ASEN 3113 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Homework #4
Assigned: September 28, 2006
Due: October 10, 2006 (class time)
(Total points noted in each section; must clearly show equations with values and units, drawings,
assumptions, etc.)

1. (20 points) A cold air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. The cylinder state at
the end of the expansion process is T = 500 K and P = 620 kPa. The heat rejection per unit mass
Q41
163kJ / kg Determine the following:
m

a) (10 points) Net work per unit mass of air.

b) (5 points) Thermal efficiency.
c) (5 points) Mean effective pressure.

Solution:
Q41
Using the given heat rejection, u 4 u1 . Thus, with u cv T and cv = 0.721 kJ/kg K:
m

Q41 163kJ / kg
T1 T4 500 K 273.93K
m cv 0.721kJ / kgK
For the isentropic compression T2 / T1 (V1 / V2 ) k 1 . Therefore

T2 (8)1.41 ( 273.93K ) 629.35K

Also for the isentropic expansion

T3 (V4 / V3 ) k 1 T4 (V1 / V2 ) k 1 T4 (8)1.41 (500 K ) 1148.7 K

a) The net work per unit mass of air is

Wcycle Q23 Q41 Q

c v (T3 T2 ) 41 0.721kJ / kgK (1148 .7 K 629.35 K ) 163kJ / kg 211 .45kJ / kg
m m m m
b) The thermal efficiency is

Wcycle / m 211.45kJ / kg
0.565
Q23 / m 374.45kJ / kg

c) The mean effective pressure is given by

 Wcycle Wcycle
mep
V1 V2 V1 (1 1 / r )
Evaluating the specific volume V1=V4

RT4 (0.2870kJ / kgK )(500K )

Where V4 0.2315m 3 / kg
P4 620kPa

211 .45kJ / kg
Thus mep 1043.86kPa
(0.2315m 3 / kg )(1 1 / 8)

2. (20 points) An air standard gas turbine engine has a compressor pressure ratio of 12. It
operates between 290 K and 1400 K. The turbine and compressor each have isentropic
efficiencies of 90%.Determine the following:

a) (10 points) Net work per unit mass of air flow.

b) (5 points) Heat rejected per unit mass flow of air.
c) (5 points) Thermal efficiency.

Solution:
Determine the unknown temperatures:
( k 1) / k
P
290 K 12
(1.4 1) / 1.4
T2 T1 2 589.84 K
P1

( k 1) / k
P
1400 K 1 / 12
(1.4 1) / 1.4
T4 T3 4 688.32 K
P3
Determine the work input to the compressor and the work output of the turbine:

Win c p (T2 T1 ) (1.005kJ / kgK )(589.84 K 290K ) 301.34kJ / kg

Wout c p (T3 T4 ) (1.005kJ / kgK )(1400K 688.32 K ) 715.24kJ / kg

a) Net work:

Wnet Wout Win 715.24kJ / kg 301.34kJ / kg 413.9kJ / kg

b) Heat rejected:

q out c p (T4 T1 ) 1.005kJ / kg (688.32K 290K ) 400.31kJ / kg

c) Thermal efficiency:
 q in c p (T3 T2 ) 1.005kJ / kg (1400 K 589.84 K ) 814.21kJ / kg

Wnet 413.9kJ / kg
th 0.508
q in 814.21kJ / kg

3. (30 points) A four-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine has a bore of 95.25 mm.
and a stroke of 87.63 mm. The clearance volume is 17% of the cylinder volume at bottom dead
center and the crankshaft rotates at 2600 RPM. The total volume of the cylinder is the volume of
bore and stroke volume plus the clearance volume. The processes within each cylinder are
modeled as an Otto cycle with a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 288 K at the beginning of
compression. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 2888 K. Use the following constants in
your analysis:

k = 1.4 for air/fuel mixture (compression) and k = 1.285 for combustion products (expansion)
Cv = 0.926 kJ/kg*K between steps 2 and 3, Cv = 0.825 kJ/kg*K between steps 4 and 1

(a) (4 points) Draw the P-v diagram; label Pressures, Temperatures, Qin, and Qout
(b) (2 points) Calculate the mass of air at the beginning of the cycle
(c) (12 points) Calculate the Pressure in kPa and Temperature in K at each step in the cycle
(d) (6 points) Calculate the net Work per cycle in Joules
(e) (3 points) Calculate the power developed by the engine in kW
(f) (3 points) Calculate the thermal efficiency of this engine

Solution
(a) See diagrams in Cengal pg 292-293.

d 2 0.09525m 2
VTotal Vbore & stroke Vclearance h 0.17Vtotal 0.08763m 0.17Vtotal

4 4
VTotal 0.000624m 0.17VTotal VTotal 0.000752m
3 3

m

P1V1 101,000 m 2 0.000752m
N 3

0.92 g (b solution)
RT1 0.2870 J 288K
g*K

1-2 Isentropic compression:

 k 1.4
v 0.000752m 3
P2 P1 1 101kPa 3
P2 1205kPa
v2 0.000128m
k 1 1.4 1
P k
1205kPa 1.4
T2 T1 2 288K T2 585K
P1 101kPa

2-3 Heat addition:

T3 2888K Qin mCv T3 T2 0.00092kg 0.926 kJ 2888 K 585K
kg * K
Qin 1.96kJ
P2V 2 P3V3 V T3 2888K
P3 P2 2 1205kPa 1 P3 5950kPa
RT2 RT3 V3 T2 585K

3-4 Isentropic Expansion:

k 1.285
v 0.000128m 3
P4 P3 3 5950kPa 3
P4 611kPa
v4 0.000752m
k 1 1.285 1
P k
611kPa 1.285
T4 T3 4 2888K T4 1743K
P3 5950kPa

4-1 Heat rejection

Qout mCv T1 T4 0.00092kg 0.825 kJ 288K 1743K
kg * K
Qout 1.10kJ

Net work per cycle:

Wnet Qin Qout 1.96kJ 1.10kJ Wnet 856J

Power developed by the engine:

2600 rev
RPM 1 min min 856J 1 min Power 74.2kW
Power # cylinders Wnet 4cylinders
2 60 sec 2 60 sec

Thermal efficiency:
W 856 J
th net th 43.6%
Qin 1960 J

4. (30 points) The conditions at the beginning of compression in an air-standard Diesel cycle are
fixed by p1= 200 kPa, T1 = 380 K. The compression ratio is 20 and the heat addition per unit
mass is 900 kJ/kg. Use k = 1.4 for air/fuel mixture (compression) and k = 1.34 for combustion
products (expansion).

Hint: To determine T3, use the averaged temperature value between T3 and T2 to determine the
temperature corresponding to a value for average Cp and iterate until you calculate values for
average Cp and T3 that work in the equations. A first guess for the value of T3 will be between
1600 and 2000 K. Use three decimal places only for average Cp in kJ/kg*K and also round
temperature values to the nearest value in four significant digits for this problem (i.e. No decimal
places for temperatures). Table A-19 has values for air and the units for Cp should be J/kg *K.

(Total points noted in each section; must clearly show equations with values and units, drawings,
assumptions, etc.)
(a) (4 points) Draw the P-v diagram and label Pressures, Temperatures, Qin, and Qout
(b) (14 points) Calculate the Pressure in kPa and Temperature in K at each step in the cycle
(c) (4 points) Calculate the net Work per cycle in kJ/kg.
(d) (4 points) Calculate the cutoff ratio
(e) (4 points) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle

Solution:
(a) See pg 298 in Cengal for diagrams.

1-2 Isentropic compression

k
v
T2 T1 1 380 20 0.4 T2 1259K
v2
k
v
P2 P1 2 200kPa 20 1.4 P2 13300kPa
v1

2-3 Heat addition

q in C p T3 T2 900 kJ C p T3 1259 K
kg

Choose T3 = 1983K, Calculate a Cp

q in C p T3 T2 900 kJ C p 1983 1259K C p 1.243

kg

Check average temperature of T3 and T2 in Cengal Table A-19

T3 T2
1621K Table A 19, Air C p 1.243 Temp _ Guess _ OK
2

Calculate cutoff ratio

P2V 2 P3V3 V T3 1983K
Const _ P 3 rc 1.575
RT2 RT3 V2 T2 1259K

3-4 Isentropic expansion

k 1 0.34
v 1
T4 T3 3 rc
1983K 1.575 T4 836 K
v4 20
k 1.34
v 1
P4 P3 3 rc 13300kPa 1.575
P4 442kPa
v4 20

q out Cv T1 T4 0.764 kJ 380K 836K

kg * K
q out 348 kJ
kg

Net work per cycle:

wnet q in q out 900kJ 348kJ wnet 552kJ

Thermal efficiency:
w 552kJ
th net th 61.3%
q in 900kJ