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CUIT401: Microprocessors

and Microcontrollers
Features of 16-bit 8086
microprocessor

Lecture 3
Presentation Layout
Lecture objectives
Introduction
Features of 8086
Architecture of 8086
8086 co-processors
8086 internal components
Questions
Conclusion
References

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Lecture Objectives

At the end of the lecture students should be


able to:
Describe the features of 8086/88
Identify the internal components of
8086/88
Explain the functions of BIU and EU
Explain the implementation of pipeline in
8086

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Introduction

All modern Intel processors owe


their basic architectures to the 16-
bit 8086 processor
It is important to understand this
structure in order to understand
more complex processors

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16 Bit?
Introduced by Intel Corporation in
1978
8086 is a 16bit processor.
Its
ALU, internal registers and
most of its instructions are
designed to work with 16bit
binary words

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Upwardly compatible with the older
8080/8085 series of 8-bit
microprocessors- allow programs written
for the 8080/8085 to be easily converted
to run on the 8086
8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read
data from or write data to memory or
I/O ports either 16bits or 8 bit at a time.
Internal data paths are at least 16bits
wide.

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8086has a 20bit address bus/lines which
means, it can address up to 220 = 1 048
576 memory locations 1Mbytes of memory
words.
Each of the 1 048 576 memory addresses
of the 8086 represents a byte wide
location. i.e. 16 bit numbers are stored
in two consecutive memory locations.

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If the first byte of a word is at an even address, the
8086 can read the entire word in one operation. If
the first byte of the word is at an odd address, the
8086 will read the first byte of the word in one
operation, and the second byte in another
operation.
Due to the 1Mbytes memory size multiprogramming
is made feasible as well as several
multiprogramming features have been incorporated
in 8086 design.
8086 includes few features, which enhance
multiprocessing capability (it can be used with
math coprocessors like 8087, I/O processor 8089
etc.

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Operates on +5v supply and single phase
(single line) clock frequency. (Clock is
generated by separate peripheral chip
8284).
8086 comes with different versions.
Frequency range of 8086 is 5-10 MHz 8086
runs at 5 MHz (standard operating speed),
8086-2 runs at 8 MHz, 8086-1 runs at 10
MHz
It is housed in a 40-pin Dual-Inline-
Package (DIP)
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Contains approximately 29,000 transistors
and is fabricated using the HMOS((High
density, short channel MOS) technology .
It has multiplexed address and data bus
like 8085 due to which the pin count is
reduced considerably.
The min mode is designed for small single
processor systems whilst in the max mode
the device is designed to work in medium
or large systems using more than one
processor.
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Higher Throughput (Speed)(This is
achieved by a concept called
pipelining).
Nowadays 8086 is no longer used.
But the concept of its principles and
structures is very useful for
understanding other advanced Intel
microprocessors.

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8086 MP is a member of IAPX-86
family. The family includes
several slave processors that
perform jobs that the processor
itself cannot or not as easily
8086 Support Processors

1. 8284 clock generator


2. 8259A Interrupt controller
3. 8282/8283/8286/8287 bus
demuxing
4. 8288 bus controller
5. 8087 numeric data processor
6. 8089 I/O processor
8087- Math co-processor
Intel 8087 is a processor with architecture and
instruction set optimized for performing complicated
arithmetic operations.
An 8087 instruction may perform a given
mathematical computation 100 times faster than the
equivalent sequence of 8086 instructions.
8087 is an actual processor with its own specialized
instruction set. Instructions for 8087 are written in
the program as needed, interspersed with 8086
instructions.
As a coprocessor (8087) is connected to 8086, 8086
operates in maximum mode. Thus the MN/MX is
grounded.

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Support Component Function

8259A Programmable Identifies highest-priority


Interrupt Controller (PIC) interrupt request

8282 Octal Latch Demultiplexes and increases


8283 Octal Latch drive od address bus
(inverting)
8284 Clock Generator and Generates system clock for
driver 8086, 8088 and 8089
processors. RESET
synchronization. READY
synchronization.
Connected to 8086 by the RESET,
READY and CLK pins
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Support Component Function

8286 Octal Bus Increases drive on data bus


Transceiver
8287 Octal Bus
Transceiver (Inverting)
8288 Bus Controller Generates bus command
signals for 8086, 8088 and
8089 processors
Multi processor environment
8289 Bus Arbiter Controls access of
microprocessors to
multimaster system bus
8237 DMA Controller 16
Architecture of 8086
Architecture describes the functional
components that make up the MPU and the
interaction between them.
Include the temporary storage devices known as
registers, which are used to hold data,
instructions, and status information.
There are also devices to perform arithmetic
and logical operations.
Control devices are used to control the flow of
information through the MPU.
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8086 CPU is divided into two independent
functional parts, the Bus interface unit (BIU)
and execution unit (EU).

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Bus interface unit (BIU)
The BIU main components are
Segment Registers
Instruction Pointer
6-Byte Instruction Queue

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Functions of BIU

It handles transfer of data and addresses between the


processor and memory / IO.
It reads data from memory and I/O devices.
It writes data to memory and I/O devices.
It computes and sends out addresses.
It fetches instruction codes.
It stores fetched instruction codes in a FIFO register
called QUEUE.

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Instruction Queue
To increase the execution speed, BIU fetches as many as six
instruction bytes ahead to time from memory.
All six bytes are then held in first-in-first-out 6-byte register
called instruction queue.
Then all bytes are given to EU one by one.
This pre-fetching operation of BIU may be in parallel with
execution operation of EU, which improves the execution speed
of the instruction.

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Execution Unit

Execution Unit contains:


General Purposes Registers
Stack Pointer
Base Pointer
Index Registers
ALU
Flag Register
Instruction Decoder
Timing & Control Unit

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Functions of Execution Unit

It receives opcode of an instruction from the QUEUE.


It decodes it and then executes it.
It tells BIU where to fetch the instructions or data from.
It contains the control circuitry to perform various internal
operations.
It has 16-bit ALU, which can perform arithmetic and logical
operations on 8-bit as well as 16-bit data.

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Pipelining

While EU executes instructions, BIU fetches instructions


from memory and stores them in the QUEUE.
BIU and EU operate in parallel independent of each other.
This type of overlapped operation of the functional units
of a MP is called Pipelining.

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Questions
Explain the implementation of pipelining in
8086 processor?
Identify the various versions and speeds of
8086
Explain the use of each : ROM, PROM,
EPROM, EEPROM
State and explain 2 similarities and 2
differences oft he Intel 80386 chip and the
Motorola 68030 chip.

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Questions ctd
What are the data bus sizes and address bus sizes of:
a. 8088
b. 8086
c. 80286
d. 80386sx
e. 80386
f. 80486
g. 80586/Pentium

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Questions ctd

Describe the difference between a Harvard architecture


machine and a Von Neumann architecture machine.
Where would you place 8086MP and 8051MC

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Conclusion

Instruction set for 8086 is extended to higher processors


Programs written for 8086 should run in higher
processors with minimum modifications

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References

Brey, B.B., 2009. The Intel


Microprocessors, 8086/8088-Core2 with
64bit extensions: Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing. 8th ed.
New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall
International.
Chen, W.-K., 2003. Memory,
Microprocessor and ASIC. CRC Press, LLC.
Crisp, J., 2004. Introduction to
Microprocessors and microcontrollers.
2nd ed. Elsevier.

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