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8 Transport in humans

8.1 The human transport system (Book 1B, p. 8-3)

In humans, a transport system is developed to ensure the supply of useful substances to all
cells and removal of waste from them.
The transport system includes the (1) _______________ _______________ () and the
(2) _______________ _______________ ().
The functions of different parts of the human circulatory system:
Part Function
I Blood a Acts as a pump to drive blood throughout the body
II Blood vessels () b Carries useful substances and waste to and from
III Heart body cells
c Allow exchange of materials between blood and
body cells
d Distribute blood throughout the body

I: (3) ___________ II: (4) ___________ & (5) ___________ III: (6) __________

8.2 Blood (Book 1B, p. 8-4)

Blood is a tissue composed of blood cells suspended

in (1) _______________ ().
1 Plasma
Plasma consists of 90% water and 10% dissolved
plasma
substances including carbon dioxide, nutrients,
urea, hormones and plasma proteins like blood cells

(2) _______________ () and

(3) _______________ ().
Centrifuged blood
It transports dissolved substances and
distributes (4) _______________ throughout the
body.

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2 Blood cells
The structures and functions of different blood cells:
Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets

Two major types: Very small pieces of

cell fragments
nuclei

whole section phagocyte lymphocyte

() ()

Shape (5) _______________ Irregular shape Irregular shape

_______________ shape

Colour Red due to the pigment Colourless Colourless

(6) _______________

Nucleus No nucleus when mature Large round or No nucleus

(7) _______________

Site of In (8) _______________ In bone marrow and In bone marrow

production _______________ () (9) _______________
of bones like limb bones, (); mature in lymph
ribs and vertebrae () nodes ()

Site or method In the liver and spleen; Some are killed by germs In the liver and spleen
of destruction haemoglobin is broken or passed out of the body
down into iron and in faeces
(10) _______________
_______________

Function Contain haemoglobin to Protect our body against Involved in

carry diseases by killing germs (12) _______________
(11) _______________ _______________ to
prevent further blood
loss and entry of germs
into our body

Go to
Practical 8.1 Examination of a blood smear
(Book 1B, p. 8-6; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 8-1)

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8.3 Blood vessels (Book 1B, p. 8-8)

There are three types of blood vessels: (1) _______________ (), (2) ______________ ()
and (3) _______________ ().
Differences between arteries and veins:
Artery Vein

fibrous fibrous
tissue tissue
small thick large thin
lumen thick layer of wall lumen thin layer of wall
muscle and muscle and
elastic tissue elastic tissue
Cross section Cross section

valve

Longitudinal section Longitudinal section

Direction of Away from the heart Towards the heart

blood flow

Location Usually deep inside the body Relatively close to the body surface

Nature of (4) _______________ (oxygenated / (5) _______________ (oxygenated /

blood carried deoxygenated) blood deoxygenated) blood
(except in the pulmonary artery and (except in the pulmonary veins and the
the umbilical arteries) umbilical vein)

Driving force Provided by the pumping action of Provided by the contraction of the
for blood the (6) _______________ (7) _______________ _______________
flow that squeeze on the veins

Blood High, due to the pumping action of Low (the pressure drops after blood passing
pressure the heart through the (8) ______________)

Wall Thicker, with more elastic tissue Thinner, with less elastic tissue

Lumen Smaller Larger (resistance to blood flow is reduced)

Presence of Not present (except in the Valves are present to prevent the
valves pulmonary artery and the aorta which (9) _______________ of blood
have valves at their base)

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 Capillaries connect the arterioles () to the venules (). They form
(10) ______________ _____________ () in the body tissue to allow exchange of
materials between blood and body cells.
Structure of a capillary:

capillary wall:
lumen: (11) ______________ thick;
very small (12) ______________ permeable

The change in blood pressure along different blood vessels:

blood pressure (mmHg)

120

100
80

40

0
artery arteriole capillary venule vein

Blood vessel Blood pressure

Arteries and (13) ______________ due to the pumping action of the heart
arterioles Changes (14) ______________ as the heart contracts and relaxes

Drops significantly because the small diameter of the capillaries

Capillaries
offers a high (15) _______________ to blood flow

Veins and Much lower because the blood has overcome great resistance of the
venules blood vessel walls after travelling a long distance

Go to
Practical 8.2 Examination of transverse sections of an artery and a vein
(Book 1B, p. 8-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 8-4)

Practical 8.3 Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin

(Book 1B, p. 8-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 8-7)

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8.4 The heart (Book 1B, p. 8-15)

The heart is located between the two lungs and is protected by the rib cage.
It is surrounded by a membrane called the (1) _______________ ().

A What is the structure of the heart? (Book 1B, p. 8-15)

The heart is mainly made up of (2) _______________ _______________ ().

The (3) _______________ _______________ () supply oxygen and nutrients to the
cardiac muscles. The (4) _______________ _______________ () carry carbon dioxide
and other waste away.
Internal structure of the heart:

(7) _______________ ()
anterior vena cava
()
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
(5) _______________
_______________ ()
left atrium ()

(8) _______________
right atrium () _______________ ()
heart tendon ()
(6) _______________ left ventricle ()
_______________ ()
right ventricle ()
(9) _______________()
posterior vena cava ()

Structure Feature and function

Smaller, upper chambers of the heart

(10) _______________ (Thinner / Thicker) muscular wall than the ventricles
The right atrium receives (11) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood from the (12) _______________ _______________ and pushes it to the
Atria
right ventricle
The left atrium receives (13) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood from the (14) _______________ _______________ and pushes it to the left
ventricle

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 Larger, lower chambers of the heart
(15) _______________ (Thinner / Thicker) muscular wall than the atria
The (16) _______________ ventricle has a thicker wall because it has to provide
greater force to pump blood to all parts of the body (except the lungs)
Ventricles
The right ventricle pumps (17) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood to the lungs via the (18) _______________ _______________
The left ventricle pumps (19) _______________ (oxygenated / deoxygenated)
blood to the rest of the body via the (20) _______________

Separates the two sides of the heart to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and
Septum
deoxygenated blood

The bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent the backflow of blood into the
(21) _______________
Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the (22) ______________

Heart bicuspid valve

tricuspid valve
valves

aorta

semilunar valves
pulmonary artery

Cross section of the heart showing the heart valves (viewed from the top)

B What are the adaptive features of the heart for pumping blood?
(Book 1B, p. 8-19)

The cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously without fatigue.
The (23) _______________ have a thick muscular wall that provides a strong force of
contraction to drive blood over a long distance to all parts of the body.
The bicuspid valve, tricuspid valves and semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood.
(24) _______________ _______________ prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from
turning inside out.

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 Go to
Practical 8.4 Dissection and examination of a pig heart
(Book 1B, p. 8-18; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 8-10)

8.5 Blood circulation (Book 1B, p. 8-21)

When blood flows throughout our body in one complete loop, it passes through the heart
(1) _______________ (once / twice). This type of circulation is called a (2) _______________
_______________ ().

lungs

pulmonary
circulation pulmonary
pulmonary
artery veins

right left
venae atrium atrium
cavae right left aorta
ventricle ventricle

systemic
circulation

all other parts of the body

Key: oxygenated blood

deoxygenated blood

Double circulation in humans

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Right atrium right ventricle Left atrium left ventricle
pulmonary artery (4) _______________ all parts of the
Pathway
(3) _______________ body except the lungs venae cavae
pulmonary veins left atrium right atrium

Change of blood Becomes (5) _______________ Becomes (6) _______________

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 Most organs receive blood from an artery head, neck, arms

and drain blood into a vein, but the liver

receives blood from two blood vessels: lungs
the hepatic artery and the
(7) _______________ _______________
_______________ ().
The hepatic portal vein links the
(8) _______________ _______________ liver
heart hepatic
to the liver. artery
small intestine

hepatic
portal vein
kidneys

legs

The human circulatory system

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body

cells (Book 1B, p. 8-25)
A How are materials exchanged between blood and body cells?
(Book 1B, p. 8-25)

All body cells are bathed in (1) _______________ _______________ ().

At the (2) _______________, useful materials in the blood diffuse into the tissue fluid and then
into the body cells. Waste products from body cells diffuse in the opposite direction.
Adaptation of capillaries for exchange of materials:
Feature Adaptation
One-cell thick walls Provides a (3) _______________ distance for diffusion

Numerous branches Provide a large (4) ______________ ______________

for diffusion

Large total cross-sectional area (5) ______________ blood flow allows more time for
exchange of materials

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 B How is tissue fluid formed? (Book 1B, p. 8-26)

arteriole

capillary

tissue fluid

body cell

lymph
capillary
venule

Key:
direction of blood flow in the blood vessels
component of plasma forced out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid
tissue fluid returns to the capillaries
tissue fluid drains into the lymph capillaries

At the arteriole end, the (6) _____________ of blood in the capillaries is (7) _____________
than that of the fluid surrounding the body cells. This forces some components of the plasma
(e.g. water, minerals, sugars, lipids and hormones) out of the capillary walls.
Plasma proteins, red blood cells and (8) _______________ _______________ are too large to
pass through the capillary walls. They remain in the blood.
(9) _______________ _______________ _______________ can squeeze through the capillary
walls and enter the tissue fluid.
The composition of tissue fluid is similar to (10) _______________, except for the absence
of red blood cells, blood platelets and plasma proteins.
At the venule end, the (11) _______________ _______________ of the blood is
(12) _______________ than that of the tissue fluid as plasma proteins remain in the blood.
Water in the tissue fluid is drawn into the capillaries by (13) _______________.
A small amount of tissue fluid drains into the (14) _____________ _____________ ().

C What is the importance of tissue fluid? (Book 1B, p. 8-27)

Provides a relatively (15) _______________ environment for body cells

Serves as an important link for the exchange of materials between capillaries and body cells

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8.7 Lymphatic system (Book 1B, p. 8-28)

The lymphatic system consists of (1) _______________ (), lymph vessels () and
(2) _______________ _______________ ().

lymph vessels join to

two large veins

right atrium

lymph vessel
small intestine
lymph node

Key:
direction of lymph flow

The lymphatic system

Component Feature

Has the same composition as (3) ______________ ______________,

Lymph i.e. similar to (4) _______________ except for the absence of red
blood cells, blood platelets and plasma proteins

Formed by joining of (5) _______________ _______________

Lymph Lymph inside is kept flowing very slowly by the contraction of the
vessels (6) _______________ _______________
(7) _______________ are present to prevent backflow of lymph

Located at intervals along the lymph vessels

Lymph nodes (8) _______________ _______________ _______________
accumulate there to kill the germs in the lymph

Functions of the lymphatic system:

1 Returns excess (9) _______________ _______________ to the blood circulation
2 Protects us against disease by filtering out germs from the lymph
3 Transports (10) _______________ from the lacteals in intestinal villi to the blood

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Answers
Ch 8 Transport in humans

8.1

1 circulatory system 2 lymphatic system 3 b 4 c/d 5 d/c

6 a

8.2

1 plasma 2 antibodies 3 fibrinogen 4 heat 5 Biconcave disc

6 haemoglobin 7 lobed 8 bone marrow 9 spleen 10 bile pigment
11 oxygen 12 blood clotting

8.3

1 arteries 2 veins 3 capillaries 4 Oxygenated 5 Deoxygenated

6 heart 7 skeletal muscles 8 capillaries 9 backflow 10 capillary beds
11 one-cell 12 differentially 13 High 14 periodically 15 resistance

8.4

1 pericardium 2 cardiac muscles 3 coronary arteries 4 coronary veins 5 semilunar valves

6 tricuspid valve 7 aorta 8 bicuspid valve 9 septum 10 Thinner
11 deoxygenated 12 venae cavae 13 oxygenated 14 pulmonary veins 15 Thicker
16 left 17 deoxygenated 18 pulmonary artery 19 oxygenated 20 aorta
21 atria 22 ventricles 23 ventricles 24 Heart tendons

8.5

1 twice 2 double circulation 3 lungs 4 aorta 5 oxygenated

6 deoxygenated 7 hepatic portal vein 8 small intestine

8.6

1 tissue fluid 2 capillaries 3 short 4 surface area 5 Slow

6 pressure 7 higher 8 blood platelets 9 White blood cells 10 blood
11 water potential 12 lower 13 osmosis 14 lymph capillaries 15 constant

8.7

1 lymph 2 lymph nodes 3 tissue fluid 4 blood 5 lymph capillaries

6 skeletal muscles 7 Valves 8 White blood cells 9 tissue fluid 10 lipids

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