Globalization

Globalization:
• Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of making, transformation of local or
regional things or phenomena into global ones.
• It can also be used to described a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society
and function together.
• It is combimation of economic,technological, sociocultural and political force.

History of Globalization:
• The term "globalization" has been used by economists since the 1980s although it was used in social
sciences in the 1960s; however, its concepts did not become popular until the latter half of the 1980s and
1990s.
• Globalization is viewed as a centuries long process, tracking the expansion of human population and the
growth of civilization, that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years.
• Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire, the Parthian empire, and the Han Dynasty,
when the Silk Road started in China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued
onwards towards Rome.
• Globalization in a wider context began shortly before the turn of the 16th century, with Spain and Portugal.
• The 19th century is sometimes called "The First Era of Globalization." It was a period characterized by
rapid growth in international trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies,
and, later, the United States. It was in this period that areas of sub-saharan Africa and the Island Pacific
were incorporated into the world system. The "First Era of Globalization" began to break down at the
beginning of the 20th century with the first World War, and later collapsed during the gold standard crisis
in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Modern Globalization:
• Globalization in the era since World War II is largely the result of planning by economists, business
interests, and politicians who recognized the costs associated with protectionism and declining
international economic integration. These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund.
• The use of the term globalization (in the doctrinal sense), in the context of these developments has been
analysed by many including Noam Chomsky who states -That enhances what's called "globalization," a
term of propaganda used conventionally to refer to a certain particular form of international integration
that is (not surprisingly) beneficial to its designers: Multinational corporations and the powerful states to
which they are closely linked.
• Noam Chomsky states that: The term "globalization," like most terms of public discourse, has two
meanings: its literal meaning, and a technical sense used for doctrinal purposes. In its literal sense,
"globalization" means international integration. Its strongest proponents since its origins have been the
workers movements and the left (which is why unions are called "internationals"), and the strongest
proponents today are those who meet annually in the World Social Forum and it’s many regional offshoots.
In the technical sense defined by the powerful, they are described as "anti-globalization," which means
that they favor globalization directed to the needs and concerns of people, not investors, financial
institutions and other sectors of power, with the interests of people incidental. That's "globalization" in the
technical doctrinal sense.

Measuring Globalisation:
The four main economic flows that characterize globalization:
• Goods and services, e.g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of
population
• Labor/people, e.g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population
• Capital, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of
population
• Technology, e.g. international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of
change thereof) using particular inventions (especially 'factor-neutral' technological advances such as the
telephone, motorcar, broadband)

Effects of globalisation:
• Insdustrial- emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products
for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within
 transnational corporations, and access to goods by wealthier nations and individuals at the expense of
poorer nations and individuals who supply the labor.
• Financial- emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for corporate,
national and subnational borrowers. Simultaneous though not necessarily purely globalist is the
emergence of under or un-regulated foreign exchange and speculative markets leading to inflated wealth
of investors and artificial inflation of commodities, goods, and in some instances entire nations as with the
Asian economic boom-bust that was brought on externally by "free" trade.
• Economic- realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
• Political- political globalization is the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships
among nations and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.
• Informational- increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a
technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability
of telephony and Internet, possibly ancillary or unrelated to the globalist ideology.
• Cultural- growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities such
as Globalism - which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and
ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture"; loss of languages (and
corresponding loss of ideas).
• Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be solved without international
cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean,
and the spread of invasive species. Many factories are built in developing countries where they can pollute
freely. Globalism and free trade interplay to increase pollution and accelerate it in the name of an ever
expanding capitalist growth economy in a non-expanding world. The detriment is again to the poorer
nations while the benefit is allocated to the wealthier nations.
• Social-increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer restrictions. Provided that the people of
those nations are wealthy enough to afford international travel, which the majority of the world's
population is not. An illusory 'benefit' recognized by the elite and wealthy, and increasingly so as fuel and
transport costs rise.
• International cultural exchange
o Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e.g. through the
export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies). However, the imported culture can easily supplant the
local culture, causing reduction in diversity through hybridization or even assimilation.
o Greater international travel and tourism for the few who can afford international travel and
tourism,
o Greater immigration, including illegal immigration, except for those countries around the world
including the UK, Canada, and the United States who have in 2008 accelerated removal of illegal
migrants and modified laws to increase the ease of removing those who have entered the country
illegally, while ensuring that immigration policies allow those more favourable to the stimulation of
economy to enter, primarily focusing on the capital that immigrants can move into a country with
them.
o Spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture)
including genetically modified organisms. A new and novel feature of the globalist growth economy
is the birth of the licensed seed which will only be viable for one season and can not be replanted
in a subsequent season - ensuring a captive market to a corporation.
o World-wide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series,
YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace. Accessible to those who have Internet or Television,
leaving out a substantial segment of the Earth's population.
o World-wide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games.
o Formation or development of a set of universal values - Homogenization of Culture
• Technical
o Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow,
using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and
wireless telephones
o Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright laws, patents and world trade
agreements.
• Legal/Ethical
o The creation of the international criminal court and international justice movements.
o Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation.
o Sexual awareness – It is often easy to only focus on the economic aspects of Globalization. This
term also has strong social meanings behind it. Globalization can also mean a cultural interaction
between different countries. Globalization may also have social effects such changes in sexual
inequality, and to this issue brought about a greater awareness of the different (often more brutal)
types of gender discrimination throughout the world.
 o Increasing concentration of wealth in fewer and fewer hands. Media and other multinational
mergers leading to fewer corporations controlling vaster segments of society and production. The
decrease in the middle class, and the increase in poverty observed within Globalized and
deregulated nations.

Negative effects of globalisation:

o Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white-collar jobs. That means fewer jobs for their
people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations like China
where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and
accountants have lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.
o Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane
conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods.
o Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their
jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower
standards of living.
o Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists use
the Internet for communicating among themselves.
o Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution.
o Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are consuming
more junk food from these joints, which has an adverse impact on their health.
o The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming
poorer.
o Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet.
o Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
o Travelers to the remotest corners of the globe are spreading deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS.
o Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
o The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in
developed countries.
o There is increase in human trafficking.
o Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are
increasingly influencing political decisions.