Solutions to problems in

\Gauge Theories in Particle Physics", Third Edition, volume 2:

\QCD and the Electroweak Theory"

Chapter 12
12.1 The elements of the set (which we want to show form a group) are
all 2 2 matrices V which are unitary (i.e. V V = VV = I2) and
y y

have determinant equal to +1. We need to show that conditions (i)-

(iv) listed in section M.1 of Appendix M are satis ed, where the law of
combination is ordinary matrix multiplication.
(i) Let V1 and V2 be any two members of the set. Their product is
V1V2. Clearly (by the rules of matrix multiplication) this is a 2 2
matrix. To see if it is unitary, we form (V1V2)(V1V2) . Using the
y

general matrix result (AB ) = B A this becomes

y y y

(V1V2)(V1V2) = V1V2(V2) (V1)

y y y

= V1I2(V1) = I2
y

using rst the unitarity of V2 and then that of V1. So the product of
any two such matrices is a unitary 2 2 matrix. Similarly, det(V1V2) =
(detV1)(detV2) = 1 using the `det V=1' condition for each matrix. So
the product of any two such matrices is a unitary 2 2 matrix with
determinant +1, and therefore the product also belongs to the same
set, verifying property (i).
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative.
(iii) The identity element is I2.
(iv) The inverse of any element V is V , by the unitarity property.
y

12.2 Vin is given by equation (12.17) which we may write as

!
1 + i  i
Vin = i21 1 + i22 :
11 12

Hence
detVin = (1 + i11)(1 + i22) + 1221
 1 + i(11 + 22)
 to rst order in , so that the condition detVin = 1 reduces to 11 +
22 = 0, which is just Tr = 0.
12.3 The commutation relations can be checked by straightforward matrix
multiplication with the 2 2  matrices.
12.4 We have
1 1 1 1 1 1 
Ti Tj ] = 2 (1)i + 2 (2)i + : : : 2 (A)i 2 (1)j + 2 (2)j + : : : 2 (A)j
1 1  1 1  1 1 
= 2 (1)i 2 (1)j + 2 (2)i 2 (2)j + : : : 2 (A)i 2 (A)j
1 1 1 
= iijk 2 (1)k + 2 (2)k + : : : 2 (A)k
= iijk Tk  (1)
where in the second line we used the fact that the  's associated with
dierent nucleons commute, and in the third line we used equation
(12.28) for each of the independent  's.
12.5 The (j k) element (j =row label, k=column label) of T1(1) is ;i1jk. The
only non-zero entries are for j = 2 k = 3, giving (T1(1))23 = ;i, and for
j = 3 k = 2, giving (T1(1))32 = i. Hence
0 1
0 0 0
T1(1) = B
@ 0 0 ;i CA :
0 i 0
Similarly, 0 1
0 0 i
T2(1) = B
@ 0 0 0 CA 
;i 0 0
and 0 1
0 ;i 0
T3(1) = B
@ i 0 0 CA :
0 0 0
It is then a matter of straightforward matrix multiplication to check
(12.47) for the case i j k = 1 2 3.
12.6 We expand equation (12.61):
0
vi = q (12 ; i   =2)i (12 + i   =2)q
y

 q iq ; iq (   =2)i q + iq i (   =2)q

y y y

= vi ; i 12 q j j iq + i 12 q ij j q
y y

= vi + i 21 j q (ij ; j i)q
y
(2)
as required, where in the second line we have dropped the term quadratic
in the 's, and used 12i = i12 = 12i12 = i, and a summation on
j = 1 2 3 is understood.
12.7 A matrix H is Hermitian if the condition
Hji = Hij 

is satis ed. Putting i = j , we see that the diagonal elements must be

real, while the o-diagonal element Hji(i 6= j ) is equal to the complex
conjugate of the element Hij . So the general 3 3 Hermitian matrix
takes the form 0 1
a d
B@ d b f CA e


e f c
 

where a b c are real (three parameters in all), and d e f are complex

(six parameters in all). The traceless condition is a + b + c = 0, so only
two of a b c are independent, leaving 8 real parameters.
12.8 The in nitesimal form of (12.81) is


wa = wa + ib G(8)
0
b ac wc 
where a sum from 1 to 8 on the repeated indices b and c is understood,
and a runs from 1 to 8. From equation (12.84) we have

(8)
Gb ac = ;ifbac
and so
wa = wa + b fbacwc = wa ; fabcb wc
0
 as in (12.80), where in the last step we used the antisymmetry of the
f 's (see section M.4.5).
The next part is a special case of the general result concerning the
regular or adjoint representation given in section M.5. We begin with
the Jacobi identity for the generators of SU(3) (in any representation):
Ga Gb Gc ]] + Gb Gc  Ga]] + Gc Ga Gb ]] = 0:
Using equation (M.58) for the SU(3) algebra we obtain
Ga ifbcdGd] + Gb ifcadGd ] + Gc  ifabdGd ] = 0:
Using (M.58) again this becomes
(ifbcd ifade + ifcad ifbde + ifabd ifcde )Ge = 0:
Since the G's are independent (no linear combination of them can equal
zero) we can infer that the bracketed quantity multiplying Ge vanishes:
ifbcd ifade + ifcad ifbde + ifabd ifcde = 0:
Using equation (12.84), the rst term can be written as

(8)
(8)
Gb cd Ga de
which is just the (ce) matrix element of the product of matrices G(8)
b Ga
(8)
(note that the repeated index d is summed over, as usual). Using the
antisymmetry of the f 's, the second term becomes


(8)
; G(8)a cd Gb de
which
is the
 (ce) matrix element of ;G(8) (8)
a Gb . The third term is
ifabd G(8)
d ce . Putting it all together we have veri ed the (ce) ma-
trix element of (12.83) (replacing the dummy - summed over - index c
by d).
12.9 Dropping the term of second order in the 's, equation (12.99) is
q^ ; i   =2 q^ = q^ + i  T^ ( 2 ) q^ ; i^q  T^ ( 2 ):
1 1

This becomes
i(;i=2)^q = iT^i( 2 ) q^]
1

from which (12.100) follows, equating the coecients of i on both sides.

12.10 (We will give a `brute force' solution to this problem, and use a slightly
more sophisticated method for the next one, 12.11.)
( 1)
In (12.100), each of T^ and  has three components we shall check
2

(12.100) for one of them:

T^1( 2 ) q^] = ;(1=2)^q :
1

We need to be more explicit, and include both the space-time argu-

ments and the spinor indices of the q^ elds, in order to be able to use
the fermionic commutation relations of the form (7.44). First of all,
from (12.101) and (12.86) we have
Z 0 1 ! u^(x) !
T^1 2 = (^u (x)d^ (x)) 1 02
( 1)
d 3x
^
y y

2 d (x )
Z
= 21 (^u(x)d^(x) + d^(x)^u(x)) d3x
y y

where is a (summed over) Dirac spinor index, running from 1 to 4.

So we need to verify the result
" Z !# 1 ! u^ (y ) !
1 (^u (x)d^ (x) + d^ (x)^u (x)) d3x u^ (y) 0
= ; 1 02 ;
2   
d^ (y) d^ (y)
y y

2 !
= ;; 12 d^ (y) 
1 u^ (y )
2 
where
is an (un-summed) Dirac spinor index. We will check the top
(isospin) component on both sides, i.e.
1 Z  1
u x ^
d ^
 (x) + d (x)^ u (x)) d x u^ (y ) = ; d^ (y ):
(^y
( ) y 3 (A)
2  2
There are four terms in the commutator:
u^(x)d^(x)^u (y)+d^(x)^u(x)^u (y);u^(y)^u(x)d^(x);u^ (y)d^(x)^u(x): (B)
y y y y

u^ elds anticommute with other u^ elds, and with d^ elds the only
non-zero anti-commutator is (c.f. (7.44))
y
fu^(x t) u^(y  t)g = (x ; y) :
 Notice that the elds in this anti-commutator are at equal times t.
On the other hand, the elds in the commutator (A) are apparently
at dierent times x0 1and y0. However, equation (12.102) assures us
that the operators T^ ( 2 ) are in fact independent of time, and so we are
free to choose x0 in (A), and thus in (B) also, equal to y0. With this
understanding, in the second term in (B) the factor u^ (y) can be anti-
commuted rst past u^(x) and then past d^(x), giving +^u (y)d^(x)^u(x),
y y

which cancels with the fourth term of (B). The rst term in (B) can be
written as
u^(x)d^(x)^u (y) = ;u^(x y0)^u (y y0)d^(x y0)
y y

which can be combined with the third term of (B) to give

;(^u(x y0)^u (y y0)+^u (y  y0)^u(x y0))d^(x y0) = ;3(x;y) d^(x y0)
y y y

which is therefore the value of the commutator (B). Inserting this into
the left hand side of (A) gives
Z
; 21 3(x ; y) d^(x y0) d3x = ; 12 d^ (y y0)
which is the same as the right hand side, as was to be shown.
12.11 We introduce the notation q^a for the 8-component eld q^ of (12.86): `a'
runs over the two (isospin) values, a = 1 being the `up' component, and
a = 2 being the `down' component, while ` ' runs over the four Dirac
components in u^ and d^. Thus q^11 means the rst spinor component of
u^, and q^32 means the third spinor component of d^, for example. With
this notation, the only non-vanishing anti-commutator is
fq^a(x t) q^b(y t)g =  ab3(x ; y):
y

We have, then,
Z
T^i( 2 ) = q^a(x)(i=2)abq^b(x) d3x
1
y

and Z
^Tj( 21 ) = q^c(y)(j =2)cd q^d(y) d3y:
y
The commutator on the left hand side of (12.103) is
1 Z d3x Z d3y ( ) ( ) (^q (x)^q (x)^q (y)^q (y);q^ (y)^q (y)^q (x)^q (x)): (C)
y y
i ab j cd a b d d b
y y

4 c c a
Note that quantities such as (i )ab are single numbers (here, the (a b)
element of the matrix i), so they can be freely moved to any convenient
position in the expression. Also, since the T^ ( 21 )'s are time-independent,
we are free to choose x0 = y0, and we shall assume this has been done,
without indicating it explicitly. Consider the two products of four eld
operators in (C). The rst one may be written as
q^a(x)^qb(x)^qc(y)^qd(y) = q^a(x);q^c(y)^qb(x) +  bc3(x ; y)]^qd(y)
y y y y

= ;q^c(y)^qa(x)^qd(y)^qb(x) + q^a(x)^qd(y)bc3(x ; y)

y y y

where in the second line we have performed some anti-commutations

in the rst term. Similarly, the second product of four eld operators
in (C) is
q^c(y)^qa(x)^qd(y)^qb(x) ; q^c(y)^qb(x)ad3(x ; y):
y y

The rst term here cancels with the rst term of the preceding expres-
sion, so that (C) becomes
1 Z Z d3x d3y ( ) ( ) ^q (x)^q (y) ; q^ (y)^q (x) ] 3(x ; y)
i ab j cd a d bc b ad
y y

4 c
where x0 = y0 is understood. Now note that
(i)ab(j )cdbc = (i)ab(j )bd = (ij )ad
while
(i)ab(j )cdad = (j i)cb:
Thus the expression (C) is
1 Z Z d3x d3y ^q (x)(  ) q^ (y) ; q^ (y)(  ) q^ (x)] 3(x ; y):
i j ad d j i cb b
y y

4 a c
In the second term, the indices c and b are both summed over, and
can be replaced by a and d, respectively, as in the rst term. The
expression
y
q^a(x)(ij )adq^d(x)
 is just
q^ (x)(ij )^q(x)
y

with the explicit isospin and (Dirac) spinor indices inserted, and simi-
larly for the j i term, so nally (C) is
ZZ Z
d x d y q^ (x)i=2 j =2]^q(y) (x;y) = iijk d3x q^ (x)(k =2)^q(x)
3 3 y 3 y

using (12.28), which is precisely the right hand side of (12.103), as

required.

Chapter 13
13.1 For the in nitesimal case, (13.34) is
1   W  = i (@ (1 + i g  (x)))(1 ; i g  (x))
0

2 g 2 2
+ (1 + i g  (x)) 1   W (1 ; i g  (x))
2 2 2
and expanding this to rst order in gives
1   W   i ig   @  (x) + 1   W 
0

2 g2 2
+ ( 2 ii(x))( 2 j Wj ) + ( 21 j Wj)( ;2ig ii(x))
i g 1
 
= ; 21   @  (x) + 12   W  + ig 2i 2j ; 2j 2i i(x)Wj
= ; 12   @  (x) + 12   W  + ig iijk 2k i(x)Wj:
The last term may be re-written as ;gkij 2k i(x)Wj, which is the triple
scalar product ;g 12   (x) W . Equating the components of 21  on
both sides then leads to (13.26).
13.2 Multiplying out the left hand side of (13.79) we obtain
(@  + ieA)(@  + ieA ) ; (@  + ieA )(@  + ieA )
= @ @  + ie(@ A ) + ieA @  + ieA@ 
;e2AA ; @ @  ; ie(@  A) ; ieA@  ; ieA @  + e2A A
= ie(@ A ; @  A) = ieF 
as required.
13.3 The left hand side of (13.82) is
(@ + ig  W )(@  ( 21 )+ ig  W  ( 21 ));(@  + ig  W  )(@  ( 21 )+ ig  W  ( 12 )):
2 2 2 2
After expanding this out some terms cancel and we are left with
ig  (@ W  ;@  W ) ( 21 );g2  1   W   1   W   ;  1   W    1   W  ( 21 ):
2 2 2 2 2
The second term is
 i j j i 
;g 2 2 ; 2 2 Wi Wj ( 21 ) = ;g2iijk 2k WiWj ( 21 ) = i2g  (;gW  W  ) ( 12 )
2

from which the result follows.

13.4 Using (13.83) and (13.23) we have
F  = @ W  ; @  W  ; gW  W  ; gW  W 
= @ (;@  (x) ; g (x) W  ) ; @  (;@  (x) ; g (x) W  )
; g(;@  (x) ; g (x) W ) W  ; gW  (;@  (x) ; g (x) W  )
= ;g (x) (@ W  ; @  W ) + g2( (x) W ) W 
+ g2W  ( (x) W  ):
The last two terms are
;g2W  ( (x) W ) = ;g2 (x)(W   W ) ; W  (W   (x))]
and
g2W  ( (x) W  ) = g2 (x)(W   W  ) ; W  (W   (x))]
 so that they can be combined to give
g2W  ( (x)  W  ) ; W  ( (x)  W  )]
which can also be written as
;g (x) (;gW  W  ):
Hence
F  = ;g (x) @ W  ; @  W  ; gW  W  ]
= ;g (x) F 
as required. (Note that the above manipulations are still valid when the
elds are quantized, since no non-commuting components are involved.)
13.5 We have
(F   F  ) = (F  )  F  + F   (F  )
= ;g( (x) F  )  F  + F   (;g (x) F  )
= F   (;gF  (x)) + F   (;g (x) F  )
which vanishes, as required.
13.6 Using (13.87) and (13.88), (13.89) is
(@ +igs=2A )(1+igs(x)=2) = (1+igs (x)=2)(@  +igs=2A)
0

from which we have to extract A  in terms of A. Let us write

0

0
A  = A + A:
Then expanding the previous equation, and neglecting terms of second
order (remembering that A is itself rst order), we have
@  + ig2s (  @ (x)) + ig2s (  (x))@ 
+ ig2s (  A ) + ( i2gs )2(  A )(  (x)) + ig2s (  A)
= @  + ig2s (  A) + ig2s (  (x))@  + ( ig2s )2(  (x))(  A )
 After some cancellations we are left with
( 2a Aa) = ;( 2a @ a(x)) +igs( 2b b(x))( 2c Ac);( 2c Ac)( 2b b (x)] :
The last term here is
igs 2b  2c ]b(x)Ac = igsifbca 2a b(x)Ac = ;gs 2a fabcb (x)Ac
and so we have
( 2a Aa) = ;( 2a @ a(x)) ; gs ( 2a fabcb (x)Ac)
which is satis ed if (13.90) holds. (We have checked (13.90) for the spe-
cial case of the covariant derivative (13.87) acting on an SU(3) triplet,
but (13.90) is in fact the general in nitesimal gauge transformation for
the octet of gauge elds Aa.)
13.7 We need to evaluate
(@  + ig2s   A )(@  + ig2s   A ) ; (@  + i2gs   A )(@  + i2gs   A ):
After cancellations we are left with
D  D ] = igs=2(@ A ;@  A ) +(igs)2( 2 A)( 2 A );( 2 A )( 2 A)] :
The second term is
(igs)2 2b  2c ]AbAc = (igs)2ifabc 2a AbAc :
Hence
D D ] = igs 2a Fa
(c.f. (13.82)) where Fa is as given in (13.95).
13.8 The ingoing X with four-momentum k2 in gure 13.9 is equivalent to an
outgoing X with four-momentum ;k2 we take the polarization vectors
to be real. Then (13.118) is (note that X should be replaced by X )
 

Z
;i(;ie) 2(e+ik2 x) f@  (3 e ik3 x1 e ik1 x) + 3 e ik3 x@ 1 e ik1 xg d4x
  ;  ;  ;  ; 
 The rst term becomes, after a partial integration,
Z
;e 2(;@  e ik2 x)f3 1 e i(k1+k3 ) xg d4 x
;  ; 

Z
;e (21 )(ik2 3 )e i(k1 +k2 +k3 ) x d4x
; 

while the second term is

Z
;e (21 )(;3 ik1 )e ; i(k1 +k2 +k3 ) x d4 x:


The integrations give a factor (2)44(k1 + k2 + k3) expressing four-

momentum conservation, and the remaining part of the amplitude is
ie(1  2)(k1 ; k2)  3
as in (13.120).
13.9 Replacing 1 by k1 in (13.127) means that 6 1d(p1 ) is replaced by 6 k1d(p1).
Now note that 6 k1 = 6 k2 + 6 p2 ;6 p1 by four-momentum conservation, and
that 6 p1d(p1 ) = md(p1 ) so that
6 k1d(p1 ) = (6 k2 + 6 p2 ; m)d(p1 ) = (6 k1 + 6 p1 ; m)d(p1):
Hence after this replacement (13.127) becomes
(;ie)2 2i d(p2)6 2d(p1 )
as in (13.128).
13.10 When 1 is replaced by k1 in (13.129), the expression in the rst square
bracket becomes, with  = 1,
k1  2(k1 + k2 ) + 2k1  (;2k2 + k1) + k12  (k2 ; 2k1)]
= k1  2(k1 + k2) ; 22k1  k2 ; 2k1 2  k1]
= k1  2(k2 ; k1) ; 22k1  k2]
using k12 = 0 and 2  k2 = 0. (13.129) then becomes
;ie2 k   d(p )(; 1 )(6 k ; 6 k )d(p ) ; 2k  k d(p )(; 1 )6  d(p )]:
q2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2
2 2 1
 In the rst term here, note that
d(p2)(6 k2 ; 6 k1)d(p1) = d(p2)(6 p1 ; 6 p2)d(p1) = 0
using the Dirac equation for d(p1 ) and d(p2). In the second term, note
that q2 = ;2k1  k2, so that the whole expression reduces to
ie2 d(p )6  d(p )
2 2 2 1
which cancels (13.128).
13.11 P is a symmetric second-rank tensor. We write the most general
expression for such a tensor, depending on the available quantities:
P = Ag + Bkk + C (k t + k t) + Dt t 
and determine the coecients by imposing the conditions
kP = 0 and tP = 0
which follow from (13.157) (second equation) and (13.158). We also
note that X 
g P =  (k ) (k ) = ;2
=12
using the rst equation in (13.157). We therefore have
0 = kP = A + C (k  t)]k + D(k  t)t
using k2 = 0. Since t and k are independent we can infer that the
coecients of each must vanish:
D = 0 (i)
and
A + C (k  t) = 0: (ii)
Similarly,
0 = tP = B (k  t) + Ct2]k
 using (i) and (ii), and hence
B (k  t) + Ct2 = 0:
Finally,
;2 = g P = 4A + 2C (k  t):
Solving for A B C and D gives
A = ;1 B = ;t2=(k  t)2 C = 1=(k  t) D = 0
as in (13.159).

Chapter 14
14.1 (a) Let's write the transformation (14.14) as
 = W
0

where and  run over the three colour indices (which we will call just
1, 2 and 3) and where as usual the repeated index  is summed over.
We have a similar equation for each of   and
in (14.2), and so
the result of applying an SU(3) transformation to (14.2) is

 
= 
W W W
   :
0 0 0

Consider the product 

W W W
 for xed   and  . It is summed
over all values of 
and  , but there are only 6 non-zero values of

, namely 123 = +1 = 231 = 312 213 = ;1 = 132 = 321. Hence

W W W
 = W1 W2 W3 ; W1 W3 W2
+W2 W3 W1 ; W2 W1 W3 + W3 W1 W2 ; W3 W2 W1 :
Now the right hand side of this equation can be written as the deter-
minant  
 W1 W1 W1 
 W2 W2 W2  :
 W3 W3 W3 
 In this form it is clear that 
W W W
 has the following proper-
ties: (a) it is non-vanishing only if   and  are all dierent (b) it is
antisymmetric in   and   (c) when  = 1  = 2 and  = 3 it has the
value detW . It follows that it is equal to   detW . But by de nition
det W = 1, and hence

 
=    
0 0 0

which (remembering that summed-over indices can be re-labelled as we

please) con rms that the antisymmetric combination (14.2) is invariant
under an SU(3) transformation.
(b) We shall calculate Q1 = p2 q3 ; p3q2 where (using the explicit forms
0 0 0 0 0

for the  matrices)

p2 = p2 + 2i (1 + i2)p1 + 2i (;3 + p1 8)p2
0

3
and
;2  p 
p3 = p3 + 2i p
3 83
0

and similarly for q2 and q3. Inserting these expressions into p2q3 ; p3 q2
0 0 0 0 0 0

we nd
p2q3;p3q2 = p2 q3;p3q2; 2i (1+i2)(p3q1;p1q3); 2i (3+ p1 8)(p2 q3;p3q2):
0 0 0 0

3
Setting Q1 = (p2 q3 ; p3q2) and Q2 = (p3q1 ; p1 q3) we recognize this as
the rst component of the transformation law
Q = (1 ; i   =2)Q
0 

as required.
14.2 As usual, the repeated indices    and  are all summed over, each
taking the values 0, 1, 2, 3. The  symbol is only non-zero if all its
indices are dierent, when (see below) it has the value +1 or -1. The
rst index () may be chosen arbitrarily i.e. in 4 ways, then the next in
3 ways, the next in 2, leaving the fourth xed, which gives 24 dierent
non-zero  symbols. Consider the 6 in which `0' is the rst index these
contribute
0123F^ 01F^ 23 + 0132F^ 01F^ 32 + 0213F^ 02F^ 13
0231F^ 02F^ 31 + 0312F^ 03F^ 12 + 0321F^ 03F^ 21:
0123 is de ned to be +1, and in general   is equal to +1 for all
choices of indices which can be reached from `0123' by an even number
of pairwise interchanges it has the value -1 for those choices which are
reached from `0123' by an odd number of interchanges. Thus 0231 =
+1 0321 = ;1, etc. We also have, for example,

F^ 01 = @ 0A^1 ; @ 1A^0 = @@t A^1 + @ A^0 = ;E^ 1

@x1
using (3.10), and
F^ 23 = ;B^ 1
so that
0123F^ 01F^ 23 = E^ 1B^ 1:
On the other hand, since both the  symbol and F^  are antisymmetric
under interchange of any pair of indices, it follows easily that
0132F^ 01F^ 32 = 0123F^ 01F^ 23 = E^ 1B^ 1
also, so that these two terms give 2E^ 1 B^ 1. Evaluating the other four
terms in which  = 0 (or arguing from symmetry) we nd that these
six terms contribute 2E^  B^ .
Now consider the six terms in which  = 1, for example the term
1023F^ 10F^ 23:
Using the antisymmetry properties this is equal to
;0123(;F^ 01)F^ 23 = E^ 1B^ 1
and it is clear that this set of six terms also gives 2E^  B^ . Similarly,
the contributions from the terms in which the rst index is `2' and `3'
are also all equal to this quantity, giving 8E^  B^ altogether.
14.3 The amplitude for the exchange of a massless scalar particle between
two fermions is
u(p2)u(p2) (p ;1 p )2 u(p1)u(p1):
0 0

1 1
0

The unpolarized cross section will involve the usual sums and averages
over the fermion spins, which will lead to the familiar trace expression
Tru(p1)u(p1)u(p1)u(p1)] = Tr6 p16 p1] = 4p1  p1
0 0 0 0

in the massless limit. Similarly the spin sums for the other fermion yield
a factor 4p2 p2. On the other hand, t^ = (p1 ;p1)2 = ;2p1 p1 = ;2p2 p2,
0 0 0 0

also in the massless limit. Hence the numerator factors from the spin
sums cancel the 1=t^2 factor from the exchange propagator.
14.4 (i) The equality we have to show is in fact the (s l) matrix element of
the matrix product
(r) (r) + (b) (b) + (g) (g) ()
y y y

on the left hand side, and of the unit 3 3 matrix on the right hand
side. Evaluating () using the given colour wavefunctions we nd
0 1 0 1 0 1
X 1 0 0
y B C B
(c2) (c2) = @ 0 A (100) + @ 1 A (010) + @ 0 C
C B A (001)
c2 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= B @ 0 0 0 CA + B@ 0 1 0 CA + B@ 0 0 0 CA
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
= I
as required.
(ii) In (14.72), since the matrix indices have all been indicated explicitly,
quantities such as ad(c3) and m(c1) for example are just numbers and


can be freely moved about in the expression (compare the remarks

following (8.62)). Thus (14.72) can be re-written as
1 X a (c )a (c )] X  (c ) (c )] X  (c ) (c )]( ) ( )
y

4 c3 d 3 c 3 c2 s 2 l 2 c1 m 1 r 1 c rs d lm
 y
 = 14 cdslrm(c )rs(d)lm
= 14 (c )rl(c)lr
= 14 Tr(c c )
(summed over c), as required.
(iii) It is straightforward to check that all the  matrices c (c =
1 2 : : : 8) satisfy
Tr(c )2 = 2 no sum on c:
Summing the eight (equal) contributions then gives 16 as required.
14.5 First note that the eect of the discussion after (13.127) is to assure us
that for gluons, just as for photons (see the discussion in section 8.6.3
following equation (8.166)), polarization sums can be performed using
X
 (p ) (p ) = ;g : ()



The quantity we have to evaluate is then
1 X jMj2 = e2ae4gs2 1 X v(k ) u(k )u(p ) (6 p1 + 6 p3)  v(p )
1
4 spins  Q4 4 spins  2 1
2p1  p3  2
;u(p1) (6 2pp2 + p6 p3)  v(p2)] () ()


2 3
;v(p2) (6 2pp2 + 6pp3)  u(p1)
2 3
+v(p2 ) 2p1  p6 p3)  u(p1)]u(k1)  v(k2)
( 6 p +
1 3
after doing the usual tricks with the dagger operation and  0 as in sec-
tion 8.2.3. The quantity u(k1)  v(k2) is a number (not a matrix) and
can be moved through the other factors and placed next to v(k2) u(k1).
The expression
X 1 v(k ) u(k )u(k )  v(k )
2 1 1 2
spins of e and e
+ ; 2
then yields, in the massless limit,
1 Tr6 k   6 k   ]
2 2  1  
= 2k1 k2 + k1 k2 ; k1  k2 g ]
which we call L (k1 k2) in (14.56). Apart from the overall factor
e2ae4gs2=Q4, the remaining part of the expression comes from multiplying
out the two .....] brackets, which involve the quark wavefunctions and
will produce the hadron tensor H , and making use also of (). There
are four terms arising from the product of the square brackets. If, for
the moment, we write the square brackets in shorthand notation as
(13)-(23)]-(23)+(13)], we see that the four terms split into two of the
form (13)(13) and (23)(23), and two of the form -(13)(23) and -(23)(13).
Consider then the `(13)(13)' term, which is
X 1 (6 p1 + 6 p3)  v(p )v(p ) (6 p1 + 6 p3)  u(p )](;g  )
u
 ( p 1 )
2p1  p3  2 2  2p1  p3  1
quark spins 2
= ; 21 Tr 6 p1 (6 2pp1 + p6 p3)  6 p2 (6 2pp1 + p6 p3) ]:
1 3 1 3
We use (J.3) from Appendix J of volume 1, and the cyclic property of
the Trace, to reduce this to
1 Tr(6 p + 6 p )6 p (6 p + 6 p ) 6 p  ]:
4(p  p )2 1 3 1 1 3  2 
1 3
Since (6 p1 = (6 p3
)2 )2 = 0 in the massless limit, this becomes
1 Tr6 p 6 p 6 p  6 p  ]:
4(p1  p3)2 3 1 3  2 
Using J.6 and (6 p3)2 = 0 this reduces to
1 1 Tr6 p  6 p  ] = 1 L (p  p ):
(p1  p3 ) 2 3  2  (p1  p3)  2 3
The `(23)(23)' term is similar, and is
X 1 (6 p2 + 6 p3)  v(p )v(p ) (6 p2 + 6 p3)  u(p )](;g  )
u
 ( p 1 )
2p2  p3 2 2  2p2  p3  1
quark spins 2
= ; 21 Tr6 p1 (6 2pp2 + 6pp3)  6 p2 (6 2pp2 + p6 p3)  ]
2 3 2 3
which reduces, following steps similar to those carried out for the rst
term, to
1 L (p  p ):
(p  p )  1 3
2 3
We turn now to the `-(13)(23)' term which is
X
; 21 u(p1) (6 2pp1 + 6pp3)  v(p2)v(p2) (6 p22p + 6pp3)  u(p1)](;g  )
quark spins 1 3 2 3

= 1 Tr6 p1 (6 p1 + 6 p3)  6 p2 (6 p2 + 6 p3)  ]:

2 2p  p
1 3 2p  p
2 3
We use (J.5) to get rid of two  -matrices via
 (6 p1 + 6 p3) 6 p2 = ;26 p2 (6 p1 + 6 p3)
but this still leaves a Trace involving 6  -matrices. For this we need
a result which is not given in Appendix J of volume 1, but is a gen-
eralization of the theorem given there for a Trace involving four  -
matrices, namely (J. 31). The right hand side of (J.31) can be un-
derstood in a way that leads to the required generalization. Let's
write the left hand side as Tr(6 a16 a26 a36 a4). Then the right hand side
is 4(a1  a2)(a3  a4) ; (a1  a3)(a2  a4) + (a1  a4)(a2  a3)]. Consider the
way the four indices 1, 2, 3 and 4 appear here: in the rst term they
are `1234', in the second `1324' and in the third `1423'. The second is
an odd permutation of `1234', while the third is an even permutation
(two pairwise interchanges are required to return it to `1234'.) The
generalization to the Trace of the product of six such `slash' factors is
Tr(6 a16 a26 a36 a46 a56 a6) = 4(12)(34)(56) ; (12)(35)(46) + (12)(36)(45)
;(13)(24)(56) ; (13)(26)(45) + (13)(25)(46)
: : : + (16)(23)(45) ; (16)(24)(35) + (16)(25)(34)]
where `(12)(34)(56)', for example, means (a1  a2)(a3  a4)(a5  a6). The
signs here are `+' if the ordering of the indices is an even permutation
of 123456 (for example (14)(26)(35)) and `-' if it is an odd permutation
(such as (14)(25)(36)). Applying this result to our expression for the
`-(13)(23)' term (omitting the factor 1=(p1  p3)(p2  p3)]) gives
; 41 Tr6 p16 p2(6 p1 + 6 p3)(6 p2 + 6 p3) ] =
;p1p2(p1 +p3)(p2+p3) ;p1p2(p2+p3)(p1 +p3) +p1p2(p1 +p3)(p2+p3)g
;p1p2(p1+p3)(p2 +p3) ;p1p2 (p1+p3)(p2+p3 )+p1p2(p2+p3)(p1+p3)
+p1(p1+p3)p2 (p2+p3) ;p1(p1+p3 )p2(p2+p3)g +p1(p1+p3)p2 (p2+p3)
;p1(p2+p3)p2(p1 +p3) +p1(p1+p3 )p2(p1+p3)g ;p1(p2+p3)p2 (p1+p3)
+p1 p2(p1+p3)(p2+p3);p1 p2(p1+p3)(p2+p3) +p1 p2 (p2+p3)(p1+p3)]:
It is straightforward to verify (and expected from symmetry) that the
fourth term involves the same expression but with p1 and p2 inter-
changed. Adding all these terms together, and simplifying the algebra
we nd, for the contribution of the `third' and `fourth' terms to H ,
the result
;2
 f(p1  p2 ) + (p1  p2 )(p1  p3 ) + (p1  p2 )(p2  p3 )g
2 g 2
(p1  p3)(p2  p3)
+2p1p1 (p2  p3) + 2p2 p2 (p1  p3)
;f(p2  p3 ) + (p1  p3)g(p1p2 + p1 p2)
;(p1  p2)f(p2p3 + p2 p3) + (p1p3 + p1 p3) + 2(p1 p2 + p1 p2)g]
which after some further algebra can be written in terms of the L
tensors as
(p1  p2) 2L (p  p ) + L (p  p ) + L (p  p )]
(p1  p3)(p2  p3 )  1 2  2 3  1 3

+ (p 1 p ) ;L (p2 p2) + L (p1 p2)]

2 3

+ (p 1 p ) ;L (p1 p1) + L (p1 p2)]:

1 3
When the contributions from the ` rst' and `second' terms are included,
we arrive at (14.57). Note that the factor `8' in (14.55) should be
omitted, and that in the rst term on the right hand side of (14.57) the
factor ` p11p2 ' should be ` p11p3 '.]
 
14.6 In the CMS of particles 2 and 3 let us write p1 p2 and p3 as
p1 = (q q) where q = jqj
p2 = (p ;p) where p = jpj
p3 = (p p)
where as usual all particles are massless. Then we have
s23 = (p2 + p3)2 = 4p2 = Q2(1 ; x1)
s31 = (p3 + p1)2 = 2qp(1 ; cos ~) = Q2(1 ; x2)
and
s12 = (p1 + p2 )2 = 2pq(1 + cos ~) = Q2(1 ; x3):
It follows that
s31 + s12 = 4qp = Q2 ; s23
using (14.60). Hence
Q2(x2 ; x3) = (Q2 ; s23) cos ~
which implies
x2 ; x3 = x1 cos ~:
Combining this with x3 = 2 ; x1 ; x2 leads to (14.67).
14.7 Note that `expression (14.63)' in the question should read `expression
(14.62)'.] We have
s13 + s23 + 2Q2s12
s23 s13 s23s13
= (1 ; x2) + (1 ; x1) + 2(1 ; x3)
(1 ; x1) (1 ; x2) (1 ; x1)(1 ; x2)
= (1 ; x1) + (1 ; x2) + 21 ; (2 ; x1 ; x2)]
2 2
(1 ; x1)(1 ; x2)
= (1 ;xx1 + x2
2 2
)(1 ; x )
1 2
as required.
 Chapter 15
15.1 We have
Z1 Z 4
dx x(1 ; x) (2d k)4 (k 2 ; 1 + i)2 :
0

2] 2 2

(q ) = 8e i 0
0

We note that this is very similar to the quantity 2]

C (q ) calculated in
2
section 10.3.1: the x-integral contains an additional function x(1 ; x)
 is replaced by 
 and there is an overall factor (8e2=g2 ). Equation
(15.11) then follows directly from equation (10.51), noting the misprint
in the latter.
15.2 Equation (15.27) is
de = d
e3 122

which integrates to
; 21e2 = 1212 ln  + c

where the constant c is determined from the condition that e = eM
when  = M . This leads to (15.28).
15.3 We have
s (2 )
s(jq j) = 1 + (2)b ln(jq2j=2)
2
s
= b( 1 ; ln12 + ln(jq2j))
bs(2 )
 b(; ln 1
2 + ln(jq 2j))
QCD
from which (15.54) follows.
15.4 We give two ways of approaching this. First, consider equation (15.42).
Near the zero of
( s) at s = s shown in gure 15.7(b), we can write


( s)  A( s(jq2j) ; s ) 
 where A > 0. Thus near s equation (15.42) becomes


@ s(jq2j)  A( (jq2j) ; ): (1)

s
@ ln(jq2j)

s

The denominator of the left hand side of (1) is negative, as q2 ! 0.

Consider a value of q2 such that s(jq2j) > s  the right hand side of


(1) is then positive, so that the change in s(jq2j) as q2 moves towards

zero will be negative, tending to pull s(jq2j) towards s . On the other 

hand, if we start from a value of q2 such that s(jq2j) < s , the right 

hand side of (1) will be negative, and so s(jq2j) will increase as q2 goes
to zero, and will get pulled towards s . In either case, s(jq2j) ends up


at s as q2 ! 0.


A second approach is to look at an explicit function

with the be-
haviour shown in gure 15.7(b), for example

( s) = B s( s ; s ): 

where B > 0. Note that then, for small s

 ;B s s, which is 

negative, while for s  s 

 B s ( s ; s ), which has a positive
  

slope. For de niteness we choose  > s  a similar analysis can be



done for  < s . Integrating equation (15.40) we obtain



!
s (jq 2j) ; s 
B s ln(jq j= ) = ln (jq2j) ; :

 2 2
s  s


It follows that as ! 0, we must have

q2 s(jq2j) !
s.


15.5 The gauge non-invariant part of (11.18) involves the integral

Z d4k " 2k k g 
#
(2)4 (k 2 ; 
+ i)2 ; (k 2 ; 
+ i) :
0 0 0

0 0

The rst term is evaluated by using equation (N.19) with d = 4 ; ,

giving " #
i( ; 1)
1 ;(;1 + =2)
2g (4)2 2 ;(2) :
The second term is evaluated using (N.9) and (N.12) giving
" #
i(;1) ;( ;1
;g (4)2 ;(1) 
:+ =2)

Since ;(1) = ;(2) = 1, these two contributions cancel.

15.6 We develop the right hand side of (15.76) using (15.78) and
x  1 +  ln x + : : ::
!
1 ;(=2) 1 =2 = 1 (4)=2;(=2)( ) =2

(4)(2 =2) ;(2) 

;
(4)2
 
= 1 2 (1 + =2 ln(4) + : : :) 2 ;  + : : : (1 ; =2 ln(
) + : : :)
(4)   
= (41 )2 2 ;  + : : : (1 + =2 ln(4) ; =2 ln(
) + : : :)
1 2 
= (4)2  + ln(4) ; ln(
) ;  + : : :
as required.
15.7 The dimensions of the elds can be determined from the usual require-
ment that the Action (in d dimensions) is dimensionless. This is easily
done from the kinetic terms. Consider a bosonic eld , for example,
with a kinetic term Z
ddx @@ :
Let d be the mass dimension of  then that of @@  is 2d + 2,
while that of the integration measure is ;d. It follows that we must
have
d = (d ;2 2) :
Similarly, for a fermionic eld with kinetic term i6 @ , we nd
d = (d ;2 1) :
Now consider the QED interaction
Z
e A6 ddx:
If the mass dimension of e is de , for this to be dimensionless requires
de + 2(d ; 1)=2 + d=2 ; 1 ; d = 0
and hence
de = (4 ; d)=2 = =2:
15.8 We can illustrate the eect of changing the renormalization scheme
from MS to MS by considering the QED case. We rst evaluate 2]
(q )
2
using dimensional regularization. From (15.74), (15.75), and (15.79) we
obtain 2 

(q ) = ;bQED  ;  + ln 4 ; ln 

2] 2

where (cf (15.37)) bQED = 1=3. We want to consider the eect of

carrying out dierent subtractions on 2]
(q ). Referring to (11.29),
2
(11.30) and (11.31), we see that the subtraction eected in (11.32) -
which is the same as (15.13) - is directly related to the choice of Z32].
Thus if we de ne
Z32](MS) = 1 ; bQED 2=

(q ) just the singular part, pro-
then we shall be subtracting from 2] 2
portional to 2=. On the other hand, if we de ne
Z32](MS) = 1 ; bQED (2= ;  + ln 4)
then we shall also be subtracting the extra constant term b ( ; ln 4)

(q ). In the MS scheme, then, we relate bare and renormalized
from 2] 2
's by   2 
(MS) = 1 ; bQED  0
while in the MS scheme we have
  
(MS) = 1 ; bQED 2 ;  + ln 4 0:
It follows that
(MS) = 1 + bQED ( ; ln 4)] (MS)
where in fact the ` ' inside the bracket may consistently be replaced by
(MS) to this order. Consider now QCD: the essential dierence is that
the
function is now negative for small values of its argument (compare
(15.37) and (15.49)), which eectively means that the `b' parameter for
QCD has the opposite sign from that in QED (compare for example
(15.45) with (15.51)). Hence we have
s(MS) = 1 + b s(MS)(ln 4 ;  )] s(MS)
 where b is given by (15.50) and is the same b as in (15.81) and (15.82).
Hence, referring to (15.80), we have
c1 = b ln(4 ;  )
and (15.83) (correcting `4=' to `4') follows from (15.82).
15.9 The parton-level process for (15.91) is (virtual) photon + quark !
gluon + quark, whereas in the calculation of problem 14.4 it is (virtual)
photon ! gluon + quark + antiquark. In forming the cross section,
we average over initial state colours, and sum over nal state colours.
Hence for we need a factor of 1/3 in forming the average over the colours
for the initial state quark, as compared with the simple sum over the
clours of the nal state antiquark.
15.10 Using (15.109) and (15.116), we need to evaluate
16 Z1 z n 1 ; 1!
qqn = ; 3 0 dz z ; 1 (1 + z2)
;

16 Z1
= ; 3 dz (zn 2 + zn 3 + : : : 1) + (zn + zn 1 + : : :z2]
; ; ;

"0 n+1 n 3 ! z2 #1
16 z z z n 1 z n 2
= ; 3 n + 1 + n + 2 n ; 1 + n ; 2 + ::: 3 + 2 + z
;
z ;

 1 1  1 0
16 1 1
= ; 3 n + 1 ; n + 2 n + n ; 1 + ::: 3 + 2 + 2 1 1

which reduces to (15.117).

Chapter 16
16.1 Let's write
1 NX1 1;
2in1 (1 2 )=N1 = N1
NX
1 1;

ein1
N1 n1 =0 e
;

1 n1 =0
where
 = 2(1 ; 2)=N1 :
 The summation is a simple GP, whose sum is
1 ; eiN1 : (S)
1 ; ei
Now
N1 = 2(1 ; 2):
Consider the case 1 6= 2: then 1 ; 2 is an integer, so that the
numerator of (S) vanishes, and moreover the maximum value of 1 ; 2
is N1 ; 1, so that the denominator does not vanish. Hence (S) is zero
for 1 6= 2. On the other hand, when 1 = 2, we have  = 0, and all
the N1 terms in the summation are equal to 1, and (bearing in mind
the normalizing factor 1=N1 ) the result is 1, thus verifying (16.9).
16.2 We have
1 Z dx m22(x)
2
X X 1 2i1n1=N1 ~ 2i2n1 =N1 ~
= 12 m2a e (1)e (2)
n1 1 2 N1 a
X " X #
1
= 2 m2 1 e2n1(1 +2 )=N1 ~(1)~(2)
1 2 N 1 n1
1 X
= 2 m2 1  2 ~(1)~(2) using (16.9)
;
1 2
1 X
= 2 m2 ~(1)~(;1)
1
as in (16.10). In (16.13) the argument `1' has been replaced by the
equivalent variable k1 = 21=L.
16.3 The mass term in (16.17) is essentially the same as in the bosonic case,
equation (16.10), except that the complex conjugation in  will mean
that the factor `exp2i1n1=N1]' will be replaced by `exp;2i1n1=N1 ]',
and hence the  function is 1 2 rather than 1 2 , so that ~ and ~
are both evaluated at k1 (note that ~(;k1 ) in (16.19) should be re-
;

placed by ~(k1 )).

 Now consider the derivative term in (16.17), noting rst that the overall
factor ` 12 ' should be replaced by ` a2 '. This term is
"
a X 1 X 1 e 2i1 n1=N1 ~( ) Ee2i2(n1+1)=N1 ~( )
1 1 2
;

2 n1 a 1 2 N1a

; N1 a e 2i1 (n1+1)=N1 ~(1)1Ee2i2n2 =N1 ~(2)
;

X 1 "X 2i(2 1 )n1=N1 # n 2i2=N1 ~

1
1 
E ~( ) ; e 2i1 =N1
~ E ~( )
o
=2 e ;
e ( )
1 1 2
;
( )
1 1 2
1 2 N1a n1
X 1 n 2i =N  ~(1) E ~(2)o
= 21 1 2 e 2 1 ~(1)1 ~(2 ) ; e
E ;2i1 =N1
1
1 2 N1a
X
2i1=N1 
= 21a e ; e 2i1 =N1 ~(1)1E ~(1)
;

1
i
= a sin(k1 a) ~(k1 )1E ~(k1 )
as in (16.19) (with the same correction to ` ~(k1 )'), noting that k1 a =
21a=(N1a) = 21=N1 .
16.4 (16.25) gives
 Zx 
O(x y) =  (x)exp ie y A(x ) dx (y):
y 0 0

Placing this in (16.27) we obtain

" #
lim O ( x x + d x ) ; O (x x )
dx 0
! dx Z
x
= dlim
x 0
!
 (x )exp
y
f ie
x+dx
A(x ) dx g(x + dx) ;  (x)(x)]=dx
0 0 y

= dlim  (x )exp
y
f; i eA ( x )d xg ( ( x ) + d dx) ;  ]=dx
y

x 0
! dx
= dlim y
d 
 (x)(1 ; ieA(x)dx)( + dx dx) ;  ]=dx y

x 0
!

= ;ie (x)A(x)(x) +  (x) ddx 

y y

as in (16.28).
16.5 We evaluate (16.59) as follows. We have
Z  
I 1 = exp ; 2m (q2 ; q1)2 + (q1 ; qi)2] dq1:
The exponent is
; 2m (q2)2 ; 2q2q1 + (q1)2 + (q1)2 ; 2q1qi + (qi)2]
= ; m (q1)2 ; q1(q2 + qi) + (q2)2=2 + (qi)2=2]
= ; m fq1 ; (q2 + qi)=2g2 + (q2)2=2 + (qi)2=2 ; (q2 + qi)2=4]
= ; m (q1 )2 + (q2 ; qi)2=4]
0

where q1 = q1 ; (q2 + qi)=2. Hence, making the change of variable

0

q1 ! q1 in the integral, I 1 becomes

0

 Z
I 1 = exp ;4m  ( q 2 ; q i )2 exp;m(q1 )2=] dq1
0 0

  12  ;m 
=  m exp 4 ( q 2 ; q i)2

using (16.54), and we have veri ed (16.60).

The evaluation of I 2 (see (16.61)) is similar. We have
Z  m m 
I = exp ; 4 (q ; q ) ; 2 (q ; q ) dq2:
2 2 i 2 3 2 2

The exponent is
; 4m (q2)2 ; 2q2qi + (qi)2] ; m2 (q ) ; 2q q + (q ) ]
32 3 2 2 2

= ; 34m (q2)2 + m q2(q3 + qi=2) ; 4m (qi)2 ; 2m (q3)2

 
= ; 34m (q2)2 ; 43 q2(q3 ; qi=2) + 13 (qi)2 + 23 (q3)2
 
= ; 34m q2 ; 23 (q3 + qi=2)]2 + 31 (qi)2 + 23 (q3)2 ; 94 (q3 + qi=2)2
3 m  2 2 
= ; 4 q ; 3 (q + q =2)] + 9 (q ; q ) :
2 3 i 2 3 i 2

We change the variable of integration to q2 = q2 ; 23 (q3 + qi=2) and use

0

(16.54) to give (16.62).

16.6 The partition function is (cf (16.91))
X "NX1 ;
#
ZN = exp Kn snsn+1 
fsn g n=1

where Kn = Jn =kB T . We need to evaluate the exponential for each

con guration fsng of the spin variables, and then add up the results
for all the con gurations. One con guration is of course f+ + + +
+::::+g, where this means that every sn has the value +1. Another is
f; + + + + + :::::+g, in which s1 = ;1 and all the others equal +1.
Since each spin can take one of two values (+1 or -1), and there are N
spins, there are clearly 2N con gurations altogether.
Consider the evaluation of the exponential, which has exponent
K1s1s2 + K2s2s3 + K3s3s4 + : : :KN 1sN 1sN :
; ;

In the con guration f+ + + + + + :::::+g, this is clearly

K1 + K2 + K3 + : : :KN 1
;

while in the con guration f; + + + + + :::::+g it is

;K1 + K2 + K3 + : : : KN 1:
;

But the rst of these is also the value of the exponent in the con g-
uration f; ; ; ; ;::::;g in which all the spins have the value -1,
since all the products sj sj+1 will then be equal to +1. Similarly, the
con guration f+ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : : : ;g will lead to the same value of
the exponent in the second case, because here also s1s2 = ;1, and all
other products =+1. In short, each product of spin variables sj sj+1
takes the value +1 twice, once when both sj and sj+1 equal +1, and
once when they both equal -1 similarly, each product takes the value
-1 twice, when one variable is +1 and the other is -1, and vice versa.
Thus the possible values of the exponent are K1 + K2 + K3 + : : :KN 1,
;K1 + K2 + K3 + : : : KN 1, K1 ; K2 + K3 + : : : KN 1, ;K1 ; K2 +
;

K3 + : : :KN 1, : : :, ;K1 ; K2 ; K3 ; : : : ; KN 1. There are 2N 1 such

; ;
;
; ;

values, each appearing twice (corresponding to the 2N con gurations).

Thus the result of doing the sum over the spin con gurations is
h
ZN = 2 eK1+K2 +K3+:::+KN ;1 KN
+e K1 +K2+K3 +:::+KN ;1 KN
;

+eK1 K2 +K3+:::+KN ;1KN

;

+e K1 K2+K3 +:::+KN ;1 KN
; ;

i
+ : : : + e K1 K2 K3 ::: KN ;1KN 
; ; ; ; ;

that is, ZN is a sum of exponentials, each of which contains one of

the 2N 1 possible sign sequences (+ + + + + + : : : +) (; + + + + +
;

: : : +) : : : (; ; ; ; ; ; ; : : : ;): A little thought (and perhaps the

consideration of the case N = 4) shows that the sum of exponentials is
in fact the product of N ; 1 factors, as follows:





ZN = 2 eK1 + e K1 eK2 + e K2 eK3 + e K3 : : : eKN ;1 + e KN ;1 
; ; ; ;

from which the result follows.

For the case in which all the Jn's are equal to J , we have
ZN = 2 (2 cosh K )N 1 ;

where K = J=kB T . The free energy F is de ned in terms of the

partition function Z by
F = ;kBT ln Z
and the entropy S is de ned in terms of the free energy F by
S = ; @F
@T = k B ln Z +
kB T @Z :
Z @T
Evaluating this in the present case with Z = ZN we nd
S = kB ln 2 + kB (N ; 1) ln(2 cosh K ) ; kB K (N ; 1) tanh K:
In the limit T ! 1, we have K ! 0 cosh K ! 1 and tanh K ! 0
hence in this case S ! NkB ln 2. For T ! 0, we have K ! 1,
2 cosh K ! eK , and tanh K ! 1. So in this limit S ! kB ln 2.
The condition 1
p
N means that the site `p' is surrounded on
both sides by many spins, and we don't have to worry about `edge
eects' at the beginning or end of the line of spins. The average value
hspsp+1i is de ned by (compare (16.74) and (16.88))
X "NX1 #
hspsp+1i = Z1 spsp+1exp Kn snsn+1 :
;

N sn f g n=1
On the other hand, we have
@ZN @ X "NX1 # ;

@Kp = @K exp Kn sn sn+1

p sn n=1
"NX1 #
f g

X ;

= spsp+1exp Kn sn sn+1
f sn g n=1
from which the stated result for hsp sp+1i follows.
In the same way, when we dierentiate the exponent in ZN with re-
spect to Kp Kp+1 : : : Kp+j 1 (note that `Kp+j ' should be replaced by
;

`Kp+j 1 '), we bring down the product of factors

;

(spsp+1) (sp+1 sp+2) (sp+2 sp+3) : : : (sp+j 2 sp+j 1) (sp+j 1 sp+j ):

; ; ;

In this product the repeated pairs s2p+1 s2p+2 : : :s2p+j 1 may all be re-
placed by +1, leaving spsp+j as required.
;

From the earlier part of the question, we have

NY1 ;

ZN = 2 (cosh Kn )
n=1
and so
@ZN = Z tanh K 
N p
@Kp
(since the dierentiation replaces cosh Kp by sinh Kp ), and generally
the j derivatives will give
ZN tanh Kp tanh Kp+1 tanh Kp+2 : : : tanh Kp+j :
Hence when all the J 's are equal, we have
hspsp+j i = (tanh K )j
 which can be written as
e ja=
;

where a
 = ; lntanh K )] :
When T ! 1, we have K ! 0 and tanh K ! K , so that  ! lnaK
which tends to zero logarithmically. When T ! 0, we have K ! 1
j j

and tanh K ! 1 ; 2e 2K so that  ! (a=2)e2K , as in (16.108).

;

Chapter 17
17.1 We take the cube of volume # to have sides of length L, so that
# = L3. Periodic boundary conditions in each of the three spa-
tial directions imply that the components of k take discrete values
kx = 2nx=L ky = 2ny =L kz = 2nz =L (cf equation (E.11) in volume
1, and the paragraph following equation (16.6)), so that we may write
k = 2n=L. The three-dimensional generalization of equation (E.12)
is then
1 Z e ik xeik0 xd3x = 1 Z e i2n=L xei2n0=L xd3x =  0 
# 
;  

# 
;  
nn
where k = 2n =L we could, however, just as well (and somewhat
0 0

more conveniently) write the right hand side as kk0 .

Consider the rst term of (17.29), which comes from the rst term in
(17.25). Inserting (17.28) into the latter, we have
1 Z d3xr^  r^ y

2m Z
X X
= 21m d3x 11 ^ak e ik x(;ik)  11 a^k0 (ik ) eik x:
y ;  0
0 

#2 k # 2 k0
The integral over x of the product of the two plane waves gives #kk0 ,
by the result of the preceding paragraph the delta function then allows
 the sum over k to be performed, leading to the result
0

1 X k2a^ ^a 
2m k k k
y

which is the same as the rst term in (17.29).

Putting (17.28) into the second term of (17.25) gives
1 Z Z d3x d3y v(jx ; yj) X ^a ^a ^a 0 ^a 0
k k
k k k0 k0 k1 k2 2 1
y y

2#2
1 2 1 2

e; ik xe ik y k y k x:
1 ; 2
0
ei 2 
0
ei 1 
We introduce relative and centre of mass coordinates via
r = x ; y and R = (x + y)=2
which imples
x = R + r=2 and y = R ; r=2
and ZZ Z Z
d3x d3y ! d3R d3r:
Substituting for x and y in terms of R and r, the exponentials become
e ik1 (R+r=2)e 0 ik20 (R r=2)eik2 (0R r0=2)eik1 (R+r=2)
0 0
;  ;  ;  ; 

= e i(k1+k2 k2 k1 ) Re i(k1 k1)+(k2 k2)] r=2:

; ; ;  ; ; ; 

The integral over R gives #(k1 + k2 ; k1 ; k2), enforcing momentum 0 0

conservation k1 + k2 = k1 + k2. It follows that k2 ; k2 = k1 ; k1,

0 0 0 0

so that the exponentials involving r become just exp;i(k1 ; k1)  r], 0

and the integral over r yields v(jk1 ; k1j), verifying the second term0

in (17.29) (note that modulus signs are required in the argument of v in

(17.32) and in (17.29), and that the exponent in (17.32) should have a
negative sign).
17.2 We need to separate out the zero-momentum terms in (17.29). In the
rst term of (17.29), which doesn't involve the potential, the contribu-
tion from k = 0 in the summation vanishes, since k=0 = 0. Hence
`Pk ' can here be replaced by `Pk '. So we have accounted for the rst
0

term on the right hand side of (17.36).

Consider now the second term in (17.29), which involves four mo-
mentum labels k1 k2 k1 and k2, subject to the condition k1 + k2 =
0 0

k1 + k2. The zero-momentum pieces are as follows. (a) We can have all2
0 0

four momenta equal to zero, which gives a contribution (1=2#)v (0)N0 .

(b) We can have k1 = k1 = 0 k2 = k2 6= 0, which contributes
0 0

(1=2#)v (0)N0^ak2 ^ak2 , summed over k2 6= 0 and also a similar term

y

with k2 = k2 = 0 k1 = k1 6= 0, which contributes the same (the sum

0 0

over k1 is of course equivalent to the sum over k2).

Thus so far, from (a) and (b), we have
1 v(0)N 2 + 1 N X a^ ^a
k
k k
y
0 # 0
0

2#
= 2# 1 v(0)fN + X ^a a^ ]2 ; X a^ ^a ]2g
k k
k k k k
y y
0
0 0

 2# 1 v(0)N 2

where in the last step we have used

X X
N = a^k ^ak = N0 + a^k ^ak
y 0 y

k k
and have neglected the term with no N0 factor. We have therefore
derived the second term on the right hand side of (17.35).
A third zero-momentum contribution in the interaction term in (17.29)
is (c), in which k2 = k1 = 0 k1 = k2 6= 0. This contributes
0 0

1 X v(jk j)N a^ a^ :
1 0 k1 k1
0 y

2# k1
There is also a similar term in which k1 = k2 = 0 k2 = k1 6= 0, which 0 0

contributes the same. Thus these two terms together give (changing
the summation variables to k)
N0 X v(k)^a a^
kk
0 y

# k
 which accounts for the second term on the right hand side of (17.36),
after replacing N0 by N .
Finally, there is the term (d) in which k1 = k2 = 0 k1 = ;k2 6= 0, 0 0

which contributes
1 X v(jk j)N a^ 0 a^ 0 
2 0 k2 k2
0 0

2# k0 ;

which is the fourth term on the right hand side of (17.35), after replac-
ing N0 by N (and changing the dummy summation variable) and there
is the term (e) in which k1 = k2 = 0 k1 = ;k2 6= 0 which contributes
0 0

1 X v(jk j)N a^ a^ 
1 0 k1 k1
0 y y

2# k1 ;

which is the third term on the right hand side of (17.35), after replacing
N0 by N .
17.3 Please note that on page 206 `v(l)' should be replaced throughout by
`v(l)', where l is the modulus of l.
For the LHS of (17.42), we need to evaluate the commutator
X X
 Ek a^k a^k + 12 N# v(k)(^ak ^a k + ^aka^ k )
0 y 0 y y

k k ; ;

cosh la^l + sinh la^ l ]

y

where we have omitted the constant term in (17.35) since this obviously
commutes with all operators. Consider rst the Ek terms. We have
^ak ^ak a^l ] = a^k kl 
y y y

and
^ak^ak  ^a l] = ;a^k k l 
y

; ;

so that the Ek terms are

El cosh l^al ; El sinh la^ l :
y

;
 For the terms multiplying N=# we use
^aka^ k  a^l ] = 0
y y

;
y

and
^ak ^a k  ^a l] = ;a^kkl ; a^ k k l 
y y

; ;
y y

; ;

which leads to a term

; N# v(l) sinh l^al y

together with
^aka^ k  a^ l ] = 0
; ;

and
^aka^ k  a^l] = a^kk l + a^ k kl
;
y

; ;

which lead to the term

N v(l) cosh  a^ :
l l
# ;

Thus altogether the LHS of (17.42) is

(El cosh l ; N# v(l) sinh l)^al + (;El sinh l + N# v(l) cosh l)^a l 
y

equating coecients of a^l on both sides of (17.42) then gives (17.43),

y

and of a^ l gives (17.44).

;

17.4 (a) Let A^ = 12 (^a2 ; a^ 2) then U^ = expA^]. Now note that A^ = ;A^
y y

and so (U^) = exp;A^] = (U^) 1 and U^ is unitary.

y ;

(b) We have
dI^ = dU^ a^U^ 1 + U^ ^a dU^ 1 : ;


;

d d  d
For dU^=d we note that
U^ = expA^] = 1 + A^ + 12 2A^2 + : : :
and so
dU^ = A^ + A^2 + 2 A^3 + : : :
d 2
= A^ expA^] = expA^] A:^
Similarly,
dU^ 1 = ;A^ + A^2 ; 2 A^3 + : : :
;

d 2
= ;A exp;A] = ;exp;A^] A:
^ ^ ^
Hence
dI^ = expA^]f 1 (^a2 ; ^a 2) ^a]gexp;A^]:
y

d 2
The ^a  ^a] part of the commutator is zero, and the other part is
2
y
^a a^ 2] = 2^a :
y

Hence
dI^ = expA^] 1  2^a exp;A^] = J^ :

y

d 2
Similarly,
dJ^ = expA^]f 1 (^a2 ; ^a 2) ^a ]gexp;A^]:
y y

d 2
This time the commutator gives 2^a, so that
dJ^ = I^

d
and the second result now follows.
(c) The general solution of the second order dierential equation for I^
is
I^ = cosh  X^ + sinh  Y^
where X^ and Y^ are operators, to be determined by the initial conditions
for I^ (i.e. the conditions at  = 0). We have
I^=0 = U^=0 a^ U^=01
;
 and
U^=0 = 1 = U^=01 :
;

Hence X^ = a^. Similarly, by considering dI^=d at  = 0 we deduce

Y^ = a^ , and the result follows by putting  = 1 in the expression for
y

I^.
17.5 We have, for the kinetic terms,
^
@^ = p1 (@h^ )exp;i^=v] + p1 (v + ^h) ;iv@ exp;i^=v]
2 2
and
^
@^ = p1 (@^h)expi^=v] + p1 (v + h^ ) i@v expi^=v]
y

2 2
and so the terms which are quadratic in the elds are
@^ @ ^ = 21 @^h@ h^ + 12 @^@ ^:
y

The potential terms (up to quadratic powers in the eld h^ ) are

; 41  14 (v + h^ )4 + 2 (v + h^ )2
2

= ; 16 1 (v4 + 4v3^h + 6v2h^ 2 + : : :) + 2 v2 + 2v^h + 2 h^ 2

2 2
v 4  3  2 
= ; 16 ; 4 v3h^ ; 8 v2h^ 2 + 2 v2 + 2v^h + 2 ^h2 + : : :
2

But from (17.80) we have v = 2= 12 . Substituting this into the pre-
ceding expression, we see that the term linear in ^h cancels, and the
constant and quadratic terms are as given in (17.85).
17.6 Please note that the exponent in (17.107) should be
exp;i   =(2v)]:
The kinetic terms are derived as in the preceding problem, but because
the exponent contains ^ =2 rather than ^ the ^ term has a factor 1/8
rather than 1/2 the H^ term is the same as the ^h term in (17.85). The
potential terms are the same as in (17.85), with h^ ! H^ , leading to
(17.108).
17.7 We begin by checking that, for instance,
f
^k
^k0 g = 0:
Substituting from the rst equality in (17.111) (replacing ck by c^k ),
the LHS is
fuk c^k ; vk c^ k  uk0 c^k0 ; vk0 c^ k0 g:
y

;
y

The anticommutator of two c^'s or two c^ 's vanishes, and we are left
y

with
;uk vk0 fc^k  c^ k0 g ; vk uk0 fc^ k  c^k0 g:
y

;
y

The anti-commutators give zero unless k = ;k . In this case, we are 0

dealing with f
^k 
^ kg, which can be evaluated as
;

fuk c^k ; vkc^ k  uk c^ k + vk c^k

y

; ;
y

= uk vk fc^k  c^k g ; uk vk fc^ k  c^ k g = 0:

y y

; ;

Similarly, f
^k
^k0 g = 0. On the other hand,
y y

f
^k
^k0 g = fuk c^k ; vk c^k  uk0 c^k0 ; vk0 c^k0 g
y y y

= uk uk0 fc^k  c^k0 g + vk vk0 fc^k  c^k0 g

y y

= (u2k + vk2)kk0

which has the desired form if u2k + vk2 = 1.
17.8 We have

^k
^k
^l ] =
^k
^k
^l ;
^l
^k
^k
y y y y y y

=
^kfkl ;
^l
^kg ;
^l
^k
^k
y y y y

=
^kkl ; (
^k
^l +
^l
^l )
^k
y y y y y

=
^kkl  y

which leads to the result.

17.9 Consider rst the free kinetic ( rst) term on the RHS of (17.109). To
evaluate its contribution to (17.117) we need
X
 k c^k c^k  c^l ]
y y

kX
= k (^ck c^k c^l ; c^l c^k c^k )
y y y y

k
X
= k (^ck kl ; fc^k c^l + c^l c^k gc^k )
y y y y y

k
= lc^l : y

Similarly, we nd X
 k c^k c^k  ^c l ] = ;lc^ l :
y

k
; ;

Thus the contribution of the rst term in H^ BCS to (11.117) is

cos l lc^l + sin l lc^ l :
y

For the contribution of the second term in H^ BCS we need, rst, to

evaluate the commutator
X
^c 0 c^ 0 c^ k c^k  ^cl]
0 k k
y y y

kkX
;
;

= fc^k0 c^ k0 ^c k c^k  c^l ] + ^ck0 c^ k0  c^l ]^c k c^k g:

y y y y y y

k k 0
; ;
; ;

It is easy to see that the second commutator vanishes. In evaluating the

rst, we have to be careful as regards the meaning of the summations.
Consider, for de niteness, the case in which l is set equal to the unit
vector i. In the sum over k, there will appear one term with k = i,
and this contributes
^c ic^i c^i]
;
y

= c^ i c^ic^i ; c^ic^ ic^i

;
y y

= c^ i (1 ; c^i c^i) ; c^ic^ i c^i

;
y y

= c^ i ; (^c i c^i + c^ic^ i )^ci

; ;
y y

= c^ i : ;
 One might worry about another term, in which k = ;i, but of course
if both of these are included then the total is just c^ ic^i + c^ic^ i which
vanishes so only the one contribution is required. In general, then, we
; ;

nd
X X X
^ck0 c^ k0 c^ k c^k  c^l ] = c^k0 c^ k0 c^ k kl = ( c^k0 c^ k0 )^c l 
y y y y y y y

kk0 k0k k0
; ; ;
; ; ;

there is no term involving  kl. The contribution from the commutator

;

of cos l c^l and the second term in (17.109) is thus (relabelling the
y

summation) X
;V cos l c^k c^ k c^ l : y y

k ; ;

Similarly, the contribution from the commutator of ; sin l c^ l and the

second term of (17.109) is
;

X
+V sin l c^ k c^k c^l : y

k
;

The LHS of (17.117) is therefore

X X
cos ll + V sin l c^ k c^k ]^cl + sin ll ; V cos l c^k c^ k ]^c l
y y y

k k
; ; ;

and equating the coecients of c^l on both sides of (17.117) leads to

y

(17.118), while equating coecients of c^ l leads to (17.119).

;

Chapter 18
18.1 (18.24) is the same as (12.103) (compare (12.109) and (18.23)), the
derivation of which was set as problem 12.11. We shall verify (18.26),
using the same method as given in the solution to problem 12.11.
We have Z
Qi5 = q^a(x)(5) (i=2)abq^b(x) d3x
^ y
and Z
Qj5 = q^
c(y)(5)
 (j =2)cd q^d(y) d3y:
^ y

The commutator on the left hand side of (18.26)) is

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Z d3x Z d3y (^q (x)^q (x)^q (y)^q (y)
4 i ab j cd 5  5
 b d
y y
a
c
;q^
c(y)^qd(y)^qa(x)^qb(x)):
y y

The rst product of four eld operators may be written as (choosing

x0 = y0)
q^a(x)^qb(x)^q
c(y)^qd(y) = q^a(x);q^
c(y)^qb(x) + 
bc3(x ; y )]^qd(y)
y y y y

= ;q^
c(y)^qa(x)^qd(y)^qb(x) + q^a(x)^qd(y)
bc3(x ; y):
y y y

Similarly, the second product of four eld operators is

q^
c(y)^qa(x)^qd(y)^qb(x) ; q^
c(y)^qb(x)ad3(x ; y):
y y y

The rst term here cancels with the rst term of the preceding expres-
sion, so that our commutator becomes
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Z Z d3x d3y ^q (x)^q (y)  ;q^ (y)^q (x)  ] 3(x;y)
4 i ab j cd 5  5
 d 
bc
c b  ad
y y
a

where x0 = y0. Now note that

(i)ab(j )cdbc = (i)ab(j )bd = (ij )ad
while
(i)ab(j )cdad = (j i)cb:
Similarly
(5) (5)
 
= (55) = 
and
(5) (5)
  = (55)
 = 
 :
Thus the commutator is
1 Z d3x ^q (x)(  ) q^ (x) ; q^ (x)(  ) q^ (x)]: y
i j ad d j i cb b
y

4 a c
 In the second term, the indices c and b are both summed over, and can
be replaced by a and d, respectively, as in the rst term, and similarly

can be replaced by . The expression
q^a(x)(ij )adq^d(x)
y

is just
q^ (x)(ij )^q(x)
y

with the explicit isospin and (Dirac) spinor indices inserted, and simi-
larly for the j i term, so the result is
Z Z
d3x q^ (x)i=2 j =2]^q(x) = iijk d3x q^ (x)(k =2)^q(x)
y y

using (12.28), which is precisely the right hand side of (18.26), as re-
quired.
18.2 For (18.28) we have
Q^ iR Q^ jR] = 14 Q^ i + Q^ 15 Q^ j + Q^ j5]
= 14 fQ^ i Q^ j ] + Q^ i Q^ j5] + Q^ i5 Q^ j ] + Q^ i5 Q^ j5]g
= 41 fiijk Q^ k + iijk Q^ k5 ; ijik Q^ k5 + iijk Q^ k g
= iijk 21 (Q^ k + Q^ k5) = iijk Q^ kR
using (18.24)-(18.26) and the antisymmetry of the  symbol. Similar
steps lead to (18.29) and (18.30).
18.3 The Lagrangian of (18.12) is
q^iD
6 ^ q^
in the doublet notation of (18.18). We write q^ in terms of q^R and q^L
via  1 + 5   1 ; 5 
q^ = 2 q^ + 2 q^  q^R + q^L:
 On the other hand,
" ! #  1 ; 5   1 + 5 
q^L = (1 ;  5 ) y

q  q  q 
^ 0 = ^ 0 = ^ 0
2 
y y

2 2
and similarly for q^R. Now consider
      
q^L  q^R = q^ 0 1 + 5   1 + 5 q^ = q^ 0  1 ; 5 1 + 5 q^ = 0
y y

2 2 2 2
and similarly for q^R  q^L. So the only surviving terms in q^iD 6 ^ q^ are as in
(18.39).
18.4 The invariant amplitude is
M = ;GF cos Cu (p2) (1 ; 5)v(p1)p f
= ;GF cos Cf u (p2)(6 p1 + 6 p2)(1 ; 5)v(p1)
= ;GF cos Cf u (p2)(1 + 5)6 p1v(p1)
= GF cos Cf mu (p2)(1 + 5)v(p1)
neglecting the neutrino mass. Using the formula for the 1 ! 2 decay
rate given in appendix L, and expression (K.3) for the two-body phase
space given in appendix K, we obtain for the total rate
XZ 1 2 d p1
3 d3p2 (2)44(p ; p ; p ):
;= jMj 1 2
spins 2m (2)32E1 (2)32E2
The sum over spins gives
Tr(1+5 )v(p1)v(p1 )(1;5)u(p2)u(p2)] = Tr(1+5)(6 p1;m)(1;5 )6 p2]:
The term in m vanishes since (1 + 5)(1 ; 5) = 0, while the term in
6 p1 gives
Tr(1 + 5)6 p1(1 ; 5)6 p2] = Tr6 p1(1 ; 5)26 p2]
= 2Tr6 p16 p2] ; 2Tr6 p156 p2]
= 8p1  p2
using equations (J.30) and (J.36). The spatial part of the four-dimensional
delta function allows the integral over p2 (say) to be done. Since the
matrix element and the phase space factors are Lorentz invariant, we
can evaluate the integral in any frame, and it is obviously convenient
to choose the rest frame of the pion, in which the three-momenta of the
neutrino and the muon are equal and opposite. The remaining delta
function is then
(m ; jpj ; (p2 + m2)1=2)
where p is the three-momentum of the muon, while d3p1 reduces to
4jpj2djpj also, we have E1 = (m2 + p2)1=2 and E2 = jpj. To perform
the integral over jpj, we write
W = jpj + (m2 + p2)1=2:
Then
dW = 1 + jpj = W:
djpj (m + p )
2 2 1 = 2 E1
Hence
djpj = EW1 dW
and the delta function is (m ; W ). Putting all these results together
gives
; = m 1 G2 f 2 m2 cos2  p  p jpj:
2 F   C 1 2

For p1  p2 we have
p2 = m2 = (p1 + p2)2 = p21 + p22 + 2p1  p2 = m2 + 2p1  p2
whence
p1  p2 = (m2 ; m2)=2:
To determine jpj we use the energy-conservation relation
m = jpj + (m2 + p2)1=2:
Taking jpj to the LHS and squaring, we nd
2 ; m2
jpj = m2m :

The result (18.53) then follows.
18.5 We give two ways of approaching this problem.
First, we can use the equations of motion for q^ and q^ to calculate
@^ji5(x) directly, as follows:
@^ji5(x) = @(q^(x) 5 2i q^(x)) = (@q^(x)) 5 2i q^(x);q^(x)5 2i  (@q^(x)):
The equation of motion for q^ is iD 6 ^ q^ = mq^, which can be written as
 @q^(x) = ;igs =2  A q^ ; imq^:
For @q^(x), we take the dagger of the last equation, multiply from the
right by  0, and use  0   0 =   (see (8.59)) to obtain
y

(@q^(x))  = igsq^ =2  A + iq^m

(this equation is how the second equation in (18.62) should be read).
Hence
@^ji5 = (igsq^ =2  A + iq^m)5 2i q^ ; q^5 2i (;igs  =2  A ; imq^):
Using  5 + 5  = 0, we see that the terms in A cancel, leaving the
result (18.64).
An alternative approach introduces a general method for determining
the divergence of a symmetry current when a term or terms which
violate the symmetry explicitly have been added to the Lagrangian
(such as the mass terms in this case). Going back to (12.111), consider
the variation of a Lagrangian under the in nitesimal transformation
 ^r = ;iTrs ^s
where we have generalized (12.111) to include several parameters ,
as required in the general case. The variation is
^ ^
L^ = @ L^  r + @L^ @ ( ^r)
@ r @ (@ r )
 @ L^ ! ^ @ L^ @ ( ^ )
= @  r + r
@ (@  ^r ) @ (@  ^r )
^ ! ^
= @ @ L ( ; i  T  ^ ) + @ L (;i T  @  ^ )
 rs
@ (@  ^r ) rs
@ (@  ^r)  rs s
where the second line has used the E-L equations of motion. On the
other hand, the corresponding symmetry current is
^j = ;i @ L^ Trs ^s
@ (@  ^r )
so that
^ ! ^
@ ^j = ;i@  @ L T  ^ ; i @ L T  @  ^
rs
@ (@  ^r) rs @ (@  ^r ) rs s
from which it follows that
L^ = @ ^j:
Clearly, if the Lagrangian is invariant, then L^ = 0 and @ ^j = 0. But
if not (for instance, if an explicit symmetry-breaking term has been
added to an originally invariant Lagrangian) then the divergence of the
current is given directly in terms of the non-invariant part of L^ by
(L^) :
@ ^j = @@

In the present case, the eld transformations are
q^ = ;i   =25 q^
and
q^ = ;iq^5   =2:
The non-invariant part of the Lagrangian is the mass term ;q^mq^,
whose variation is
L^ = iq^5(   =2)mq^ + iq^m(   =2)5 q^
and then the formula
@ (L^) = @ ^j 
 i5
@i
leads immediately to (18.64).
18.6 (i) We rst remark that the transformations (18.78)-(18.80) are global
rather than local (that is, the parameters  don't depend on x). Hence
^i6 @ ^ transforms to
^ (1 + i   =25) 0i6 @(1 ; i   =25) ^ = ^i6 @(1 + i   =25 )(1 ; i   =25 ) ^
y

= ^i6 @ 
^
showing that this ( rst) term in (18.72) is invariant as usual, only
terms of rst order in the in nitesimal parameter  have been retained,
and we have used f5  0g = f5  g = 0. It is also clear - since the
gradients don't act on the 's - that if we prove that ^ 2 +^ 2 is invariant,
it will follow that 12 @^ @ ^ + 12 @^  @ ^ is also invariant.
(ii) ^ 2 + ^ 2 transforms to
(^ ;   ^ )2 + (^ + ^ )2
= ^ 2 ; 2  ^ ^ + ^ 2 + 2  ^ ^ = ^ 2 + ^ 2
showing that it is invariant we have used the fact that the ^ and ^
elds commute. ^ 5i ^^i,
(iii) We are left with the terms multiplying gNN . The rst, i 
transforms to
i ^ (1 + i   =2) 0 5i(1 ; i   =25 ) ^(^i + i^ )
y

= i ^ 5 ^  ^ + i 
^ 5   ^^
; ^ (   =2)5 05i ^^i + ^  05i(   =2)5 ^^i: (A)
y y

Using 52 = 1 and 5  05 = ; 0, the last two terms here combine to
give
^ i (   =2) ^^i = ^ 1 (j i + ij ) 
^(   =2)i ^^i +  ^ j ^i
2
= ^ ^  ^  (B)
where we have used i j + j i = 2ij (see problem 4.4(a) for the same
relation written for the  matrices). The second term multiplying gNN
is ^ ^^ which transforms to
^ (1 + i   =25 ) 0(1 ; i   =25 ) ^(^ ;   ^ )
y

= ^ ^^ ; ^ ^  ^ ; i 
^ 5   ^^ :
 The rst term here combines with i  ^ 5 ^  ^ of (A) to give the original
interaction term involving gNN , while the other two terms cancel with
the second term in (A) and with that in (B). Hence this interaction term
is also invariant. The other interactions are included in the invariant
(^2 + ^ 2)2.
18.7 Note that in this problem the parameter 2 in (18.72) is taken to be
negative, so that the potential has the form of (18.83) with the `new'
2 positive. Also note that in the second line of equation (18.88), 2
should be replaced by ;2, with 2 > 0.
The terms involving gNN , and the gradients, are straightforward. The
remaining terms (from ;V ( )) are (we work with the classical po-
tential for convenience - hats can be added afterwards)
1 2(v2 + 2v  +  2 + 2) ; 1 (v2 + 2v  +  2 + 2)2
 
0 0 0 0

2  4 
= 21 2v2 + 2v  + 12 2 ( 2 + 2)
0 0

; 41 f(v2 + 2v  )2 + 2(v2 + 2v  )( 2 + 2) + ( 2 + 2)2g:

0 0 0 0

Multiplying out, we see that the term linear in  cancels (using v2 =

0

2), as do the terms proportional to ( 2 + 2). The term in  2 is

0 0

;v2  2 = ;2 2
0 0

as in (the corrected form of) equation (18.88). The remaining terms in

(18.88) are easily seen to be present.
18.8 We use the result for @^ji5 given in the `alternative' solution to problem
18.5:
(L^) :
@^ji5 = @ @
i
Here, the term in L^ which breaks the chiral symmetry explicitly is c^.
Under (18.80) this produces a change in L^ given by
L^ = ;ci^i:
The result follows immediately.
18.9 The invariant amplitude for 0 !  is
M = 4e2f  1 (k1 1)2(k2 2)k1k2 
2
 


where k1 k2 are the 4-momenta of the  's, 1  2 are their polarizations,
and   
are Lorentz indices. The rate is
1 XZ 1 d 3 k1 d 3 k2
; = 2m jMj 2 2E (2)3 2E (2)3 (2)44(p ; k1 ; k2)
2
 1 2 1 2

where E1 E2 are the energies of the  's, p is the 4-momentum of the
pion, and the extra factor of 1/2 arises from the identity of the  's (see
page 389 of volume 1, just after the formula for the 1 ! 2 decay rate).
When we form jMj2, we get the rather complicated-looking expression
  
 1 (k1 1)2(k2 2)1 (k1 1)2 (k2 2)k1k2 k1
k2 :
 

The sums over the polarization labels are done using (see section 8.6.3)
X
1 (k1 1)1 (k1 1) = ;g 


1
and similarly for the sum on 2, so that the previous expression reduces
to
  
 g g k1k2 k1
k2 : (C)
We now need a formula for the product of two four-dimensional  sym-
bols, when both their rst two indices are `contracted' via the g sym-
bols. The required formula is
  
 g g = ;2(g
g ; gg
)
which may be checked by examining special cases (note that 0123 =
+1) see also problem 20.7. Inserting this result in (C) gives
;2((k1)2(k2)2 ; (k1  k2)2) = 2(k1  k2)2
where we have used the masslessness conditions k12 = k22 = 0. Squaring
the 4-momentum conservation condition gives
p2 = m2 = (k1 + k2)2 = 2k1  k2
 and hence k1  k2 = m2 =2. The phase space integrals are most con-
veniently done in the rest frame of the pion (as in problem 18.4), the
energy part of the delta function then becoming just (m ;2jkj), where
k is the 3-momentum of one of the photons in this frame. Putting the
details together leads to (18.101).
Taking = 1=137, f = 93 MeV, and m = 135 MeV, we nd
; = 7:64 10 6 MeV. The lifetime is given by h =;, and using h =
;

6:58 10 22 MeV s, we nd the value 8:6 10 17 s for the 0 lifetime

; ;

(the value quoted in the data tables is (8:4  0:6) 10 17 s). ;

18.10 Labelling the polarizations of the photons by 1 and 2, equations

(18.97) and (18.102) give
Z
d4x hk1 1 k2 2j@^j35(x)j0ie iq x
; 

= (2)44(q ; k1 ; k2)1 (k1 1)2 (k2 2)iqM

 

Z ;e2  (@ A^ (x) ; @ A^ (x))(@ A^ (x) ; @ A^ (x))j0i:

= d4x e iq x hk1  1 k2 2j 32
; 

2      
Since the 4-dimensional  symbol is antisymmetric under the inter-
change of any pair of indices, we can replace
 (@A^ (x) ; @ A^(x))(@ A^ (x) ; @ A^ (x))
by
4 (@A^ (x))(@ A^ (x)):
To evaluate the matrix element, we need
^ XZ d3k
A (x) = (2  ) (k) (k )e ik x + ^(k) (k )eik x]
3(2Ek )1=2 ^
;  y  


where Ek = jkj (see (7.101)) A^ (x) has a similar expansion but with
an integration variable k and a polarization label  . Also,
0 0

hk1  1j = (2E1)1=2h0j ^1 (k1)

and similarly for hk2 2j (see (8.160)). In the resulting vev, the only
surviving term is the one with an equal number of creation and de-
struction operators, namely
h0j ^1 (k1)^ 2 (k2)^ (k)^ 0 (k )j0i
y y 0
which can be evaluated using (7.105), but replacing ;g0 on the RHS
by 0 , since for real photons only the spatial (and in fact transverse)
polarizations are present. This gives
1 02 (2)63(k ; k1)3(k ; k2)+ 2 01 (2)63(k ; k2)3(k ; k1):
0 0

The matrix element is therefore

Z ;e2 4
d4x e iq x(4E1E2)1=2 32
; 

2
XX Z Z dk
3 d3k i(k+k0 ) x
0

(2) (2Ek ) (2) (2Ek0 )

3 1 = 2 3 1 = 2 

 ( k  ) (
k 0
 )0
ik  ik e
0 

 0
f1 02 (2)63(k ; k1)3(k ; k2) + 2 01 (2)63(k ; k2)3(k ; k1g:
0 0

Consider the rst term in the f::::g bracket. The k and k integrals 0

can be done using the 3-dimensional -functions, which set k = k1 and

k = k2, and hence Ek = E1 and Ek0 = E2. This term is therefore
0

Z e 2
4
d xe i(k 1 +k2 q ) x
4   (k   ) (k   )k k
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
;   

32 2

= (2)44(k1 + k2 ; q) 8e2  1 (k1 1)2 (k2 2)k1k2 :

2
 

Similarly, the second term in the f::::g bracket gives

(2)44(k1 + k2 ; q) 8e2  2 (k2 2)1 (k1 1)k2k1 :
2
 

This is clearly the same as the previous term but with the labels `1'
and `2' exchanged, as would be expected. The two terms are in fact
identical, as must follow from Bose symmetry. We can check this by
re-labelling, in the second term, the index  as , and v.v., and the
index as
, and v.v. The second term is then the same as the rst,
apart from the  symbol which has now become    but this equals
 , since they are related by an even number of index interchanges.
Hence nally the factor e2=82 becomes e2=42, and equating the result
to the RHS of the rst equation of this solution leads to (18.103).
 Chapter 19
19.1 We have
!
(;k2 + M 2)g + k k ] ;g + k k =M 2
k2 ; M 2
= g g ; g k k =M 2 ; kk2 k; M
  g k k2k =M 2
2 + k2 ; M 2
= g  ; kMk2 ; k2k;kM k k k =M
   2 2
2 + k2 ; M 2 :

The last two terms here combine to give k k =M 2 , and the result fol-
lows.
19.2 The required Lorentz transformation has the form (for the 4-vector
(x0 x1 x2 x3))
x0 =  (x0 +
x3)
0

x3 =  (x3 +
x0)
0

where
= jkj=E and  = E=M . Under this transformation, the
components of the 4-vector krest = (M 0) transform to
k0 = M = E
and
k3 = 
M = jkj
as required. The components of (krest  = 0) = (0 0 0 1) transform
to
0(k  = 0) = 
= jkj=M
and
3(k  = 0) =  = E=M
while the transverse components in the x1 and x2 directions are unaf-
fected by this transformation along the x3-axis.
19.3 We proceed by checking dierent values for the indices  and  explic-
itly. For example, consider  =  = 0. In this case,
X 0
 (k )0 (k ) = 0(k  = 0)0 (k  = 0)
 

=0 1 

since from (19.13) and (19.17) the  = 1 polarization vectors have

zero  = 0 component. Using (19.18) this gives
X 0
 (k )0 (k ) = k2=M 2 :


=0 1


Meanwhile, the RHS of (19.19), for  =  = 0, is

;1 + (k0)2=M 2 = (k )M;2 M = k2=M 2 
0 2 2

verifying the result for this choice of  and  . As another example,

consider  = 0  = 3. Here again only the  = 0 polarization appears
and we nd
jk j k 0
MM
for the LHS of (19.19), which checks with the RHS. Other components
check similarly.
19.4 We have
^ = p1 (v + h^ )e i^=v and ^ = p1 (v + ^h)ei^=v 
; y

2 2
and so
@  ^ = p1 (v + h^ ) (;i@  ^=v) e i^=v + p1 @  h^ e i^=v
; ;

2 2
1 1
@ ^ = p (v + ^h) (i@  ^=v) ei=v + p @  h^ ei^=v :
y ^
2 2
Hence
 = iq (^ @  ^ ; (@  ^ )^) ; 2q 2A^ ^ ^
^jem y y y

= i2q (v + h^ )f;i(v + ^h)@  ^=v + @  ^hg ; fi(v + ^h)@  ^=v + @  ^hg(v + ^h)]
;q2A^ (v + ^h)2:
 The terms in @  ^h cancel, and the terms in A^ and @  ^ (omitting prod-
ucts of elds) combine to give (19.46).
19.5 With the ansatz (19.55) the Lagrangian of (19.40) is
L^H = 12 @ h^ +iqA^(v+^h)] @h^ +iqA^(v+^h)]; 41 F^ F^  ; 161 (v+^h)4+ 21 2(v+^h)2:
y

The quadratic terms in the rst ...]...] expression are

1 @ ^h@ h^ + 1 q2v2A^A^ 
 
2 2
while the potential terms reduce to ;2^h2 as in problem 17.5.
19.6 With
^ = p1 (v + ^1 + i^2)
2
we have
@^ = p1 (@^1 + i@^2)
2
and it is clear that
@^ @ ^ = 12 (@^1@ ^1 + @^2@ ^2):
y

The non-gradient terms are

; 14  12 (v + ^1 + i^2)(v + ^1 ; i^2)]2 + 2 21 (v + ^1)2 + (^2)2]
= ; 16 (v + ^ )2 + (^ )2]2 + 1 2(v2 + 2v^ + (^ )2 + (^ )2)
1 2 1 1 2
2
= ; 4v2 (v + ^1)4 + 2(v + ^1)2(^2)2 + : : :] + 21 2(v2 + 2v^1 + (^1)2 + (^2)2)
2

= ;  2 (v4 + 4v3^1 + 6v2(^1)2 + 2v2(^2)2 + : : :) + 1 2(v2 + 2v^1 + (^1)2 + (^2)2):

2
4v 2
The linear term in ^1 cancels, as does the term in (^2)2, and we are
left with ;2^21, apart from an irrelevant constant.
19.7 When the ansatz (19.65) is inserted into the Lagrangian (19.40) and
only terms which are quadratic in the elds are retained, we nd - in
addition to the usual terms - an additional one
M A^ @ ^2
which leads to the rst term on the RHS of (19.67), for the equation of
motion for A^ . Treating (the negative of) this as an interaction term in
the Lagrangian, the Feynman rule for the vertex shown in gure 19.3
is obtained by evaluating the matrix element
hone 2 particlejiM A^@ ^2jone A particlei
(see for example section 6.3) and is
Mk
where  is the polarization vector of the gauge quantum, and k is the
4-momentum of the outgoing 2 particle. Note that the vertex with an
ingoing 2 particle and an outgoing gauge quantum will be the negative
of this. Consider now the sum of the rst two terms on the RHS of the
equality in gure 19.4. Calling the gauge propagator  , as given by
(19.68), these two terms are
 + (Mk) ki2 (;Mk ):
Using (19.68) for , we easily nd
k  = ik =M 2 :
Hence the sum of these two terms is
 +  kk =k2 = (g + k k=k2)
which is in fact the same as the rst two terms on the RHS of (19.71),
when expanded as a series (cf (19.70)). A similar analysis can be done
for the third term, which is found to be identical to the second this is
essentially because
k k k k = k k :
k2 k2 k2
The result then follows by analogy with the sum in (19.70).
 
19.8 The factor multiplying A~^ is
(;k2 + M 2)g + kk (1 ; 1=)]:
Let us write the inverse of this as Ag + Bkk (cf (7.89)-(7.91)). Then
we require
g  = (Ag + Bkk )(;k2 + M 2 )g + k k (1 ; 1=)]
= A(;k2 + M 2 )g  + Akk (1 ; 1=) + Bkk (;k2 + M 2) + Bk2kk (1 ; 1=):
Equating the coecient of g  on both sides we get
A = ; k2 ;1 M 2 
while equating the coecient of kk on both sides, and using this
result for A, gives
B = (k2 ; M12;)(k2 ; M 2 )
as required.
19.9 The terms in @H@ ^ H^ and in H^ 2 are clearly the same as the cor-
responding terms in (19.56). The terms quadratic in the gradients
of W^ elds will

all arise straightforwardly from the `Maxwell' term
;1=4 F   F . To nd the other quadratic pieces, we need to look at
^ ^
the covariant derivative acting on ^. With the ansatz (19.87) this is
0 ^ ^ ^
1
ig (W ; i W ) 1 (v + h
(ig  W^ =2 + ig B^=2)^ = @ ig W^ 2 1 (v + h^ ) + ig02B^ 1 (v + ^h) A
0
1  2 
p )
2 3 2 2  2
;
p p

Multiplying this by its Hermitian conjugate, and retaining only the

parts quadratic in the elds, yields
1 v2g2(W^ 2 + W^ 2 ) + 1 v2(gW^ ; g B^ )(gW^  ; g B^ )
3 
0 0

8 1 2 8 3

as required.
 Chapter 20
20.1 We have
up un = up(1 )un
y

and the spinors have the form

! !

up = N  p   N 0 p  p


E +m p
for jpj
m, and similarly for un. Then the `1' contribution in up un
becomes just
y
pn
which vanishes if the spin states of p and n are dierent, while it is
easy to check that the `' part is zero, in this approximation.
20.2 Please note that there are two misprints in this question: a `5' has been
omitted from both bilinears. We consider the behaviour of ^1 (x t)  5 ^2(x t)
under P^ . The  = 0 component is ^15 ^2, which is a pseudoscalar as
y

shown in (20.33). The spatial components transform to

^1(;x t) 0( 5) 0 ^2(;x t) = ^ (;x t)( 5) ^2(;x t)
y y

showing that they form the components of an axial vector (see (20.13)).
20.3 We require N such that
! ! !
( E ; j p j) 0 1 
(E p ) 
2m = N   m2 y y

1 0 ;j j

! (E p ) ! m
= N 2   (E ;mjpj) m 
;j j
y y


= 2N 2 (E ;mjpj) 
taking  to be normalized to   = 1 as usual. Hence
y

N2 = E m
2
; jpj = E + jpj
as required.
20.4 The spinor v satis es (6 p + m)v = 0, which is (in the representation
used in section 20.4)
! !
m E+p  = 0
E;p m 
which gives
 = ; (E +m  p) :
Hence (noting what is said above (20.54)) we have
(E p ) !
v(p  = +1) = N ; ;j

m
j
  ;


;

and N is such that

! ! (E p ) !
;2m = N ; m  
2 ( E ; jpyj) y 0 1 ; m   ;j j
;
; ;
1 0  ;

which leads to
N2 = E m
2
; jpj = E + jpj:
v(p  = +1) is then
q (E p ) !
E + jpj ; m 
;j j

v(p  = +1) = ;

0 q 1 ;

= @ q
; E ; jpj A;

E + jpj ;

as required. (20.55) is obtained similarly.

20.5 Under P the Dirac spinor u transforms to
u which, in the represen-
tation (20.38), implies
 !   ! 
where  and  are the components of u, as in (20.44). In addition, of
course, p ! ;p. On the other hand, under C we have (see (20.63))
! ! !
 ! i 2  = ;i2 



  i2 
 so that under C
 ! ;i2 
 ! i2  

and under CP
 ! CP = i2  
 ! CP = ;i2  

together with p ! ;p. Consider now the rst of equations (20.56),

E0 =   p0: (20:56a)
If this is invariant under CP, it should be the case that
E (0)CP = ;  p(0)CP:
Take the complex conjugate of both sides of (20.56a) and multiply by
i2 from the left we obtain
E (i20) = 2  p(i0):
  

Now note that 1 = 1 2 = ;2 3 = 3, while 21 = ;12, and
  

23 = ;32. These relations imply that the previous equation can
be written as
E (i20) = ;  p(i20)
 

which is just
E (0)CP = ;  p(0)CP:
as required. The CP-invariance of the second equation in (20.56) can
be checked similarly.
20.6 (a) We have
52 = (i)2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
= +( 0)2 1 2 3 1 2 3
= ( 1)2 2 3 2 3
= ; 2 3 2 3 = ( 2)2( 3)2 = 1:
Then
(1 + 5)(1 ; 5) = 1 ; (5)2 = 0:
 (b) Consider f5  0g:
f5  0g = i 0 1 2 3 0 + ( 0)2 1 2 3]
= i;( 0)2 1 2 3 + ( 0)2 1 2 3]
= 0 (3)
and similarly for the other components of   . The other results follow
easily.
20.7 (a) There are only four non-zero possibilities:
1212 1221 2112 and 2121
of which the rst and fourth have the value +1, and the other two have
the value -1. Thus when i = k and j = l we must get +1, while when
i = l and j = k we must get -1, and for all other possibilities (eg i = j )
we must get zero. It can be easily checked that these requirements are
met by the expression ik jl ; iljk .
Setting k = i and summing over i (using the summation convention)
gives
(iijl ; ilji) = 2jl ; jl = jl:
Setting j = l and summing over j gives jj = 2.
(b) Multiplying out the determinant gives
ijk lmn = il(jmkn ; jnkm) ; im (jlkn ; jn kl)+ in (jlkm ; jm kl):
Setting i = l and summing over i gives
ijk imn = 3(jm kn ; jnkm ) ; (jmkn ; jnkm) + (jnkm ; jmkn )
= (jm kn ; jnkm)
 
=  jm jn 
km kn
as required. Setting now j = m and summing over j gives
ijk ijn = jj kn ; jnkj = 2kn 
and nally setting k = n and summing over k gives
ijk ijk = 2kk = 6:
(c) By analogy with the 2- and 3-dimensional cases, we expect that the
product of two 4-dimensional 's will have the form
 g g g g 
     

 = S  gg gg gg gg  





g g g g
where S is +1 or -1, to be determined by looking at a special case.
From covariance, we know that the only tensors available to construct
the RHS are the g's, and we also know that the expression must be
antisymmetric under interchange of any pair of the indices 
  and
 of the rst  symbol, and also under interchange of any pair of the
indices    and  of the second  symbol: the determinant automat-
ically builds in these antisymmetry requirements (as in the previous
cases in (a) and (b)).] The special case =  = 0
=  = 1  =  =
2  =  = 3 yields
 1 0 0 0 
 
0 ; 1
01230123 = 1 = S  0 0 ;1 0  = ;S
 0 0
 
0 0 0 ;1 
and hence S = ;1:
We are now interested in successive `contractions' of the indices between
the two  symbols. The rst is

 = 
 g:
Using the formula for the product of two 's (with S = ;1) we obtain
 g g g g 
  

 = ;  gg gg gg gg  :





g g g g
Note, by the way, that we could just as well write  for g, etc, as we
have in fact done in (20.107). Consider the expansion of this determi-
nant about the rst row. The rst term is 
 g g g 
;g  g
 g
 g
 :

 g g g 
 The value of g is 4 (remember, it is summed over = 0 1 2 3, and
g00 = g00 = 1 g11 = ;1 = ;g11 etc.) The second term in the expansion
of the 4 4 determinant is
    
 g b g   g g g 
+g  g
b
 g
 =  g
 g
 g
 :
 g b g   g g g 
The third and fourth terms can be similarly worked out, and are found
to be equal to the second term, so that the result for this `once-
contracted' product is
 
 g g g 

 = ;  g
 g
 g
 :
 g g g 
Proceeding in the same way, we nd the twice-contracted result (com-
pare (20.107))  
  g

  = ;2  g g  

 g

 
and from this the thrice-contracted result


= ;6g
and nally


 = ;24:
20.8 The tensor N is de ned in (20.97). Using (20.100), (20.101) and
(20.102) we obtain
N = 8k k + k k + (q2=2)g ] ; 8i
kg k
g :
0 0 0

The term in  can be re-written as

;8i
kk
= ;8ikk  = ;8i kk  
0 0 0

as in (20.108), the last step following after making an even number of

interchanges of the indices of the  symbol. (20.109) follows immedi-
ately, and (20.113) is explained in the text. We now have to evaluate
N Ee . This is
N Ee = 8(k k + k k) + 4q2g ; 8i kk  ]
0 0 0

8p p + 2q2g ; 4i

 p
q]:
Note now that the only term involving the  symbols which survives is
the one in which they are contracted with each other, since the other
parts of N and Ee are symmetric in  and  , while the 's are
antisymmetric. The non- part of the product `N  E ' is
128(p  k )(p  k) + 32p2 q2 + 32q2(k  k ) + 32(q2)2:
0 0

Since we are negelecting all masses, we have p2 = 0, together with

the relations (20.114)-(20.116). Using these we obtain for this part of
`N  E ' the result
;32us ; 16t2 +32t2 = ;32us +16t2 = ;32us +16(u + s)2 = 16(u2 + s2)
which is the rst term in (20.119). The product of the two  pieces
gives
;32 kk  
 p
q
0

= 64kk  p
q (g
g ; g g
) = 64(k  p)(k  q) ; (k  q)(k  p)]
0 0 0

where we have used the `twice-contracted' result of problem 20.7(c).

We have k  q = k  (k ; k ) = k  k = ;t=2, and k  q = k  (k ; k ) =
0 0 0 0 0

;k  k = t=2. Hence this contribution is

0

;16st + 16tu = 16t(u ; s) = ;16(u + s)(u ; s) = 16(s2 ; u2)

which is the second term in (20.119), the total for `N  E ' being 32s2
as in (20.121). Since t = ;2p2(1 ; cos ) and s = 4p2, where p is the
CM 3-momentum and  is the CM scattering angle, we have
d# = 2d cos  = (4=s)dt
and hence (20.123) becomes
d = G2F :
dt 
The total cross section follows from integrating d=d# over , giving a
factor of 4 and hence the result (20.124).
20.9 Please note that there is an error in the given expression for M. It
should read
M = ;GF cos Cf p u( ) (1 ; 5)v(e)
as in (18.52). The decay rate using this invariant amplitude has been
calculated in problem 18.4, and the result leads to the given expression
for the ratio of rates.
Consider now repeating the calculation for the positron mode, with the
invariant amplitude
M = ;GF cos Cf p u( ) (gV + gA 5)v(e)
0

and taking m 6= 0. The spinor part is

;u (p2)(6 p1 + 6 p2)(gV + gA 5)ve(p1)
= ;u (p2)(m + 6 p1)(gV + gA 5)ve(p1 )
= ;u (p2)(m ; me)gV + 5(m + me)gA ]ve(p1)
= u (p2)(me ; m )gV ; gA 5(me + m )]ve(p1):
The required Trace is then
Trf(me ; m )gV ; gA 5(me + m )](6 p1 ; me)
(me ; m )gV + gA 5(me + m )](6 p2 + m )]g
= Trf(me ; m )gV 6 p1 ; (me ; m )megV ; gA 5(me + m )6 p1 + gA 5me(me + m )]
(me ; m )gV 6 p2 + (me ; m )m gV + gA 5(me + m )6 p2 + gA 5m (me + m )]g:
Using the Trace theorems from section J.2 of appendix J of volume 1,
the surviving terms are as follows:
(me ; m )2gV2 Tr(6 p16 p2) = (me ; m )2gV2 4p1  p2
;(me ; m )2mem gV2 Tr(1) = ;4(me ; m )2mem gV2 
;(me + m )2gA2 Tr(56 p156 p2) = (me + m )2gA2 4p1  p2
(me + m )2gA2 mem Tr(52) = 4(me + m )2gA2 mem :
Also, we have
m2 = p2 = p21 + 2p1  p2 + p22 = m2e + 2p1  p2 + m2
 and so
2p1  p2 = m2 ; m2e ; m2 :
Hence we nd
X
jM j2 = 2(GF cos Cf )2(me ; m )2gV2 + (me + m )2gA2 ](m2 ; m2e ; m2 )
0

spins
+ 4mem (me + m )2gA2 ; (me ; m )2gV2 ]:
It is interesting to note that the signs of gV and gA are irrelevant here.
For the phase-space integration we use (m ; W ) where
W = (p2 + m2e)1=2 + (p2 + m2 )1=2  E1 + E2
so that
dW = jpjW :
djpj E E 1 2
The phase-space integral can then be done via
jpjdjpj(m ; W ) = EW 1 E2
dW(m ; W ):
Finally, we have
m ; (p2 + m2 )1=2 = (p2 + m2e)1=2
and by squaring this relation one nds
jpj = ((m + m )2 ; m2e)((m ; m )2 ; m2e)=(4m2 )]1=2:
The ratio of the rates can then be evaluated. For m
me, the sum
over spins of the squared amplitude is approximately proportional to
m2e, giving a strong suppression of the positron mode relative to the +
mode, as before, independently of the numerical values of gV and gA .
20.10 (a) From (20.158) we have
d() = G2F 4k1 p 4M N W() 2kd(2k)3 
2 3 0

where N is given in (20.108), and W() in (20.153). In the contraction

`N  W() ', the terms involving only one  symbol vanish, using the fact
that the non- pieces are symmetric in  and  , while  is antisymmetric.
There are two non- terms. The rst is
8(;2k  k ; 2q2)W1()] = 16k  k W1():
0 0

Note also that, in the laboratory frame, k  k = kk (1 ; cos ) = 0 0

4kk cos2 , where we are (rather loosely) using k and k here for the
0 0

moduli of the three-momentum parts of the four-vectors k and k . This 0

term is therefore
32kk sin2(=2) W1() :
0

The second non- term is

8 (2(p  k)(p  k ) + p2q2=2)W () : 0

M2 2

Here p  k = Mk, and p  k = Mk (with the neglect of all masses k and

0 0

k are here equally well denoting energies), while

0

p2q2=2 = ;M 2kk (1 ; cos ): 0

Hence this term is

16kk cos2(=2) W2() :
0

The `   term is
; 2M8 2  
 kk  p
q W3(): 0

Using the `twice-contracted ' formula of problem 20.7(c), this becomes

8 (k  p k  q ; k  q k  p)W () = 16 k + k kk sin2(=2) W () :
0 0
0
0

M2 3 M 3

Thus altogether from `N  W ' we get

16kk fW2() cos2(=2) + 2W1() sin2(=2) + k M + k sin2(=2)W () g: 0
0
3

Meanwhile, the phase-space factor, in the laboratory frame, is

1 k 2dk 2d cos =(83):
0 0

2k 0
To convert from dk d cos  to dQ2d , we use
0

Q2 = ;(k ; k )2 = 2kk (1 ; cos )  = pM q = (k ; k )

0 0 0

which implies
dQ2d = 2kk dk d cos :
0 0

Putting these results together leads to (20.159).

(b) We have
Q2 = 2Mx y = =k
so that
Q2 = 2Mkxy  = ky:
The Jacobian for the transformation dQ2d ! dxdy is then (see also
equation (9.19) and problem 9.2 in volume 1)
 @Q2 @Q2   
 @x @y   2Mky 2Mkx 
 @ @  =  0 k  = 2Mk2 y:
@x @y
Hence
d2() = 1 2MkG2 fk y cos2(=2)W () + 2k y sin2(=2)W ()
0 0

dxdy 2 F 2 1

+ (k M
+ k ) yk sin2(=2)W ()g:
0
0
3

But Q2 = 4kk sin2(=2). Hence

0

k sin2(=2) = Q2 = Q2  = xy
0

M 4Mk 2M 2k 2
(as stated in the problem). In addition, y(k + k ) =  (k + k ; ky)=k =
0

2 (1 ; y=2): Also,
k y cos2(=2) = k k cos2(=2) = k k (1 ; sin2(=2)) = kk ; k Mxy
0
0 0 0

2
 Mxy
=  (1 ; y) ; k 2 :
Neglecting the term in M here (which amounts to taking   0 in
the high-energy limit, in the laboratory system), and using s = 2Mk,
 together with the Bjorken scaling behaviour, leads to the stated ex-
pression for d2()=dxdy.
(c) Using the C-G relation we obtain
d2() = G2F sF ()(1 ; y) + 1 F ()y2 + F ()(1 ; y=2)yx]
dxdy 2 2 2 2 3
( )
= G2F sF2()(1 ; y) + y2=2 + xF(3) y(2 2; y) ]
2

0 F2 1
G 2
= 2F sF2 @
( ) 1 + (1 ; y ) 2 xF ( ) 1 ; (1 ; y )2
+ (3) A:
2 F2 2
20.11 Consider the process
(k) + u(p) !  + d(p )
; 0

where the symbols in brackets are the 4-momenta. This is equivalent

to
 (k) + d(;p ) !  (k ) + u(;p) (R)
0 ; 0

for which the matrix element is (by analogy with (20.93), but using a
slightly dierent labelling of the spinors)
;iGFu(k ) (1 ; 5)u (k)vu(p)  (1 ; 5)vd(p ):
0 0

The cross section is obtained by following the steps used for  + e ! ;

 + e in section 20.8 and problem 20.8. The only dierence in the

;

present case is that, in the second Trace in equation (20.95), the order
of p and p is reversed (see (R)) note that since we are neglecting
0

masses, uu = vv: This means that, while the ` ;  ' tensor N stays
;

the same, the antiquark tensor E  is the same as (20.109) but with p
and p interchanged. Since their product multiplies the  symbol, which
0

is antisymmetric under the interchange of any pair of indices, it follows

that the antiquark tensor can be written as in (20.109) but with a `+i'
rather than `;i'. This in turn implies that the contribution from the
`  ' term has the opposite sign from that in problem 20.8, so that
instead of the expression 16(s2 + u2) + 16(s2 ; u2) = 32s2 found there,
in this case we have 16(s2 + u2) ; 16(s2 ; u2) = 32u2 - that is, s2 is
replaced by u2 in the spin-summed squared amplitude. Hence, from
(20.123) we obtain
d ( q) = G2F u2
d# 42s
or equivalently from (20.125)
d ( q) = G2F u2 :
dt  s2
Now
y = pp  kq = p  (pk;k k ) = 1 ; pp  kk = 1 + us 
0 0

and hence
u2 = (1 ; y)2
s2
and
d ( q) = G2F (1 ; y)2
dt 
as required. Note that in the CM frame, u = ;2p2(1+cos ), where p is
the CM 3-momentum and  is the CM scattering angle it follows that
the amplitude vanishes in the backward direction  = , as discussed
below gure 20.5.
(b) We have
d ( q) = G2F :
dQ2 
Following steps analogous to those in section 9.2, we can write this as
d2 ( q) = G2F ( ; Q2=2Mx)
dQ2d 
G 2x
= F  (x ; Q2=2M )
using property (E.29) of the  function. Converting to the variables
x and y via the Jacobian known from problem 20.10(b), and using
s = 2Mk, leads to
d2 ( q) = G2F sx(x ; Q2=2M )
dQ2d 
 as required. The q cross section follows similarly.
(c) From problem 20.10(c) we have
d2() = G2F sF ()(1 ; y + y2=2) + xF ()(y ; y2=2)]
dxdy 2 2 3

= G2F sF2() + F2()(y2=2 ; y) ; xF3()(y2=2 ; y)]

2

= GF sx(q(x) + q(x)) + 2q(x)(y2=2 ; y)]:

2

Equating coecients of `1' and of `y2=2 ; y' we nd
F2() = 2xq(x) + q(x)]
and
F2() ; xF3() = 4xq(x)
which lead to
F3() = 2q(x) + q(x)]
and the indicated ratio for xF3()(x)=F2()(x).

Chapter 21
21.1 (a) For p = jpj(sin  0 cos ), we have
!
cos  sin 
  p^ = sin  ; cos  :
Setting !
+ = b a

we have ! ! !
cos  sin  a = a 
sin  ; cos  b b
which leads to
a(1 ; cos ) = b sin  and a sin  = b(1 + cos ):
Changing to half-angles, we see that both these relations become simply
a sin =2 = b cos =2
so that a suitable (normalized) solution is
!
cos = 2
+ = sin =2 :
Similarly (or simply using orthogonality)  is;

!
; sin
 = cos =2 :
;
= 2

Hence u is 0 cos =2 1

B sin =2 CC
u = E 1=2 B
B@ ; sin =2 CA : (E)
cos =2
Since for massless particles the spinors u and v obey the same equation,
the v spinors will have the same form (but the helicity labelling will be
dierent - see page 288).
(b) For the spinor u( ) we set  = 0 in part (a) and nd
;

011
B 0 CC
u( ) = E 1=2 B
;
B@ 0 CA 
1
and so 001
B 0 CC
(1 ; 5)u( ) = B
;
B@ 0 CA :
2
For v() we take  =  and obtain
0 0 1
B 1 CC
v() = E 1=2 B
B@ ;1 CA :
0
It is then simple to check that the  = 0 and  = z or 3 components
of v( )(1 ; 5)u( ) both vanish. On the other hand, noting that
;

 = (
 ; ) and hence
! !
 0

x = ; 0 ;  and
y = ; 0 ; 
x  y 0
x y
we nd that the  = x component is ;2E and the  = y component is
2iE .
We now consider the other half of the matrix element. For u(e ) we;

take (E), and for v(e) we take (E) with  replaced by  + , since this
is the opposite direction to that of the electron in the CM frame. This
gives 0 1
0
B 0 CC
(1 ; 5)v(e) = BB@ ;2 cos =2 CA
;2 sin =2
and
0 0 1
!B CC

 x(1 ; 5)v(e) = 0x ;0 B 0
B@ ;2 cos =2 CA
x
;2 sin =2
0 0 1
B 0 CC
= BB@ 2 sin =2 CA :
2 cos =2
It follows that
u (e )
 x(1 ; 5)v(e) = 2E (cos2 =2 ; sin2 =2) = 2E cos :
y ;
 Similarly, we nd
u (e )
 y (1 ; 5)v(e) = 2iE (cos2 =2 + sin2 =2) = 2iE:
y ;

We need to multiply the two  = x matrix elements, and the two

 = y matrix elements, and add these two products together this gives
;4E 2(1 + cos ).
21.2 Consider the term 6 k16 p16 k1 in the Trace. We have
6 k16 p16 k1 = (;6 p16 k1 + 2p1  k1)6 k1 = (;6 p1MW2 + 2p1  k16 k1):
We drop the term proportional to MW2 , since the other term will contain
an extra power of energy, by comparison. We can perform a similar
manipulation by moving the 6 k2 from the beginning to the end of the
Trace, and writing
6 k26 p26 k2  2p2  k26 k2:
We also have, to leading order in powers of the energy,
(p1 ; k1)2 = (p2 ; k2)2  ;2p1  k1 = ;2p2  k2:
These steps reduce the Trace to
g4 Tr(1 ;  )(6 p ; 6 k )6 k (6 p ; 6 k )6 k ]  ; g4 Tr(1 ;  )6 p 6 k 6 p 6 k ]
5 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 2 2
MW4 MW4
where we have again discarded terms involving MW2 . The `1' term in
the Trace gives (using (J.31) from volume 1)
;4 Mg 4 (p1  k1)(p2  k2) + (p1  k2)(k1  p2) ; (p1  p2)(k1  k2 )]
4
W
g
= M 4 (s2 ; u2 ; t2) = Mg 4 2tu
4 4
W W
where we have also used (20.117). Since t = ;2E 2(1 ; cos ) and
u = ;2E 2(1 + cos ), we nd that the spin-summed squared matrix
element is proportional to (g4=MW4 )E 4(1 ; cos2 ), as stated.
The `5' term in the Trace does not contribute. Evaluating it via (J.37)
gives something proportional to

p1 k1 p
2 k2 
 but we can replace, say, k2 here by p1 + p2 ; k1, and each of these 4-
vectors already appears contracted with the  symbol. It follows from
the antisymmetry of  that this contribution vanishes.
21.3 The sum of the amplitudes for gures 21.6(a) and 21.6(b) is (cf (21.29))
e2fv(p2)6 2 6 p ; 6 k1 ; m 6 1u(p1) + v(p2)6 1 6 p ; 6 k1 ; m 6 2u(p1)g:
1 1 e 1 2 e
This in fact should vanish when the polarization vector of either photon
is replaced by its momentum, since this is a consequence of electromag-
netic gauge invariance, as discussed in section 8.6 and problem 8.15.
We check this property under 1 ! k1. The rst (`direct') amplitude,
for gure 21.6(a), becomes
e2v(p2)6 2 6 p ; 6 k1 ; m 6 k1u(p1): (F)
1 1 e
But we may replace 6 k1u(p1) here by (6 p1 + 6 p2 ; 6 k2)u(p1) and then use
the Dirac equation to get
(m + 6 p2 ; 6 k2)u(p1) = (m + 6 k1 ; 6 p1)u(p1) = ;(6 p1 ; 6 k1 ; me)u(p1)
so that (F) becomes just
;e2v(p2 )6 2u(p1):
Similarly, in the second (`exchange') amplitude of gure 21.6(b), we
use
v(p2)6 k1 = v(p2)(6 p1 + 6 p2 ; 6 k2) = v(p2)(6 p1 ; me ; 6 k2)
to reduce it to
e2v(p2)6 2u(p1)
and the sum of the two amplitudes vanishes. We can also do a simi-
lar calculation in which, from the start, both polarization vectors are
replaced by the corresponding momenta.
 Chapter 22
22.1 The part of (22.23) which involves the Z and photon elds is
 1 1  1 ; 5 
;lf  2 g3(cos W 6 Z + sin WA6 ) ; 2 g (; sin W 6 Z + cos WA6 )] 2 ^lf
^ ^ ^ 0 ^ ^
  1 + 5 
^
+lf g (; sin W 6 Z + cos WA6 ) 2 ^lf 
0

where we have used y = ;1 for the left-handed doublets, and y = ;2 for

the right-handed (charged) singlets. For the charged (Q = ;1) elds,
then, remembering that the left-handed component has 3 = ;1, the
part involving Z^ is
   
;Z^f 12^lf  ;g cos W + g sin W ] 1 ;2 5 ^lf + g sin W^lf   1 +2 5 ^lf g
0 0

g  1  1 ; 5    1 + 5 
^ ^
= ;Z cos  flf  2 (; cos W + sin W) 2 lf + sin Wlf 
 2 2 ^ 2 ^  ^lf g
W  1 ; 5   1 + 5  2
^ g 
^ 1
= ;Z cos  flf  (; 2 + sin W) 2 + sin Wlf  ^ ^
2 lf g:
 2 2 
W

The terms in sin2 W combine to give just sin2 W^lf  ^lf , which can
alternatively be written as ; sin2 WQ^lf  ^lf for this case, while the
`;1=2' can be written as t3. This contribution therefore reduces to
g  1 ; 5 
;Z cos  flf  t3 2 ^lf ; sin2 W Q^lf  ^lf g: (M)
^ 
^ 
W

For the neutral eld with 3 = +1, the part involving Z^ is
 g g  1 ; 5 
;Zlf   2 cos W + 2 sin W ] 2 ^lf
^ ^
0


g 1   1 ; 5 
^ ^
= ;Z cos  2 lf   ^lf : (N)
W 2
In this case we can replace the `1/2' by t3 (M) and (N) together then
yield (22.36).
22.2 Note that `(22.56)' should read `(22.58)']. The rate is
X g2 Z  
;W = 2M1 31 j ( p  u
) (p )   1 ; 5 v (p )j2
 1 2
W spins 2 2
d3p1 d3p2 (2)4(4)(p ; p ; p )
1 2
(2)32E1 (2)32E2
where  is the polarization label of the W, which has 4-momentum p,
and p1 and p2 are the 4-momenta of the e and e. We neglect lepton
;

masses. The `1/3' arises from averaging over the W polarizations. The
total energy W is
W = 2jpj
where p is the CM momentum of the e , so that (in the CM) E1 =
;

E2 = jpj, and
dW = 2djpj:
The phase space term then reduces to
jpj2(dW=2)4 (W ; 2jpj) = (1=8):
424jpj2
The spin-summed squared matrix element is
1 X   1 Tr 6 p (1 +  )  6 p ]:
3   2 2 5 1


The average over polarizations gives (from (21.29) - note that `MW'
should read `MW2 ')
!
1 ;g + p p : (P)

3 M2 W
In the Trace, the 5 part will give (see (J.37)) something antisymmetric
in  and  , which will be contracted with the symmetric quantity (P),
so it won't contribute. The non-5 part of the Trace is (see (J.31))
Tr 6 p2  6 p1] = 4p2 p1 + p1 p2 ; g p1  p2]:
 Contracting this with (P) gives
4 ;2p  p + 4p  p + 2 (p1  p)(p2  p) ; p2 p  p ]:
1 2 1 2
3 Mw2 Mw2 1 2
From p = p1 +p2 we obtain ( neglecting lepton masses) p1 p2 = (p2)=2 =
(MW2 )=2, p  p1 = p  p2 = (m2W)=2. Putting the pieces together yields
(22.58).
22.3 We have
! ! ! ^ !
^ = 1 0 ^  ^C = i2^ = 0 1 0 1 (v + H
^) = 2 :
p

;1 0


2 (v + H )
1 (v + H
p p
2 0
So (22.125) becomes
1 (v + H ^ !

L^ = aij (u^Lid^Li ) 2 0 p ) u^Rj
!
 0
+ bij (u^Lid^Li) 1 (v + H^ ) d^Rj + h:c:
2
p

1
= aij p u^Li(v + H^ )^uRj + bij p1 d^Li(v + H^ )d^Rj + h:c
2 2
which is easily seen to be the same as (22.127), with the identi cations
(22.128).
22.4 First, note that from (22.130) and (22.131) we have (repeated indices
are summed over)
u^Li = UL(u)i u^L
y

and so
y
u^Lj = u^L UL(u)j 
y

and similarly for the other elds. Consider now the rst term on the
RHS of (22.133), involving the `L' elds. The neutral part of this is
(u) !
 ^  3 ^
;(u^L ULj dL ULj ) (g 2 W + g 2 yB) U (d) d^
(u) (d)  0
1 ^
y
U L j u
^ L 
y
Lj L
g (u)y 
= ; 2 u^L 6 W^ (ULj ULj )^uL ; d^L 6 W^ (ULj ULj )d^L]
(u) (d)
y (d)

; g2y u^LB6 ^ (UL(u)j UL(u)j )^uL + d^LB6 ^ (UL(d)j UL(d)j )d^L]:

0
y y
 If the matrices U (u) and U (d) are unitary, then we have
(UL(u)j UL(u)j ) =  and (UL(d)j UL(d)j ) = 
y y

and these terms are diagonal in the mass basis (since =

). The `R'
terms are similar but simpler, since there is no `2 2  ' structure, and
we simply require
UR(u)j UR(u)j =  and UR(d)j UR(d)j = 
y y

which are the unitarity conditions again.

22.5 There are some errors in (22.149), (22.150) and (22.151). (22.149)
should read
C^ P^ (W^ 0a(x t) W^ ia(x t))(C^ P^ ) 1 = (W^ 0a (;x t) ;W^ ia (;x t))
; y y

where a is the SU(2) index, and (0,i) are the 4-vector indices. Also, the
RHS of (22.150) and (22.151) should be be pre xed by a minus sign.
Making use of (22.148), we have
C^ P^ (^uL 0Vudd^L)(C^ P^ ) 1 = u^T 0  2 (;i) 0Vud (i) 2 0d^LT
y ; y y y

where we have not indicated explicitly the argument of the transformed

elds, which is (;x t). In matrix terms, this is a single number and
is hence equal to its transpose, apart from an additional minus sign
needed when we interchange the fermion elds. Hence the RHS side is
;Vudd^L 0T 2T T  0T 2  0 u^L:
y  

Now
 2T =  2  0T =  0 =  0 and  2 = ; 2
 

so our expression becomes

;Vudd^L( 2 T 2)^uL: (V)
For  = 0,  0T =  0, and
 2 0 2 = ; 0( 2)2 =  0:
 Similarly, for  = 1 3,  (13)T = ; (13), and
 2 (13)T 2 = ; 2 (13) 2 = + (13)( 2)2 = ; (13):
On the other hand,  2T =  2, and
 2 2T 2 =  2( 2)2 = ; 2:
Hence nally (V) is
;Vudd^L( 0 ; i)^uL
and (with the corrections noted above) we obtain (22.150).
22.6 Please note that the vacuum value of the Higgs eld should read
0 1
0
h0j^j0i = B@ 0 CA :
f
To obtain the photon and Z masses in this case, it is sucient to place
the vaccum value of ^ in the covariant derivative, which then becomes
0 0 1
p
@ igf (W^ 1 ; iW^ 2)= 2 CA]
@ + B
;igf W^ 3 + ig f B^
0

where we have used the expressions for the 3 3 t matrices. It is

clear that the same mixing of the W^ 3 and B^ elds occurs here as it
did in (19.88), for example, so that the unmixed elds A^ and Z^ will
be de ned as before, with the same sin W . With these de nitions, the
above covariant derivative on ^ becomes
0 0 1
p
@ + B
@ igf (W^ 1 ; iW^ 2)= 2 CA]:
;i(g= cos W )f Z^
Multiplying this by its Hermitian conjugate, as in ((22.8), we obtain
the mass terms
g2f 2 (W^ 1W^ 1 + W^ 2W^ 2)
2  
 and
(g2= cos2 w )Z^ Z^ :
Hence p
MZ = gf and MZ = 2gf= cos W
and the relation between MW and MZ follows. From (22.44), the value
of  in this model is 1/2.
22.7 Please note that there are two misprints in (22.183): the last line of
the RHS should read:
+ g8 W^ 2(^2 + ^ 2):
2

When we form (D^  ^) (D^  ^) it's clear that the result has to be real, so
y

that we need only write down the real terms in the product. These are
1 (0 1)f@ ^ @ ^ + (  @ ^ )(  @ ^ ) + (i)
 
2
; 2g @^ ^  W^  ; g2 ^  W^ @^ (ii)
+ 2g   @^ ^   W
^  + g ^   W^   @ ^ (iii)
2
; 2   @ ^   (W ^ ) ; 2g   (W^  ^ )  @ ^ (iv)
g ^ 

+ g4 ^ 2  W ^   W^  + g (^  W^ )(^  W^  ) (v)

2 2
4
; g4 ^   W^   W^  ^ ; g4 ^   W^  ^   W^  (vi)
2 2

!
g 2
^ ^ 
+ 4 (  W  ^ )(  W ^ )g 1 : (vii) 0

We now use the identity (see problem 4.4(b) from volume 1)

(  a)(  b) = a  b + i  a b
where a unit matrix is understood in the rst term. Line (i) then
reduces to
1 @ ^@ ^ + 1 @ ^  @ ^ : (a)
2  2 
The two terms in line (ii) add up to produce a total of
; g2 @^ ^  W^  : (b)
Using a b = ;b a, the two terms in the third line contribute a
total of g ^ @ ^  W^  (c)
2 
while the two terms in line (iv) contribute a total of
; 2g @^  (W^  ^ ) = 2g @^  (^ W^ ) (d)
and the two terms in line (vi) contribute a total of
; g4 ^ W^   (W^  ^ )
2

this last contribution, however, vanishes because two quantities in the

triple scalar product in the internal space are identical. The rst term
in line (v) is just
g2 ^ 2W^  W^ : (e)

8
Finally, the term in line (vii) is
g2 (W^ ^ )  (W^  ^ )]

8
= g8 W^   (^ (W^ ^ ))]
2 

g 2
= 8 W^   (W^ (^  ^ ) ; ^ (W^   ^ ))]
= g8 (W
2
^   W^ )(^  ^ ) ; (W^   ^ )(W^   ^ )]: (f)
The second term of (f) cancels with the second term in line (v), and
the rst term in (f) combines with (e) to give
g2 W^  W^  (^2 + ^  ^ ): (g)
8 
 The contributions (a), (b), (c), (d) and (g) then give the (corrected)
result for (22.183). Note that since all these terms do not involve the
 matrices - that is, they multiply the unit matrix in internal space -
they can be taken outside the matrix product, which simply reduces to
!
0
(0 1) 1 = 1:
22.8 Taking the vertex from (22.136), and approximating Vtb by unity, the
rate is
1 1 X g2  1 ; 5 u(p )j2
;t = 2m 2 2 j  (k )u ( p 2 )
2 1
t spins
p
d3 2 k
d3 (2)4(4)(p ; p ; k)
1 2
(2)32E2 (2)32Ek
where p1 is the 4-momentum of the top, p2 that of the bottom, and k 
are the 4-momentum and polarization label of the W. The `1/2' before
the spin sum arises from the average over the top spins. The sum over
the fermion spins of the squared matrix element is
Tr  1 ;2 5 (6 p1 + mt) 1 +2 5   (6 p2 + mb)]
= Tr  1 ;2 5 f 1 ;2 5 6 p1 + 1 +2 5 mtg  (6 p2 + mb)]
= Tr  1 ;2 5 6 p1  (6 p2 + mb)]
= 12 Tr 6 p1  6 p2] = 2p1 p2 + p2 p1 ; g p1  p2] (S)
where we have used (J.25), (J.31) and (J.36) the contribution from the
term with four  -matrices and a 5 will (from (J.37)) be antisymmet-
ric in  and  , and will vanish when contracted with the symmetric
quantity
X
(k ) (k ) = (;g + k k =MW2 ): (W)



Contracting (S) with (W) gives
2(;g + k k =MW2 )(p1 p2 + p2 p1 ; g p1  p2)
= 2;2p1  p2 + 4p1  p2 + 2(p1  k)(p2  k)=MW2 ; k2p1  p2 =MW2 ]
= 2p1  p2 + 2(p1  k)(p2  k)=MW2 ]
 We evaluate the dot products by using the 4-momentum conservation
equation,
p1 = p2 + k
thus
p1  k = (p21 + k2 ; p22)=2 = (m2t + MW2 ; m2b)=2
p1  p2 = (p21 + p22 ; k2)=2 = (m2t + m2b ; MW2 )=2
and
p2  k = (p21 ; p22 ; k2)=2 = (m2t ; m2b ; MW2 )=2:
q 2 2
In
q 2the CM frame, the total energy W is W = E 2 + E k = mb + p +
MW + p2. So
dW = jpj(E2 + Ek ) djpj:
EE 2 k
Also,
jpj = f(mt + MW )2 ; m2bgf(mt ; MW )2 ; m2bg]1=2=2mt :
Performing the phase space integral in the now familiar way (using
(mt ; W )), we nd
;t = MW2GpF (m2t+m2b;MW2 )+(m2t+MW2 ;m2b)(m2t;MW2 ;m2b)=MW2 ]jpj
2
4mt 2
where we have used (22.29). From this we obtain the numerical values
;W = 1:65 GeV, and W  4 10 25 s. ;

22.9 (a) For H ! f f we use the vertex

;i g2 Mmf u(p1)v(p2)
W
where p1 p2 are the 4-momenta of the f and f respectively. The rate
is
;(H ! f f) = 2M1
X g2m2f
Tr v v
 u u
 ] d3p1 d3p2 (2)4(4)(k;p ;p )
1 2
H spins 4MW
2 (2)32E1 (2)32E2
where k is the 4-momentum of the H. The trace is
Tr(6 p2 ; mf )(6 p1 + mf )] = 4p1  p2 ; 4m2f :
Since k = p1 + p2, we have
4p1  p2 = 2m2H ; 4m2f :
Also, in the CM frame, E1 = E2 = (m2f + p2)1=2 and
W = 2(m2f + p2)1=2 dW = 2jpjdjpj=E1
and
jpj = (m2H ; 4m2f )1=2=2:
Putting these results together gives (22.202), with a factor of three in
the case of quarks, from the colour multiplicity.
(b) For H ! W+ W , the matrix element is
;

igMW1(k1 1)  2(k2 2)

in an obvious notation. The rate is
X
;(H ! W+W ) = 1 g2MW2
;
(12 )(1 2 )
 

2MH 12
d k1
3 d3k2 (2)4(4)(p ; k ; k )
1 2
(2)32E1 (2)32E2
where p is the 4-momentum of the H. The polarization sum is
(;g + k1k1 =MW2 )(;g + k2k2 =MW2 )
= (4 ; k22=MW2 ; k12=MW2 + (k1  k2)2=MW4 )
= (4 ; 2 + (m2H ; 2MW2 )2=(4MW4 ))
= 4m
4
M 4 (1 ; 4MW =mH + 12MW =mH):
H 2 2 4 4
W
In the CM frame E1 = E2 = (MW2 + p2)1=2, and the total energy is
W = 2(MW2 + p2)1=2, so that
djpj = E1dW=(2jpj)
and
jpj = (m2H ; 4MW2 )1=2=2:
Performing the phase space integral in the usual way, these results lead
to (22.203). Note that there is a misprint in (22.203): the rst factor
in round brackets should read
4M 2 !1=2
1 ; m2 W :
H