. HISTORY
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
SAMCEF CABLE MECANO Cble SAMCEF Field

+ Logica HVS Pour Cble
1.3 Now: SAMCEF Field

High level user-friendly GUI
HVS-like integration type, although less limited

2. SAMCEF Mecano
2.1 MECANO
General NL module of SAMCEF
Motion Structure Thermal Cable
Statics Kinematics Dynamics
BACON MECANO ROTOR STABI
ASEF REPDYN PLEXUS

DYNAM SPECTRAL FAC

2. SAMCEF Mecano
1980 1990 2000 2010
MOTION
2.2 MECANO Motion

First one (1988)
Kinematic Joints + Rigid Bodies + Flexible Structures
Originality: EF formulation of the kinematic joints
Element library discoupled from than other SAMCEF modules
Geometrical non linearities (large displacements, large rotations)

2. SAMCEF Mecano
1980 1990 2000 2010
MOTION
STRUCTURE
2.3 MECANO Structure

Decision of SAMCEF NL code unification (1995)
Extension of MECANO Motion to structural (unification with
the other SAMCEF modules)
Geometric NL
Material NL
Integration of new features
Automatic time step


2. SAMCEF Mecano
1980 1990 2000 2010
MOTION CABLE
STRUCTURE
2.4 MECANO Cable

Project for Merlin-Grin: integration of the CABLE features into
MECANO
Specificities:
Electrodynamic Forces (short-circuit computation)
Sag computation
Specific GUI: HVS

2. SAMCEF Mecano
1980 1990 2000 2010
MOTION CABLE THERMAL

STRUCTURE
2.5 MECANO Thermal

Merge of mechanical and thermal codes
Integration of thermal elements into MECANO framework
Thernl: quasi-static and transient thermal analyses (2002)
Amaryllis: thermal ablation (2004)

2. SAMCEF Mecano
2.5 MECANO today

Quasi-static, kinematic or dynamic computations
Merge of features from Motion-Structure-Cable-Thermal-Amaryllis
(but separate licenses)
Automatic time-step (different computation strategies)
Notion of sub case: differentiation with respect to periods
(strategies, problem definition, etc)

II. CABLE DOMAIN FEATURES
1. Cable domain in SAMCEF Field

2. Available behaviours
3. Cable initial state definition

1. CABLE DOMAIN IN SAMCEF FIELD
1.1 Available elements
A. Cable (.MCE CABLE)

Cable model
Similar to a rod:
Element with 2 nodes
3 displacement DOF by nodes
Extensional stiffness: K = EA/L
+ second order transversal stiffness
Function of the force in the element
That force may not be zero!
Linear material behaviour

1.1 Available elements

B. Beam (.MCE BEAM)
Similar to the standard structural beam:
- Element with 2 nodes
-3 displacement DOF, 3 rotation DOF by nodes
Supports electro-dynamic forces
C. Beam (.HYP MINDLIN)
D. Rigid Body
E. Some joints (spherical, )

1.2 Possible analyses

Initial State Position: just compute the equilibrium at t=0
Quasi-static: under some additional forces
Dynamic: electro-dynamic forces

1.3 Forces
Gravity (acceleration)
Line forces
Standard
Wind
Frost
Temperatures
Electro-dynamic forces

1.4 Notes
(A) Units
Solver Units must be m,kg,s
(B) Orientation
Z is the vertical axis
(C) GUI
The interface is oriented to cable problems:
Behaviour definitions
Frost and wind loads

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.1 Cable Behaviour

Cable element
(.MCE CABLE)
Own properties
D loads, convective
cooling
S mech. and elec.
properties;

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.1 Cable Behaviour

Bundle one
equivalent cable
Bundle diameter
(4 cables)

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.2 Insulator Behaviour

Cable element
(.MCE CABLE)
String of elements
( dishes )
(d)
Total length (L) = pitch*number of elements

Total weight = number of chains* number of elements *
(D)
weight of an element
2. BEHAVIOURS
2.2 Insulator Behaviour (cont)

Number of chain
K
n
D
n=1 (default value) n=2
Wind factor (K) D D/2
K=The proportion of the area facing the direction of

the wind in relation to the area contained in the
bounding box surrounding the complete insulator L L
string assembly
Reference aera for the wind load= K*D*L if K=1, Reference aera = D*L if K=0.5, Reference aera = D/2*L
Default value: K = 0.5

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.2 Insulator Behaviour (cont)

2 possibilities to define the behaviour :
-With the properties of a single element (pitch = distance between two dishes)
-With the global properties of the insulator string (pitch = total length of the insulator string)

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.3 Electric beam behaviours

Beam element
(.MCE BEAM)
Own properties
Note: electrical properties

2. BEHAVIOURS
2.4 Other available behaviours

Standard beam (.HYP MINDLIN)
Rigid Body
Some standard joints (spherical, etc)
. cable
Electric beam Insulator string
Standard beam Spherical assembly

3. CABLE INITIAL STATE DEFINITION
3.1 Parameters:
Span P
Sag f
Force (Tension) T
Masses (line mass: m)
P [m]
f [m] T [N]
m [N/m]

3.2 Mathematical approach: y a. cosh (x/a)
4 f
Approximation: y . x 2
P2
dy P 8f P 4f
s ( ) .
Slope: dx 2 P2 2 P
mgP
R V TV
Reactions: 2 TH
2
RV mgP
T RH
s 8f
P
f [m] T [N]
m [N/m]
3.3 MECANO Cable approach
3 possible definition:
Imposed length:
Natural length
User imposed length
Imposed force
Imposed sag
CARE FOR DATA COHERENCY IF SEVERAL CABLES ARE LINKED TOGETHER.

III. IMPOSED LENGTH CABLES
1. Geometry definition
2. Data definition
3. Mesh
4. Solver parameters
5. Results
6. Exercises

1. GEOMETRY DEFINITION
Use vertices and wires

Try to have 1 wire on a physical cable
Insulator Insulator
string string
cable
Insulator
Insulator
String wire Cable wire string
Vertex 1 Vertex 2 Vertex 3 Vertex 4

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.1 Behaviours
2 wires insulators
1 wire cable
(one behaviour per wire)
2.2 Constraints
2 insulator vertices
2.3 Load (gravity)

Model or Analysis form if parts

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.4 Assembly
Insulator 1 + cable
Insulator 2 + cable
Use spherical joints:

cables have only 3 dofs

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.5 Initial state

Cable:
Natural length: as generated
(geometrical length of the cable wire)
Imposed length: user defined
Initial Stress: compulsory to have
stiffness!!
With compression:advanced feature
If thermal expansion : The length are
defined at the reference temperature

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.5 Initial state

Cable: (cont)
Insulator Insulator
string string g
L=L0 + L
L0
The natural or imposed Length (L0) is defined at the

reference temperature for a undeformed cable

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.5 Initial state

Insulators:
Imposed length: automatically computed (nELEM . Pitch)
Initial Stress: compulsory to have stiffness!!
With compression: advanced feature
If thermal expansion : The length are defined at the reference
temperature

2. DATA DEFINITION
2.5 Initial state

Note about the initial tension:
Vertical cable: its weight (in N)
Horizontal cable: use
( mg ) P 2
T
8 f
In between
+ Additional weights (i.e droppers)

3. MESH
Should be able to follow the deformed shape (elements are straight)

Computation are fast

4. SOLVER PARAMETERS
4.1 Stop execution after initial position

4.2 Select a Static analysis

4.3 Need many iterations (especially if approximate tensions are

bad)
4.4 Run

5. RESULTS
Displacements
Forces

6. EXERCISE 1
6.1 Data
Cable between 2 supports, with insulator strings
Global span 30 m
6.2 Initial Position Height 10 m
Try the 2 cases: Cable type Eagle
Natural length Insulators

12 elements:
F55/240
Cable length: 25 m
6.3 Guidelines
1. Define all the points on an horizontal line
2. Anchoring strings are about 3 m long: place intermediate points on
horizontal lines
3. Initial tension: use formula

IV. IMPOSED TENSION CABLES
1. Data definition
2. Mesh
3. Exercises

1. DATA DEFINITION
1.1 Initial Position

(Imposed Tension)
1 wire cable with imposed force
Select a point on the cable
Computation:
MECANO adjusts the length of
the closest element to reach the
required tension in it.

2. MESH
Limitation:
The whole cable cannot be shortened by more than the element length.
Not a too fine mesh over there

3. EXERCISE 2: Triphase Descent
Geometry See picture

3.1 Data
Cable type Eagle
Insulators 8 elements F55/240
3.2 Initial position
Try the 2 cases:
Maximum force in the cables: 17 kN at the
upper point
Cable lengths: 15.5 m, 14.3 m and 13.2 m
3.3 Guidelines
1. Define all the points
2. Anchoring strings are about 2 m long:
place intermediate points on horizontal
lines: use duplication + move
3. Initial tension : T = 17000
4. Caution : mesh cannot be too fine on the
cables : element size = 2m
V. IMPOSED SAG CABLES
1. Geometry definition
2. Data definition
3. Macro-cable
4. Solver parameters
5. Exercises

1. GEOMETRY DEFINITION
It can help to generate curved cables

1 cable = 1 wire
Insulator Insulator
String wire Cable wire (2,5,3)
string
Vertex 1 Vertex 2 Vertex 5

(Z vertex 5 < Z vertex 3 Vertex 3 Vertex 4
&2)

2. DATA DEFINITION
Sag position: dZ (relative position) with respect to a reference point
Insulator Insulator g
string string
Dz=-0.95 m
Dz=-8.05m
Z
For example :
if the red point is the Reference point then dz=-0.95 m
if the purple point is the Reference point then dz=8.05 m

3. MACRO-CABLE
MECANO Computation
1. A macro-cable is defined with all elements belonging to the cable.
2. The equation is added with:
1. one more equation: min(Z) = ZSAG
2. one more unknown: common factor to the element lengths (3rd common node for all
elements)
3. Condition: horizontal tangency !!
Insulator
Insulator string
string Insulator
string
Insulator Insulator Insulator
string string string
g
OK OK
Impossible to prescribed a sag
for the initial state : Imposed a force or a length)

Need many iterations (especially if approximate tensions are bad)
4.4 Run

5. EXERCISE 3
Take exercise 1 data

Impose a sag = 1.5 m

VI. TRANSIENT (QUASI-STATIC) ANALYSES
1. Introduction
2. Frost Loads
3. Wind Loads
4. Temperature Loads
5. Solver Parameters
6. Exercise

1. Introduction
1.1 Transient (quasi static) of analysis

The user have to associate the load cases to a time, for example :
gravity
Load case Associated Load case Loads
number time name Gravity Temperature Wind Frost thickness
in S4PL&S ( 9.81 m.s-2) in the cable pressure [cm] temperature
[C] [daN/m2]
Initial state wind
0 0 (3% for the X 75
sag at 75c)
1 1 Extrem wind X 30 150 frost
2 2 Frost X -5 2
X 0 1 2 3
Time dependent Loads
In static analysis the time has the meaning of an incremental parameter !
Effects taken into account Equation

Analysis type KT: stiffness matrix
Stiffness Velocity Inertia solved
q: displacement vector
Static KT.q = F F: load vector

1. FROST LOADS
1.1 Definition:
Frost thickness e(t)
1.2 Line Force:

cables, beams:
PZ ( t ) 9 . 81 [ D e ( t )]. e ( t ). frost
cable bundle:
FZ = n.PZ
insulator:
FZ = n.PZ (with D external diameter)
2. WIND LOADS
2.1 Definition:
Wind pressure p(t)
2.2 Line Force:

cable: F = p.D
cable bundle:
If mask coefficient option is selected then
F = CM.p.D
else CM
F = n.p.D
insulator: F = k.p.D
1 1.5 2.5 3
beam: F = p.D Note: in case of frost: D = DO + 2e

3. TEMPERATURE LOADS
3.1 Definition:

4.1 Time definition

Automatic time step is the best choice
Select the Transient execution type
4.2 Response:
Still Static

4.3 Output
Keep important times (the times associated to the load cases)

5. EXERCISE 4
Start from exercise 2, and add the following load cases:

1) Lateral Wind (Y direction):
Pressure = 2000 Pa
Cable temperature = 50C
Insulator temperature = 20
2) Idem with a wind in the opposite direction
3) Frost load:
1 cm frost
temperature = -5
Notes:
It is considered that the initial position was done for 20C
Use the automatic time step

VII. DYNAMIC ANALYSES
1. Introduction
2. Solver Data
3. Exercise
4. Short-circuit definition
5. Post-processing
6. Exercise
7. Note about temperatures
8. Bundles

1. Introduction
1.1 Solved equation
Effects taken into account

Equation
Analysis type
solved
Stiffness Velocity Inertia
.. .
dynamic M.q + C.q + KT.q = F
KT: stiffness matrix

C: damping matrix
M: mass matrix
q: displacement vector
.
q: velocity vector
..
q: acceleration vector
F: load vector

1. SOLVER DATA
1.1 Time step definition

Automatic (pure mechanical analysis)

1. SOLVER DATA
1.1 Time step definition

Manual (short-circuit analysis): follow the force
(100 Hz 800 steps / 1s)

1. SOLVER DATA
1.2 Time integration schema

HHT
Newmark

1. SOLVER DATA
1.3 Output

2. EXERCISE 5
Drop of a pendulum:
A pendulum weighting 100 g is attached to a 1m long cable.
The cable is fixed in (0,0,1) and the pendulum placed in (0.6, 0, 0.8).
The pendulum is dropped.
Definition of the cable: through point (0.3, 0, 0.5)

Use the extremity point (not a datum): must be meshed and fixed
Steel cable of 0.5 cm2 (D=2.523 mm, m=200g/m)

Attach a mass at the cable extremity (in Behaviour)
RemovableLink element between these 2 points (broken in t=0.1 s) (in Assembly)
Do not forget the gravity
Analysis time: from0 to 2.5 s

Use the automatic time step
HHT (=0.3)

3. SHORT CIRCUIT COMPUTATIONS
3.1 Electro-dynamic forces

The computation uses the Biot-Savart law:
Force produced by element ej on element ei:
0 ii ( t ) i j ( t )
F ij
4
ei e
r3
( r d s j ) d s i
j
Total force applied on an element: Fi j

F ij

t

Current shape: i ( t ) sin( t ) e sin

2 I EFF

Types of faults:
Biphases
= ou i1(t) = -i2(t)
Triphases
=
=

Thermal Aspects
Heating during the short-circuit: considered as adiabatic because of
the very short time
Cooling after the short-circuit:
fc c e ct a (1 e ct ) ( fc c a ) e ct a
where the time constant : convection coefficien t

1 p
p : perimeter of the conductor
c AC A : section of the conductor
C : capacity specific
: density of the conductor
is several minutes

3.2 Short-circuit definition

Choice:
initial phase 1 dephasing
maximal asymmetry
First peak current
2-phased/3-phased fault
With/without reclosing on
fault

3.3 Electro-dynamic
forces
Bi-phased:
2 = 1 -
Tri-phased:
2 = 1 - 2/3
3 = 1 - 4/3

3.4 Time step definition (recall)

Manual (short-circuit analysis): follow the force
(100 Hz 800 steps / 1s)

4. POST-PROCESSING
4.1 Archive Definition

By default:
displacements
reactions
cable/beam forces and moments

4. POST-PROCESSING
4.2 Curve preselections

Available:
Reactions
displacements and positions
forces /moments
distances


4. POST-PROCESSING
4.2 Curve preselections

Note: for cables
selection on cables (geometry) envelop curves
selection on element (Mesh model) element results

5. EXERCICES
Exercice 6: Bi-phase short-circuit

(A) Build a part
Take exercise 3:
remove the gravity
Save it as SimplePhase.sfield
(B) Open a new model
Import twice the part and place the second one at a distance = 2.5 m
New vertices at mid-span
Add the gravity and the electro-dynamic forces
Select output (curves) for
Reactions
Stresses in cables
Distance between phases
Positions at the middle

5. EXERCICES
Exercise 7: Short-circuit with droppers

Start from exercise 6
Add one dropper on each phase
Add result pre-selections (stresses in droppers)

VIII. BEAM ANALYSES
1. Beam behaviours
2. Short-circuit definition
3. Post-processing
4. Solver Data
5. Exercises

1. BEAM BEHAVIOURS
1.1 Electric beam

Always a hollow circle
Electric properties

1. BEAM BEHAVIOURS
1.2 Standard Beam

Constant section:
several profile types are available
Note: needs also a material definition

1. BEAM BEHAVIOURS
1.2 Standard Beam

Variable section:
several profile types are
available
Note: needs also a material

definition

2. SHORT-CIRCUIT DEFINITION
Exactly similar to the definition on cables

3. POST-PROCESSING
Exactly similar to the definition on cables

4. SOLVER DATA
Differences with cables:

does not need so many iterations
Newmark preferred to HHT:

5. EXERCISES
Exercise 8:
Beam Phases (0,0) (5,0) (5,5) (10,5) with radii=0.5 in angles
inter-phase distance: (-1, 1, 0)
Clamp extremities ; simple Z- supports in the middle
S-C = 40 kA / 0.15 s

SAMCEF For Power Lines and Substations: Jérémy HARDY Janvier 2011

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SAMCEF for Power Lines and substations

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 1

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 2

Exercise 1: Cable with anchoring string between supports

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 3

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 4

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 5

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

SAMCEF CABLE MECANO Cble

1.2 Software re-engineering (1996)

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 6

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

SAMCEF CABLE MECANO Cble SAMCEF Field

1.3 Now: SAMCEF Field

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 7

BACON MECANO ROTOR STABI

ASEF REPDYN PLEXUS

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 8

1980 1990 2000 2010

2.2 MECANO Motion

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 9

1980 1990 2000 2010

2.3 MECANO Structure

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 10

1980 1990 2000 2010

2.4 MECANO Cable

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 11

1980 1990 2000 2010

MOTION CABLE THERMAL

2.5 MECANO Thermal

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 12

2.5 MECANO today

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 13

1. Cable domain in SAMCEF Field

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 14

1.1 Available elements

A. Cable (.MCE CABLE)

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 15

1.1 Available elements

C. Beam (.HYP MINDLIN)

E. Some joints (spherical, )

1.2 Possible analyses

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 17

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 18

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 19

2.1 Cable Behaviour

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 20

2.1 Cable Behaviour

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 21

2.2 Insulator Behaviour

Total length (L) = pitch*number of elements

2.2 Insulator Behaviour (cont)

n=1 (default value) n=2

Wind factor (K) D D/2

K=The proportion of the area facing the direction of

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 23

2.2 Insulator Behaviour (cont)

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 24

2.3 Electric beam behaviours

This document is the property of SAMTECH S.A. MEF102-01-A, page 25

2.4 Other available behaviours

Electric beam Insulator string