T H E

R O O T S

BECAUSE THERE IS NOT A BETTER WAY TO LEARN GRAMMAR THAN

NOUNS, ADVERBS, AND ROCK N ROLL


By: Guillermo Villagrana




I N T R O D U C T I O N

Welcome my fellow Rockstars! You must be here to understand the beautiful

world of grammar. To be able to write essays or become a good writer you must

know grammar. This book will cover all the essential and crucial parts of grammar

such as nouns to verbs and adverbs to prepositions! I created this book to be

able to teach people proper use of grammar or even help people review their

grammar. I thought to myself, hmm.. , how can I make Grammar more interesting?

Well I though of music! I choose music as my main topic because it is something

everyone relates to! Which means people will be interested and will be happy to

know that I use musicians and musical references as examples in this book. This

book isn't only for students or teenagers, this book is for everyone!

1
 Dedicated to...


Anyone in need for a grammar check.
seriously our generation needs it!


IwanttoexpressmydedicationtowardsMr.Rodriguezforchallengingmewith
myworkhabit.Thankyoufortheeducation!

Iwouldalsodedicatedallmyhardworkofthisgrammarbooktomyparentswho
attimessupportmeandworkhardinorderformetogetmyeducation.

Iwanttoalsosaythankyoutoallartist,companies,andpeoplewhocameoutin
myexamples.BennyGreb,TomasLang,neilpeartjusttonameafewartist.Vic
Firth,promark,Dw,Remoandmanymorecompanies.

Ifyouaredoingwhateveryoneelseisdoing,youaredoingitwrong)

CaseyNeistat

Tomorrowisthepastifyouknowwhatyou'restrivingfor,andthepresentisthe
futuresinceyouarechoosingwhatyouaredoingatthisverymoment

Guillermovillagrana

2
 Table of Contents
MAINSECTIONS
a. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 1 : PARTS OF SPEECH
SUBSECTIONSP
age#
i. Nouns 5 11
ii. Pronouns 12 14
iii. Verb 15 17
iv. Adjective 18 19
V. Adverbs 19 20
vi. Conjunctions 20 21
vii. Prepositions 21
viii. Interjections 22 24

b. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2: PHRASES
i. Types of phrases 25 27

c. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3: CLAUSES
i. Types of clauses 27 31

d. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4: SENTENCES
i. Different types of sentences 32 35
ii. Sentence Patterns 36 38
iii. Quiz 39


3
 e. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5: PARAGRAPHS
i. Different types of Paragraphs 40 44
ii. Quiz 44 45
f. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 : ESSAYS
i. Types of essays 46 48
ii. Strategies/Planning /Tips/Steps 48
iii. Work cited page 49

g. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7: CAPITALIZATION

i. Capitalization 50 52
h. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 8: PUNCTUATION
i. Punctuation 53 54

I. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 9 COMMONLY : CONFUSED WORDS
i. Types of confused words 55 56
ii. Quizzes for section 7, 8, and 9 57 58

END OF BOOK
i. About the author 59
ii. Glossary 60 63
iii. Citations 64

4

THE ROOTS!
I. Nouns

A. Typesofnouns:

1. CommonNouns(a noundenotingaclassofobjectsoraconceptasopposedtoa
particularindividual.)

Ex:Stage,hall,auditorium,musician

2 .ProperNoun(a nameusedforanindividualperson,place,ororganization)
(Ex:O
zzFest,HollywoodCalifornia,NeilPeart,BennyGreb)

3.CompoundNoun(A
compoundnounisanounthatismadeupoftwoor
morewords.)
(Ex:D
rumset,Keyboard,notebook)

4.ConcreteNouns(C
oncretenounsarethingsthatyoucanexperiencethrough
yourfivesenses:sight,smell,hearing,taste,andtouch.)

(Ex:D
rumthone,Guitar,microphone)

5.AbstractNouns(a noundenotinganidea,quality,orstateratherthanaconcrete
object)

(Ex:O
ptimistic,striving,success,exciting)

B.Nounidentifiers:
1.Nounendings:
nesstionismistture
tudementanceenceity
steroryeerhood

Ex:usingthenounendingsonewordpureendinginorder
Aggressivenesscommunicationcriticismactivistadventure
Attitudetreatmentappearanceabsencereality
Astercategorycareerchildhood

2.Followinganounmarker(NM):a,all,an,both,e ach,every,
her,his,several,some,that,their,these,this,those,one,e ct.Emboldenwordsare
pronounsthatfunctionasnounmarkersonlywhentheyactasadjectives,i.e.,s ome
boxesaresquare.(someactsasanadjective,soitsanounmarker).S
omeare
squares.(someactsasanounsoitsnotanounmarker).

Ex:

NMN
Thed rumsetisacombinationofbrightlydesignedcolors.

NMNN
Bothm
emoands alvadora rewearingmatchingjackets.

3.Pluralform:forexample:notesors trings

4.Possessiveform:forexample: musicianssheetmusicorm
usicians

sheetmusic

5.Followingapreposition:

NMNADV.VNMNPrep.PNADJ.N

Themusicianhappilyapproachedthefansafterhisspectacularconcert.

Thesearesomecommonprepositions:aboard,about,above,according,to,
across,acrossfrom,after,against,along,alongside

NOTE:Sometimestheabovewordsareusedasadverbs.

TheDjsequipmentfelld own.(adverb)

C.Function(Hownounsareused):

1. Subject(comesbeforetheverb)
SV
1.) Guillermotalkedbombasticallyaboutthegigfromlastnight.
SVADJ.ADV.Prep.N
2.)Guillermospokeinacourageousandfluentlywaytothepressaftertheconcertlastnight

2.DirectObject(c omesaftertheverbandanswerwhatorwhom)

SVDON
1.)BennyGrebthrewad
rumsticktothecrowed.
SVDOADV.PNADJ,ADJ.ADJ.N
2.)BennyGrebthrewad
rumstickcreativelytohisbiggestmostoutstandingfan.

3.IndirectObject(answerstowhoortowhom)

NMSVDOION
1.) Themusiciangaveanautographtohisfanattheconcert.
SVDOIOADV.VPNV


2.)CarlosSantanagaveaguitartohisf anafterwonderfullyhearinghewaspaid2.1million
dollarsfortheshow.

4.AdverbialObject(comesaftertheverbandanswerswhen)
SVAOADVVN
1.) Theproducersworkeveningstoexpandlyimprovemusic.
SVAOADJADVPred.N
N
2.)Theproducerworkseveningtoencourageandexpressivelychangethegameofmusic.

5.Objectofthepreposition(followsapreposition)
SVPred.NOPrep
1.)Memowalkedtothemusicstoretobuydrumheads.
SADVVOPrepVADJ
2.)MybandandIquicklyrantothemusicshoptobuythemostrecentgear.

6.SubjectComplement(followingalinkingverb)
SLVSC
1.) Guillermoisthesecretaryofthemusicclub.
SADVLVSCADJADJNN
2.)Guillermohappilyissecretaryoftheastonishingnewmusicclub.

7.Objectcomplement(followsadirectobjectandrenamesit)
SADVVDOOC
1 .) T
hebandsecretlyvotedMemotobecaptainoftheband.
S
ADVVDOCO
2 .)ThebandanonymouslyelectedMemotobethec ommanderoftheband.

8.Appositive(renamesnouns,separatedbycommas)
SAPPV
1.) Guillermo,myf riend,explainedwhataparadiddlewas.
SAPPADVVNV
2.)Guillermo,myc olleague,helpfullyexplainedwhataparadiddlewasusedfor.

9.Adjectival(describenounfollowingit)
SVADVAdjvi
1.) Theadvancedjazzbandgroupwenthappilytothem
usicpark.
SADVVPred.PNADJ
N
2.)ThewelleducatedyouthgroupsadlywentbackhomeaftertheirfabuloustriptoMexico.

10.NouninDirectAddress
N
1.)Julian,whereisallyourmusicsheets?
N
2.)Julian,didyougooverthehighlycomplicatedmusicsheet?


11.Objectofthegerund(nounthatfollowsagerund)
GOG
1.) UnderstandingthecomplexchangesinthesheetmusicmadeMemoproud.
GOG
2.)Comprehendingtheovercomplicatedsheetmusicm
adeMemoproud.

12.Objectoftheparticiple(nounthatfollowsaparticiple)
PartOPart
1.) Afterhearingthesong,itmademerethinkmylife.
PartOPart
2.)Afterlisteningtotheovercomplexsong,Imadeadecisiontoplaythatnewgenreof
music.

13.Objectoftheinfinitive(nounthatfollowsaninfinitive)
_inf_Olnf.
1.) Guillermoreallywantedtowinthisyear'sbattleofthebands.
_inf_Olnf
2.)Guillermodrasticallywantedtowinthisyear'sbattleofthebands.

II.PRONOUNS
Pronounstaketheplaceofnounsthathavebeenestablished.

1. Personala ssociatedwiththepersonorathingsuchasusing(I,you,they,
us)

Nominative(subjects)o bjective( objects)

I/weme/us
you/youyou/you
His,her,hers,its,oneshim,her,it,one/them
Ex:SheissigningupforBerkleeCollegeofMusic,butonlyifherothergirlsgo.

Ex:HewashappytoreceivehismoneygrantafterheregisteredforBerklee.

Possessive
My,mineour,ours
Your,yoursyour,yours
His,her,hers,its,onestheir,theirs

Ex:M
yfavoritethingintheworldismusicandher,therearemorestuff,butIjustforgot.

Ex:Y
ouropinionandmyopinionarejustliketheirs.

2.Relative:M
arksarelativeclause
NominativeObjectivePossessive
Whowhomwhose
Thatthatofthat
those/this

Ex:W
holeftthosestringsonthetable,someonepleasepickthemup!

Ex:W
homitmayconcern,wholefttheredrumstickinmyguitarcase?

3.Interrogative:A
pronounwhichisusedtomakeaskingquestionseasy.

Who,which,what,whatever,whoever

Ex:W
hotookmydrummingtuningkey?

Ex:W
hoevertookmysheetmusic,youaredead!

4.Reflexive( personalpronounsplusthesuffixselforselves)
UsedOnly.

A.Whentheactionverbisdedicatedtowardsthesubjectoftheconstruction
i.Hegradeshimselfmoreharshlythanhiscritics.Heboughtherselftwobookstowrite
whathefeels.


B.tointensifyapoint:
i.ThemusiciansaidspeechwhenhewonhisGrammy.Eventhoughitwashardwork,i
canfinishthejobmyselftheMusicianthought.

5.Demonstrative:S amepronounsusedfordemonstrativeadjectivesthis,that,theseand
thoseonlydifferenceisinthesentencestructure.
This,thesethat,those

Ex:T
heyarerules/directionsyouguysneedtofollowinmusic.

Ex:M
emoplayedthedrums,buthehadtogetanAinEnglishclasssohisparentswilllethim
practice.

6.Indefinite:notdeterminingtheperson,thing,time,etc

All,other,anybody,both,either,everybody,noone,none,nothing,such,someone,
much,many,ect.

Ex:T
herearemanyfewthingiwouldliketosayaboutthecscale,itissobasic.

Ex:E
veryoneatBravowanttobeadoctoryetmanytimestheychangetheirmind.

III.VERBS
Verbsshowthetime,action,andstateofbeingofasubject.
A. Howverbsareidentified:(Listthreetofiveofeachtype)

1.) Verbending:s,ed,ingarebasicones.Alsotate,ive,erareotherexamples.

Ex:D
rumming,tuning,feeling,listening,playing

2.)Tense:V
erbsindicatetimeviatenses

1. Simplepast6.present9.presentperfect
2. Past7,presentperfect10.future
3. Pastperfect8.Presentprogressive11.Futureperfect

3.Form:

a. Formoftobe:am,are,was,were,be,been,being(theseverbscanbeusedas
helpingverbsormainverbs.Whenusedasmainverbs,theyarealwaysL
inkingverbs
truelinkingverbs=allformofbe,become,andseem)
b. Formoftohave:have,had,has,having(Theseverbscanbeusedashelping
verbsormainverbs).


c. Formoftohave: h ave,had,has,having,(Theseverbscanbeusedash
elping
verbsormainverbs).

4.Types:Thereareatleasteleven(11)typesofVerbs:

a. auxiliaryverbs(helpingverbs)Ex:might,is

b. Linkingverbs(verbsthatdonotdescribeaction,butconnectthesubjectofasentenceto

otherpartsofthesentenceusuallythepredicate)E
x:F
eel,Grow

c. Lexicalverbs(mainverbs)E
x:Laugh,Think

d. Dynamicverbs(indicatetense)E
x:H
it,Play

e. Stativeverbs(describesacondition)E
x:Believe,Own

f. Finitiveverbs(indicatestense)E
x:IliveinHollywood.(Iisthesubjectlive

describeswhatthesubjectdoesliveisafiniteverb).

g. Nonfinitiveverbs(infinitivesorparticiples)E
x:ItravelledtoBerkleeCollegeof

musictoimprovemymusicality.(Toimproveisintheinfinitiveform).

h. Regularverbs(weakverbs)E
x:w
illadmire,welladd

i. Irregularverbs(strongverbs)Ex:( Drove,Driven)

j. Transitiveverb( verbsfollowedbyadirectobject)E
x:Playedthepiano.(playedwhat?

Thepiano)

k. Intransitiveverbs(verbsthatdonottakedirectobjects)Ex:w
earrived,wewent

5.Voice:V oiceistheformoftheverbthatindicateshowitrelatesorinteractswiththe
action.TheEnglishlanguagehastwovoices:
ACTIVEandPassive.

6.Verbals:(VERBFORMSNOTUSEDASVERBS)
A. Gerund:wordendinginingusedasanoun

i.Mr.Rodriguezenjoyshappilylisteningtomusic.

B.P
articiple:Wordsendinginingoredusedasanadjective.

i.Guillermojumpedintotheplayingtrackatthestudio.

ii.Memocarelesslyplayeddrumsforthed esertedvenue.

C.I nfinitive:v erbprecededbythewordto(togo,tojump)usedasanoun,adjectives,or

adverbs.

i.Guillermoenjoystoplaydrumsloudly.(noun:directobjectlikeswhat?)

ii.Guillermohasdrumstoplaytoentertainpeopleandhimself.(adjective:

modifiesdrumwhatdrums?)

IV.A
DJECTIVES
Adjectivesmodify,describe,limit,andidentifynounsandpronouns.

1.)KindsofAdjectives:Demonstrative,common,proper

Demonstrative(that,those,this,these)showwhetherthenountheyrefertoissingularor

pluralandwhetheritislocatedneartoorfarfromthespeakerorwriter.

Common(w
eak,loud,strong,evil)Anadjectivethatisnotwrittenwithacapitalletter.Most

adjectivesarecommononesthatarewrittenwithacapitalletterareproperadjectives.

ProperAnadjectivethatiswrittenwithacapitalletter.Theyareoftenderivedfromproper

nouns

2.)Endings:rhythmic,magical,personal,s killful,beautiful

ALARYFULICICALISHLESS

LIKELYOUSY

Moree xammples:(http://www.grammarquizzes.com/adjforms.html)


3.)conversion:
Love~~~~~~>Loveable
Adventure~~~~~~~>Adventurous
Loud~ ~~~~~>Loudly


4.)Articles:Theyare3maintypesofAdjectiveArticles,a,an,andthetheyare
determiners.
Ex:
Thedrumheads
Adrumstick

Whataneffect

5.)Comparatives/Superlatives:
Comparativeisthewaytocomparetwothings,asorthan.
DwsdrumsetisthesameasP
drsdrumsetbutwaymorepricythanPdrs

V.ADVERBS
Adverbsmodifyverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.

a.)Endings:
Musically,Clockwise,Cheerfully

b.)Conversion:
SlowSlowly
PassionatePassionately
WiseWisely

c.Types
NNVADV.ADV.
MannerG uillermoandhisbandplayedr apidlya ndpassionatelytotheirmosthitsong.
NADVVN
Guillermos lowlydeminimizehissoundgoingintothebreakdownofthesong.
NADVVNNV
TimeT hebandpatientlywaitedtogetsignedtoCapitolrecordsafterthepaperworkwasfilled
in.
NVADVADJ
ThebandwaswaitingpatientlywithenthusiasticthoughtsaftergettingsigneduptoCapitol
records.
NVNVN
PlaceStagecrewisworkingbelowthestagewewillbeperformingintonightinLosAngeles.
NVVADJNADV.
Thebandplayingafterusisoutsideunpackingtheirexpensivegearinafashionablematter.
NADVADJV
DEGREEGuillermoisexceptionallys trongkeepinghistempointhissong.
NVADV.ADJADJ
Guillermowase xtremelyhappyabouthisbandsnewhitsong!


NADVADJ
FrequencyT hemusicequipmentrarelyf ails,butyoushouldalwaysbereadyhaveaplanb.
NADVVNV
Guillermoc onsistentlyhastochangethewayhethinksofmusicsinceheisaregularrecording
N
Artist.

VI.CONJUNCTIONS
(theactionoraninstanceoftwoormoreeventsorthingsoccurringatthesamepointin
timeorspace.)

A. Coordinating( FANBOYS):f or,and,nor,but,or,yet,so

Ex:F orsomereasonGuillermoandh isfriendscannotfindthedrumsticks,b ut

theydidfindthedrumkey

Ex(2):F orsomeillogicalreason,memoandhisfriendhavetirelesslylookedfor
thedrumkey.

B.C orrelative:Either/orneither/nornotonly/butalsoboth/and
weather/oras/sp

Ex:Isitmeordoesn eitherMemon orJaunlikepurplestrings.

Ex:W eatheritismeorhim,Iwillalwaysbethebetterdrummer.

C.S ubordinate:after,though,as,asif,aslongas,asthought,because,
before,if,inorderthat,when,where,whereas,while

Ex:Aslongasmemohasapassionformusichewillgoplacesw herenoonehas
seen.

Ex:S inceI havenoideaw

heremydrumkeywent,Ineedtogobuyonea nditwill
takeawhilef ormetogetback.

D.Relativepronouns:w ho(referstopeople),which(referstononlivingobjector
animal),that(mayrefertoanimalsornonlivinganimals)

VII.PREPOSITIONS
Prepositionslinknouns,pronouns,andphrasestootherpartsofthesentence.Prepositionsare
NEVERfollowedbyverbs.Thereareo newordprepositionsa ndc omplexprepositions.T hese
aresomecommonprepositions:
Aboard,about,above,accordingto,acrossfrom,after,against,along,alongsideof,
alongwith,amid,among,apartfrom,around,as,asfaras,asidefrom,at,away
from,backof,becauseof,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,
beyond,but(except),by,bymeansof,concerning,despite,down,downfrom,
except,exceptby,bymeansof,inbehalf.
Thereareseveralothers,aswell:

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prepositions/list.htm
Or
http://www.englishgrammerrevolution.com/listofprepositions.html

Examples:
1. ApartfromMemoplayingthedrums,heisalsoab outtolearnhowtoplay
thekeyboard.
2. Inbehalfo fallmusicians,a partfrommyself,Bennygrebisoneofthemost
creative.
3. Accordingtomoderndrummertheaveragedrummerdoesnotknowhowto
readdrumnotes.

VIII.INTERJECTIONS
(anabruptremark,madeespeciallyasanasideorinterruption.)

Examples:

interjection meaning example

ah expressingpleasure Ah,thatfeelsgood.

expressingrealization Ah,nowIunderstand.

expressingresignation Ahwell,itcan'tbehelped.

expressingsurprise Ah!I'vewon!

alas expressinggrieforpity Alas,wanhavebandpractice.

dear expressingpity Ohdear!Doesithurt?Theblister

fromplayingthebass.

expressingsurprise Dearme!That'sasurprise!

eh askingforrepetition It'shottoday./Eh?/Isaidit'shot
today.

expressingenquiry Whatdoyouthinkofthat,eh?


expressingsurprise Eh!Really?

invitingagreement Let'sgo,eh?

er expressinghesitation Limaisthecapitalof...er...Peruwhere
weplayedourshow.

hello,hullo expressinggreeting HelloJohn.H owareyoutoday?

expressingsurprise Hello!Mydrumsticksaregone!

hey callingattention Hey!lookatthatdrumkit!

expressingsurprise,joyetc Hey!Whatagoodidea!

hi expressinggreeting Hi!What'snew?

hmm expressinghesitation, Hmm.I'mnotsosure.

doubtordisagreement

oh,o expressingsurprise Oh!You'rehere!

expressingpain Oh!I'vegotablister.

expressingpleading Oh,pleasesay"yes"!

ouch expressingpain Ouch!Thathurts!



uh expressinghesitation Uh...Idon'tknowtheanswertothat.

uhhuh expressingagreement Shallwego?/Uhhuh.

um,umm expressinghesitation 85dividedby5is...um...17said

Memoaftercountingthemoneyofthe
ticketssoldattheconcert.

well expressingsurprise WellInever!

introducingaremark Well,whatdidhesay?

Leanmorebycheckingoutthiswebsite!

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/interjection.htm

ThreeExamples!

1. Ugh,Thatwasmylastdrumsolo,i'mamsupertired!
2. Eww,thatguysjustthrewupalloverourhighlysensitivemusicequipment,whatshall
wedo?
3. Hmm,i'mnotsurewhatmusicianiwanttobelikesinceIgreatlyappreciateeverysingle
oneofthem.










THE ROOTS!

GRAMMARBOOKSECTION2
PHRASES

2.Phrase

a. PrepositionalO
utthedoor,Aroundtheworld

b. Appositive

1.) Amusician,G
uillermo,isgladlyrunningaroundthegiantstage.

2.) Aguitarist,M
arco,c ouldamazinglyplaythepartofgeddyleesbasslineinthesong

subdivisionsbyRush.

c.Verbal

i.)G
erund

1.) Playingdrumsislikeanaturaldrugcausedbyfeelingtheworldstoppedhaving

problemsandcolorseverywhere.

2.) Travelingaroundtheworldisoneofthebenefitsofbecomingamusiciandespite

allthehoursonaplaneorbus.

ii.)Participle

1.) Adrummer,a lwaysworkingwithfriendlycrowds,hasplayedundertheraineven

withthebadcircumstances.

2.) Hemovedhislegsquickly,d ragginghisheelsintotheIronCobradoublepedals.

iii.)Infinitive

1.) Toflyanairplaneisadreamofmine,sothisiswhybeingamusicianisagoal.

2.) Torecordanalbumisadreamofminesinceiwas11yearsold.

Phrasesaregroupsofwordsthatfunctionasapartofspeech.

A. Prepositional:A
groupofwordsthatbeginswithaprepositionande ndswitha

noun,andisusedasanadjectiveoranadverb.

Ex:Mr.Villagranawasamazinglyw
elcomedtotheband.

B.Apposition:A
groupofwordsthatincludeallthewordsorphrasesthatmodify

anappositive.

Ex:Guillermo,thenewdrummer,w
orkeddiligentlytoachievehismusicianshipgoals.

C.Verbal:Agroupo fwordsthatbeginwithaverbalande ndswithanoun.

1. Gerundwordendingwithingusedasanoun.

2. Participlewordendinginingoredusedasanadjective.


3. Infinitivev erbprecededbythewordto(togo,tojump)usedasnoun,

adjectives,oradverbs.

Seeverbsectionforhowthesephrasesareused.

GRAMMARBOOKSECTION3

CLAUSES

3.Clauses

a. Independent

b. Subordinate(7)

i.Nounv.Nonessential

ii.Adjectivevi.Relative

iii.adverbvii.Elliptical

iv.Essential

ClausesaregroupsOfwordswithsubjectandaverb.

A.)INDEPENDENTCanstandaloneasacompletesentence,knowasas imple

sentencepattern.

a.Capitolrecordsrequiremusicianstoworkreallyhard.


b.Capitolrecordsexpectsqualitymusicianshipandcharacteristicswhichrequires

musicianstoworkreallyhard.

B.)SUBORDINATE(Dependent)CANNOTstandaloneasacompletesentenceand

MUSTb eginwithaSUBORDINATECONJUNCTION.

1.) NounClause:U
sedasanouninasentenceandmayfunctionasasubject,apredicate

noun,adirectobjective,anobjectofapreposition,anindirectobject,oranappositive.

a. Wherehegrewupcreativelyinspiredhimtobecomingamusician.[SUBJECT]

b. Gratefullygivewhoevertextedmeananswerandadescriptiveanswerback.[indirect

obj.]

c. Thatthedrummerwasexcitedwhenheopenaboxofnewcymbalsimpatiently.[Subject]

d. JimiHendrixcreativelycheckedw
hathehadforhislastandfinalalbum.[Directobj.]

e. Enjoyablycreatingnewdrumbeatsisw
hatGuillermolikethemost.

f. Redeemthefreeautographwithanymusicianyouwantbeforeitgetsdark.

g. Ihopethatyoustillgladlykeepthetrackfromourrecordingatthestudiotoday.

[Appositive]

2.AdjectiveClause:U
sedtomodifyanouninanindependentclause.

A.)Someadjectiveclausesbeginwithanintroductoryword:


a.)Thisbandwheretheyareconsideredabsolutelyamazingistouringtheworld.(whereisan

introductoryword)

b.)Thereistheglowinthedarkguitarth atIgraciouslyneededforagig.

B.)Someadjectiveclausesbeginwithrelativepronouns:

a.)Emmanuelisa ppropriatelytheonew
howasvotedthebestbassplayerofhistime.

(ONEistheantecedentofWHOandchangedbytheadjectiveclause.)

b.)Theregoestheartisticartistw
hoseisusuallyatalentedsingeranddancer.

(ARTISTistheantecedentofwhoseandismodifiedbytheadjectiveclause.)

C.N
OTE:Therelativepronounhastwofunctions.Itintroducestheclausea nditisusedasa

sentencepartwithintheclause.

i.Arethesethedrumsthatyousocrazlywantinyourcollection?

(thatisthedirectobjectofwant)

ii.Guillermoisthedudewhoplayedgracefullyathisfirstworldtourgig.

(whoisthedirectobjectofplayed.)

iii.Thesheetmusictow
hichyoudesperatelydependonhadunfortunatelybeenlost.

(whichistheobjectoftheprepositionto.)

iv.Williamisamusicianwhodrasticallyignoresallcriticismofcritics.

(whoisthesubjectofignores)


3.AdverbsClauses:Usedtom
odifyverbs,adjectives,andadverbsinanindependentclause,

introducedbyasubordinatingconjunctionandusedtoindicatetime,place,cause,purpose,

results,condition,and/orconcession.

a.Modifyingverbs:

i.Therecordcompanyunfortunatelyputthevenuessignsw
hereafewcouldseeit.

(place)

ii.Whenthesongwasf inallyended,everyonecheeredcourageouslywithaburstofadrenaline.

(time)

iii.Afteralongexhaustingdayinthestudio,welefts inceweweretired.

(purpose)

iv.Bravosjazzbandleadertalkedasifhewouldpassionatelybeinchargefortheyearsto

come.(condition)

B.modifyingadjectives:

i.Todaysmusictestsadlyfelttwicea slongasisusedtobelastyear.

(howmuch)

ii.Memoisamazingashisfavoriteandmostdiscretedrummerofalltime,BennyGreb.

(towhatextent)


C.M
odifyingadverbs:

i.Memoalwaysworksharderthanhisungratefulbrothere versincehestopcaring

drastically.(condition)

ii.EventhoughLuisisolderthanmemo,memoalwaysendsupworkingmorepassionately

thanLuis.(condition)

4.RelativeClauses:D
ependentclausethatbeginswithar elativepronoun.

a. Theguitaristwhofinishesfirstatpolishingtheirguitarswillearnaindulgentlypieceof

cake.

b. Themusicstudentsw
hofinishesfirstw
illbeabletograduatefaster.

5.)EllipticalClauses:Adverbclausesclausesinwhichpartoftheclauseisomitted.

a. Whileplayingthecongas,themusiciankeepshistempoandkeepscalm.

b. Whilerecording,Marcokeepshiseyeonhisphonesincehiswifeisgladlyhaveababy.

6.)EssentialClauses:Clausesnecessarytothemeaningofthesentence.

a. ThecoursethatmostinterestMemoisclearlybeginnerJazzcompositions.

b. Thecoursethatmemoismostbombasticaboutisa ppropriatelyJa zzcompositionsand

Africandrumrhythms.

7.)NonessentialClauses:ClausesthatareNOTnecessarytothemeaningofthesentence.

a. Guillermosdrumlessons,whichbegan30minutesago,endedandwillstartnextweek

hopefully.

b. BlackSabbathslasttour,whichstartedin2015,willcometoanendinaboutamonth.


THE ROOTS!

GrammarBookSection4:Sentences

A.SentenceParts

i.Subject(3):
1.Complete:Thecompletesubjectismadeupofallthewordsthattellwhoorwhatthesentence
isabout.
N V PREP
Basic:Amusician'sjobistoplaymusicfora na udience.
N a dj.NV PREP
Adv:Bravostoptalentedmusiciansw erepreparingfortheirbiggestc oncertyet.

2.Simple:
NV V
Basic:WhenMemoisdrumming,helookslikehec ankeepplayingforever.
N N V PREP NN
Adv:Guillermoa ndAlextooka businordertoc atchusupfortonightsgiga ttheForum.

3.Compound:T hecompletesubjectismadeupofallthewordsthattellwhoorwhatthe
sentenceisabout.
SUB N VNVa dj.N

Basic:Alexa ndNeil,fromRush,flewtoCanadatoreceivetheire xclusivepaychecksfromtheir
musicworldtour.
SUB V NV
Adv:Marcoa ndlewwentouttoperforma ftertheyfinallygotthevenuetheywantedtoplayfor.

ii.Predicate(3):Thepartofasentenceorclausecontainingaverbandstatingsomethingabout
thesubject.

1.Complete:
NVN
Basic:Thedrumstickfellofhishada ndlanded19feeta wayfromhisdrumset.
N V N PREP VN
Adv:ThedrumstickthatslippedoutofBennysgrip,f lewthroughthea ira ndlandedontopofsomeone's
food.

2.Simple:
N NV NNN
Adv:Annaa ndBrendarantoMemosmusicshowontheothersideofHazardPark.
NV VN
Basic:Jalenplannedtothefinishtheguitarsolo.

3.Compound:
NVVN
Basic:Drummersdohita nddobreaka lltheredrumheads.
NADVVN
Adv:Drummersdramaticallydoplaya ndmightbreaktheirbrightlyfinishc ymbals.

B.SentenceTypes(4):

i.Declarative:intheformofa statement.
NVv
Basic:Therea remorethanfivemilliondrummerslearningtoplay.
V V
Adv:Shea skedmeifIlikedherparadiddlesc omparedtolasttime.

ii.Interrogative:a sksa question.Ite ndswitha questionmark(?).

NV NV
Adv:Memoa skedifwillwebehavingbandpracticetoday?
NVV
Basic:Memo,mayItuneup?

iii.Imperative:isa c ommandora politerequest.Ite ndswitha ne xclamationmark(!)ora fullstop/

period.
VN
Basic:Getthestrings!
VN
Adv:Canwepleasegetstartedonthemusicalitylesson.

iv.Exclamatory:e xpressese xcitementore motion.Ite ndswitha ne xclamationmark(!)

Basic:Youc ompletedyourmusicc lasse arlierthane xpected,GreatstuffMemo!

cAdv:Thistourhasbeenthebest,mostrated,toursincelastyear!

C.SentenceErrors(Incomplete/IncorrectTypes)(with
correctionguidelines)

i.Fragment:

Error:Showsineffectivee ffortduringbandpractices.
Solution:Andreshowsineffectivetonoe ffortduringbandpractice.(adda subject)

ii.Runon/Rambling:

Error:IlovetomakemusicIwouldc omposee verydayifIhadtime.

correct:Ilovetomakemusic,Iwouldc omposee verydayifIhadtime.(a dda c ommatoseparateboth

sentencesa ndmakessense)

iii.FusedSentence:

Error:Nobodyshowsupportmentthemusiciansweregettingunmotivated.

correct:Nobodyshowsupportmentthemusiciansweregettingunmotivated.(semicolontoseparatetwo
clauses.)

iv.MisplacedModifier:

Error:Onmywaytopickupmynewdrumset,Ifounda drumkeywithc hromec olored.

Correct:Onmywaytopickupmynewdrumset,Ifounda c hromec oloreddrumkey.(movedthewords

chromec olored behind drumkeysoitc anmakesense.)

v.CommaSplice:

Error:Josepha ndAngelhavebeeninJazzbandforthreeyearstheirgoalistobebandleaderstheir4th
yeartogether.

correct:Josepha ndAngelhavebeeninJazzbandforthreeyears.Theirgoalistobebandleaderstheir
4thyeartogether.(a dda perioda ndc reatetwosentences)

vi.DoubleNegative:

Error:Memoa ndIdidnotseea nyonefinishingtheirwarmupscales.

correct:Memoa ndIdidn'tseea nyonefinishingtheirwarmupscales.(c hangeoneofthenegativesinto
anotherword)

SentencePatterns

1.)SimpleSentence:AsentencethatisjustoneIndependentc lause.
NV
Theboyplayedguitar.
NVN
Somestudentsliketopracticetheresheetmusicbeforeschoolstarts.

2.)C ompoundSentence:Asentencewithmultipleindependentc lauses,butnodependentc lauses.

NVNV
Morrisseyc ontinuedhismusicc areerwhilee xbandmembersretired.

NV.ADVVNADV.
TheSmithsperfectedtheirmusiclogiclya fterpracticingtheirmusicc ontinuously.

3.)C omplexSentence:Asentencewithoneindependentc lauseandatleastonedependentc lause.

V NADJADVV
Afterfinishingmydrumsolo,Ihadthea udiencea mazeda ndc heerfullyc lapping. N

NVN
Memosnottosurew hereweneedtogoforourgigtoday.

4.)ComplexCompoundSentence:Asentencewithmultipleindependentc lausesandatleastone
dependentc lause.
N V N N
AlthoughMemoworkedreallyhardtoe arnfirstplacea tthedrumoff,manyofhisfriends
didnt
VNNV
Knowhowtosupporthim,thereforehisparentsc heeredloudera ndhappily.
N Va djNN
BecauseGuillermoshoweddetermination,hegotmusicianofthemonthandhewasvery
a dj.
appreciative.

5.)LooseSentence:Asentencethatc ontainsanindependentc lauseplusasubordinatec onstruction

(eitherac lauseorphrase).

N VNVVa dj.N
Thebandrantothevantoe scape,togetaway,a ndtogetsavedfromoverobsessedfans.

NVNNN
Iwouldgotothec oncertiftherewasspaceinthevan,nottofarfromhome,a ndifit
N
wereaffordable.

6.PeriodicSentence:Asentenceinwhichtheindependentc lauseisgivenatthee ndofthesentencein

ordertoc reateinterestorgeneratesuspense.
ADJN a dj.N a dj
Despitetheterriblec rowed,thefreezingtemperatures,a ndtheviolencethreatof
VNNVV
attackingfans,thebandc ontinuedtoplay.
N N ADJ. V.
Aliaknowstheheeltoetechnique,hasmoree xperience,a ndc angetworkinga ta moment's
NVNN
notice,Aliawillbeinc hargenextweekforthedrummasterc lass..

7.BalancedSentence:Asentencewherephrasesorc lausesparallele achotherbyv irtueoftheir

likenessofstructure,meaning,orlength.
NVNVADJ
Fastdrummerplaysfaster,whileslowdrummerplayslower.
NVNVADJ.
Thebandislookingfora newguitaristwhoa rereadytorecord,whoa rewelle xperienced,a nd
V
whoa reselfmotivated.

8.ParallelStructure:Asentenceusingthesamepatternofwordstoshowthattwoormorewordsor
ideasareofe qualimportanceandtohelpthereaderc omprehendwhatisbeingwritten.
NVV
Memolikestoplaydrums,topracticea ndtohearmusic.
NVADJNVADV
Lukewaslookedupontobeinga goodbassplayerbecausehepracticeshisscalesfluently,heIS
ADJVN
verymotivateda ndwillnotlackinginmusic.

9.Chiasmus:Asentencethatincludesarepetitionofideas(words,phrases,orc lauses)ininverted
(reversed)order.


N V AdjVAdjN
DoIe njoytoplaydrumsbecauseitshardo risdrumminge asybecauseIloveit?
N Va djNV
Doesthebandworktogetherbecausewepushe achotherordoesthemotivationkeep
N
thebandtogether?

10.Asyndeton:Asentencethatleavesoutc onjunctionsbetweenwords,phrases,orc lausesfora

rhetoricalpurpose.
VVV
hit,play,repeat
NNVa dj.NN
Afterthedrumoffhereceiveda warmfulhandofa pplauses,cheers,fame.

11.P
olysyndeton:Asentencethatusesmultiplec onjunctionsinc loseproximitytoe achotherbetween
words,phrases,orc lausesforarhetoricalpurpose.
NNVNNN
Todaymymusicteachergavememydrumsticksa ndmydrumkeyandmydrumheads.
N VVVNV
N
Andrehadtorunandstretchandpracticehisdoublepedaltechniqueandpracticehis
rudiments.

12.Anaphora:Asentencethatfeaturesthepurposefulrepetitionofaword,words,oraphraseatthe
beginningofseveralsuccessivec lausesinordertoplacee mphasisanddrawattention.
NVNVN
Hedroppedthedrumsticka nditwaslostinthec rowd.
NNVNVN
BennytoldAndretopasshimthedrumkeytotunethedrumheads.

13.Epistrophe:Asentencefeaturingseveralphrasesorc lausese ndingwiththesamewordorwords.

NVNVNV
Memoishappyforthisbandpractice,Imoverthisbandpractice,Ia mfinishedwiththis
N
bandpractice.
NVADV.NAdjN
Luismakese xcusessofrequently!Lastmonthhewasbusy,lastweekhewas
AdjNAdj
injured,a ndtodayheistired!




GRAMMARBOOKTESTSECTION4:
MATCHING
RunonSentence (f)

ParallelStructure(d)

Anaphora (h)

LooseSentence(c)

Declarative (e)

Complete (g)

Chiasmus (i)

Balancedsentence (j)

Asyndeton (b)

Simplesentence (a)

a.Sentencewithoneindependentclause

b.Leavesoutconjunctionsbetweenwordsandthephrases

c.independentclausewithsubordinateending

d.Sentenceusingthesamewordpattern,

e.InSformofstatement

f.Notypeofpause,sentencekeepsgoing

g.Containsbothsubjectandpredicatecompletedsentences

H.wordsrepeatedatthebeginningofclauses

I.wordsrepeatedorideasinreversedorder

J.balancedsentencewithideasandclauses,makessense



THE ROOTS!

GrammarBookSection5
Paragraphs

1. IntroductoryParagraphs

a. Hook(Lead)

i.Anecdotal(Briefstorytosetthemoodandintroducethetopic)

1. Ex.Whenguillermoplaysproperly,hisbandalwaystreathimtoanewpairof

drumsticks.TheyrewardhimwithVicFirthdrumstickswhenheplaysgood.

Thebetterheplaysliveandinpractices,themorehesavesmoneyondrumsticks

andsadly,thelessmoneyhisbandmateshave.Asadrummer,hefeels

appreciated,butthebandbudgetsisslowlydraining.

ii.QueryBased(Questionthatbringsthereadertothetopic.)

1. Ex.Doesthecostofdrumsticksreallyhaveanegativeeffectontheband's

budgets?

b. ThesisStatements(thepurposeofapiecewritingusuallyonesentenceinlengthand

somethingthatisarguable)

i.Assertion(claim)

1. Drumsticksareuseful,butyoudon'tneedtooverbuythem.

ii.Fact(Empiricallyverifiable)

1. Drumsticksarecheapandessentialforadrummer.

iii.Opinion(Personalpositiononatopic)

1. Vicfirthmakesabsolutelythebestdrumsticks.

iv.Belief(social,religious,orpoliticalinnatureanopinionheldbytobeafact,though

itisnotnecessarily)

1. PromarksattimesarebetterthanVicFirthinmanyways.

v.Generalization(usesabsoluteorstatisticalpronouns:all,always,every,never,none,

most,halfavoidusingthistypeofstatement)

1. Everypennyspentondrumsstickscouldbeawasteandnotgoodfortheband.

vi.DocumentBased(citesaspecificsourceanditspositiononatopic)

1. InModernDrummermagazine,Bennygrebcorrectlystatesthatthestickindustry

hasadeepaffectonthedrummersbehaviorwhileplayingmusicandrewarding

musicians,likedrummers,makesthebandmotivatedeventhoughthebandlosses

abitofmoneyitisokaytospoilyourselfandyourbandmates.

vii.Theory(astatementthatcanbetestedandpotentiallyproven)

1. Choosingacertaindrumstickcanaffectyourplaying.

2. BodyParagraphs

a. TopicSentences(mustspecificallyindicatethetopicoftheparagraphandfocusonone

subjectandareaofevidenceorsupport)

1. Multiplesourcesadditionallyindicatethatthedrumstick(company)choiceisimportant.

(Noweverysentenceinthisparagraphmustberelatedtotheconnectionbetweena

drummer'spreferencesstickandthestickcompany.)


b. EvidencefromQuotations(quotesshouldNEVERbeusedasindividualsentences

quotesshouldbeembeddedwithinsentence)

i.Severaldrummersagree,Thetypeofdrumstickscouldaffectyourplaying(Modern

drummer)

ii.Thesizeofdrumstickscouldaffectadrummersplayingaccordingtoseveral

musicians.(ModernDrummer)

iii.Unfortunatelyforplayers,accordingtoseveralresearchers,Drumstickscouldaffect

thewaydrummersplay(ModernDrummer)

iv.Unfortunately,drumstickscandramaticallyaffecttheplayingtypeofa

drummer(Moderndrummer)

vi.Paraphrase(rewordingofaquoteintootherwordsofthesamelengthwithout

quotationmarks,butstillcitingthesource.)

1. OriginalQuoteDrumstickssizescanhaveaneffectonthedrummers

playing(ModernDrummer)

2. PARAPHRASEDrummersselectionofdrumstickssizemightaffecttheir

playing

vii.Summary(condensinglargerquotesorsections)

1. OriginalQuoteDrumstickssizescanhaveaneffectonthedrummers

playing(ModernDrummer)

2. EX.SUMMARYDrumsticksizematter

viii.AbstractExamples(hypothetical,whatifexamplesAVOID)

1. Drummerscanplaybetteriftheychoosetheirowndrumsticksize.


ix.ConcreteExamples(actual,referenceableexamples)

1. EX.InastudyoftheMay2016ModernDrummermagazinesurveyshowsthat

thedrummerthatchoosetheirpreferenceddrumstickswithimprovetheirskillin

lessthan24hoursofplayingthedrums.

c.ClosingSentences(mustendthediscussionofthetopicwithintheparagraphwitha

transitionalorculminatingwordpossiblyanadverbandshouldechothethesisofthe

essay)

i.E
x.Clearly,validmusiciansonthesubjectofdrumsticksagreethatdrummersneedto

choosetheirrightsizeofpair.

3.ClosingParagraphs( Conclusionsshouldnotbemeresummariesoftheprevious

paragraphsofyouressay)

a. ConsequencesofDisregardingtheThesis(establishingthepotentialconsequencesof

disregardingtheimplicationsofthethesisCREATINGACOUNTERARGUMENT)

i.Ifanydrummercoulduseanykindofdrumstickwithanysizeorcompany,they

wouldntbeotherbrandsorsizestochoosefrom.

b. Statement(s)ofExtension(extendingtheconsequencesofdisregardingtheimplications

ofthethesiscouldbeoneormoresentences)

I.Assuch,thechoiceofpickingpickingyourdrumstickscomestoyou.

c. EstablishingtheSignificanceoftheThesis

I.Notonlydoyoucarryoutyourfavoritebrandofsticks,butdrumsticksstuibleforyou

toplaywiththatarecomfortablewiththedrummer.

d. FinalSentence(connectstothehook)


I.Sogiventoallthesizesandbrandthereare,maybegettingrandompairsofdrumsticks

fromhisbandmatesisn'tsogoodatall

KEYTOTEST:

1.) Assertion,purposeoftheessay.

2.) Conclusionsshouldnotbemeresummariesofthepreviousparagraphsofyouressay.

3.) Hookthemwithyourthesis,makethembeinterested.

4.) Briefstorytosetthemoodandintroducethetopic.

5.) (Empiricallyverifiable),(Personalpositiononatopic),and(social,religious,orpolitical

innatureanopinionheldbytobeafact,thoughitisnotnecessarily)

Testtoparagraphs

1.)Whatisaclaim?

2.)Whatisac losingparagraph?

3.)Whatdoesitmeanwhenthegrammarbooktoldyoutobepersuasiveontheessay?

4.)WhatdoesAnecdotalm ean?Bespecific.

5.)Whatdoesitmeantousefacts,opinion,andbeliefinyouressay?

.

THE ROOTS!

GRAMMARBOOKSECTION6
ESSAYS

Explainthepurposeofe achtype(andsubtype)ofe ssaya ndshowthetacticsusedtoc reatesuccessful

essays.Noneedtoincludeyourowne xamplesfore ach.Twentypoints(20)e xtrac reditfore achoriginal

exampleyoudoc reatea ndinclude,though.

i.Persuasive(Argumentative)iii.A
nalytical/Critical

ii.Expository(Informative)1.)Evaluative

1.DefinitionorDescription2.)Interpretive

2.Process/Howtoiv.N
arrative(Tellsa story)

3.Comparea ndContrast1.PersonalAnecdote

4.Causea nde ffect

I.PersuasiveGooda tpersuadingsomeonetodoorbelievesomethingthroughreasoningortheuseof

temptation.Inotherwords,makethereaderstaya ndreadthee ssay.

ii.Expositoryintendedtoe xplainordescribesomething.Youneedtobea bletobackupyourthesis

withe vidence.

1.) DefinitionorDescriptiona spokenorwrittenrepresentationora ccountofa person,object,or

event.Havea deepa ndgooddescriptionoverthethingsyoua rewritinga bout.

2.) Process/HowtoHowdidyougetthere,c anyoue xplain?

3.) Comparea ndContrastc ompareyourthingswithyourreferences.

4.) Causea nde ffectWhata rethec ausesa nde ffectsthatwilla ffectyourc laim.

iii.Analytical/CriticalAc riticala nalysisissubjectivewritingbecauseite xpressesthewriter's

opinionore valuationofa text.Writinga c riticalpaperrequirestwosteps:c riticalreadinga ndc ritical

writing.Criticalreading:Identifythea uthor'sthesisa ndpurpose.

1.) EvaluativeEvaluativec laimsa boutliteraturetendtobeoftwokinds.Thefirstinvolves

aestheticjudgment,thequestionbeingwhethera textsucceedsina rtisticterms.

2.) InterpretiveUsedtodescribethingsthate xplainordefine,likea ninterpretivedancethatuses

movementsa ndgesturestoc onveythemeaningofa pieceofmusic.Interpretivec omesfromthe

Latinwordinterpretari,whichmeans"explain,e xpound,understand."

Iv.Narrativeaspokenorwrittenaccountofconnectedeventsastory

PersonalAnecdotea shorta ccountofa particularincidentore vent,e speciallyofa ninterestinga bout

yourlife.

V.R
esearch

1. MLACitationFormat

2. APLCitationFormat

Vi.T
imed

1. DocumentBasedQuestion(DBQ)

2. Synthesis

3. PromptBased

B.)S
trategies/PlanningTips/Steps

Beforeyoustartwriting,youneedtoorganizeyourselfinordertowriteagoodEssay.Findwhat

kindofpaperyouarewritingandbreakdownthesectionslikeso.

i.Prewriting/PromptAnalysis/Outlining

ii.Research/Evaluateofsource

C.)Workcitedpage

i.MLAformat

MLAstyleisthestylerecommendedbytheModernLanguageAssociationfor

preparingscholarlymanuscriptsandstudentresearchpapers.Itconcernsitselfwith

themechanicsofwriting,suchaspunctuation,quotation,anddocumentationof

sources.

ii.APAformat

APAstyleisaformatforacademicdocumentssuchasjournalarticlesandbooks.It

ismodifiedinthestyleguideoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA),

titledthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

 THE ROOTS!

GRAMMARBOOKSECTION7
CAPITALIZATION

Capitalization

Capitalizethefirstwordofadocumentandthefirstwordafteraperiod.

Example:BandleaderFrankielovestogiveorders.He providesgoodworke thics.

2.Capitalizepropernouns

Example:Thebandreceiveda giftfromMr.Q
uijada.

3.Capitalizenamesofday,month,holidays,andspecialdays

Example:WewillbehavingourlastgiginD
e cember.

4.Capitalizebrandnamesbutnottheproduct(s).

Example:Everyoneisrequiredtohavea nGipsonguitarsinordertogetpaidmoney..

5.Capitalizebusinessnames.

Example:MusicPlanethashelpedusfundraisedonethousanddollarsformusice quipment..

6.Capitalizeinstitutionnames.

Example:BerkleeCollegeofMusicwillbegivingouta scholarshiptothemusiciansinneed.

7.Capitalizethefirstwordofthegreetingandc losingofaletter

Example:DearBa ndmembers,wewillbec ancellingpracticeduetomebeingsick.



8.Capitalizeaspecific,wellknownareaore vent.

Example:ComejoinusfortheStudentStarMusicianLAthisc omingweek.

9.Capitalizethefirstletteronlyinmosthyphenatedwordsthatbeingasentence.

Example:Afterpracticec heckyourEmailstoc onfirmonrehearsaltimes.

10.Capitalizepoliticalpartiesandtheirmembers.

Examples:Manymusiciansincludingmyselfa rereallydisappointedwiththeRe publicanPa rty.

11.CapitalizeNorth,South,East,West,Northeast,Northwest,Southeast,andSouthwest

whentheyrefertoaregionofthec ountryorworld.

Example:WewillbeheadingNorthfora milea ndWe stfora nothertwomilesinordertogetto

ourgig.

12.Capitalizer acesande thnicgroups.

Example:Therea relotsofLa tinosintheBoyleHeightsmusicprogram.

13.Capitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordinadirectquotation.

Example:Bennygrebtellsus, Afteryoufinishyourlegpedalworkoutpleasefilloutyour

dailypapers.

14.Capitalizelanguages

Example:MostofthebandmatesspeakEnglishbutc oulda lsospeaka 2ndlanguage.

15.Capitalizeaproperadjectivebutnotthenounitmodifiesunlessthenounsispartofatitle.

Example:Mr.flores,ourmusicteacherpublishesa yearbooktitled,TheOutstandingMusician

of201617.

16.Capitalizemajorwordsintitlesofbooks,articles,andsongs

Example:Jackielovestohearthesong SidetoSidebyArianaGrandee veryday.

17.Capitalizeseasons,whenusedinatitle

Example:TouringseasonwillstartintheS
pring!

18.Capitalizetrademarks.

Examples:Bravomusiciansa renota llowedtobuyfrom3rdpartymusicstoreslikeOlvera

music.

19.Capitalizethefirstwordofasentencefollowingac olon.

Examples:Joeslatea rrivaltopracticemadenodifference:He didntworkonmusic.

20.Capitalizethesingleletterword,firstpersonpronounI.

Examples:Ilovemusic!

21.Capitalizeinitials,initialisms,andacronyms

Examples:TheinitialforthebandXCripalsisXC.

22.Capitalizesalutationsandc losingsinlettersfirstwordonlyunlesspropernameisused

Examples:ToWhomItMayConcern,yourc hildisnota llowedtopracticeinmarchingband

becauseoflowgrades.

23.Capitalizenamesoftheplanets

Examples:OurnextpracticewilltakeplaceinUranushopefully.

24.Capitalizeperiodsande vents

Examples:TheLouisianaPurchaseiswhywehavea lotmoreplacestosharemusic..

25.Capitalizenamesofnational,political,r acial,social,c ivic,andathleticgroups

Examples:Wea retheT
oothpicksa ndJa zzBa nda remusicalgroupsa tBravo.

GRAMMARBOOKSECTION8

PUNCTUATION
PunctuationDefinea ndc reateone(1)e xamplesentenceoftheusesfore achmark.

a.[]().,:? !

1. []thebracketsc anbeusedforc larification

Example:Bravomusicians[themosttalentedinLosAngeles]wonfirstplace.

2. (.)theperiodisusedtostopasentence.

Example:BravosLatinJazzbandalwaysfindstheirwaytovictory(.)

3. (,)thec ommaisusedasapauseinasentence

Example:AsJoewasmakingupforallhislatepracticeswiththeband,Tomwaslooking

likehedidn'tcare.

4. ()thee ndashisusedforaspacinginbetweennumbersanddates.

Example:Tomorrow'spracticewillbefrom3:154:30thisafternoon.

5. ()thee mdashesareusedasareplacementofac ommaortwoe mdashesshowthat

lettersofawordismissing.

Example:GuillermoandAndrebothenjoytosingbuttheyindeedlovetogooutand

run.

6. (:)thec olonsareusedforlisting
 Example:ThesearetherequirementsforthisJazzband:auniform,goodgrades,anda

goodattitude.

7. ()thesemicolonsareusedinbetweentwoindependentc lauses

Example:ThetwogirlsontheJazzbandgotscholarshipsforamusicschoolwhilecarlos

wenttotourrightafterhighschoolfromplayingsaxophone.

8. (?)thequestionmarkisusedwhenaquestionisasked

Example:Whenwillpracticee nd?

9. (!)thee xclamationpointisusedtoshowane xclamatorystatement.

Example:Youbetternotmissbandpracticetoday!

10. (...)thee llipsisleavepeopleinsuspenseorlongerpause.

Example:BravosLatinJazzbandwon4trophieslastyeara ndthisyeartheywononcemore.

11. ()theapostrophesareusedinpluralsc ontractionsandpossessives

Example:Ithinkitstimetogotothestudiotolaydownsometracks.

12. ()thequotationmarksmeanthatyourequotingsomethingsomeonee lsesaid

Example:Frankiesays, Nevergiveuponyourspeed!toa llthedrummersworkingonfinger

speed.

 GRAMMARBOOKSECTION9

COMMONLYCONFUSEDWORDS
CommonlyConfused/MisusedWordChoices

a.C
onnotation/Denotation

Example:Connotationsrefertopositivea ndnegativethingswordsc arrywiththema ndDenotationrefers

totextualmeaningsfoundinthedictionary.

b.Who/Whom

Example:Whoisreferredtoa sa persona ndwhomisreferredtoa nobject

c.Their/There/Theyre

Example:Theirreferstosomeone,Therereferstoplaces,andtheyrerefersto(theya re)

d.Lie/Lay

Example:Lieistorestorleanon,layiswhenyouputsomethingorsomeoneonthefloor

e.Laid/Lain

Example:Laidisthepasttenseoflay,a ndlainisthepastparticiple

f.Affect/Effect

Example:a ffectistheoutcometowardsyoua nde ffectissomethingthatwasinfluenced

g.Accept/Except

Example:acceptiswhenyoua rewelcomedintosomethinga nde xceptiswhensomethingisbeing

excluded

h.C/W/Shouldhavevs.C/W/Shouldof
i.Loath/Loathe

Example:Loathemeanstodislikegreatlya ndloathmeanstobeunwilling

j.Infer/Imply

Example:implymeanstosuggestindirectlya ndinfermeanstodrawa c onclusionof.

k.Weary/Wary

Example:Warymeansc autiousa ndWearyistiredorwornout

l.Proceed/Precede

Example:Proceedmeanstomoveforwarda ndprecedemeanstogoinfrontoforbefore

m.Discrete/Discreet

Example:Discreetmeanstobemodesta nddiscreetmeanstobeseparatea nddistinct

n.Conscience/Conscious

Example:Consciencemeansthatyougetthefeelingofsomethinggoodorbada ndc onsciousmeanstobe

awakea nda lert

o.Can/May

Example:c anisusedforpermissionjustlikemaya swellbutmayismorepolitetouse

QUIZ7,8,&9ALLTOGETHER

1. Trueorfalseaperiodisneverusedtoendasentence. False
2. Thepunctuationusedinbetweentwoindependentclauses. Semicolon
3. Thepunctuationthatseparatesnumbersanddates. Theendash
4. Thepunctuationusedforlisting. Colon
5. Exclamationmarkiscalled. Exclamationpoint
6. (...)arecalled Ellipsis
7. ()iscalled Quotationmark
8. ()iscalled AnApostrophe
9. []arecalled Brackets
10. Whatisthequotationmarksusedfor? Toquotewhatsomeoneelsesaid

LISTANYTENCAPITALIZATIONRULES!

1. Capitalizethefirstwordofadocumentandthefirstwordafteraperiod.

2.Capitalizepropernouns

3.Capitalizenamesofday,month,holidays,andspecialdays

4.Capitalizebrandnamesbutnottheproduct(s).

5.Capitalizebusinessnames.

6.Capitalizeinstitutionnames.

7.Capitalizethefirstwordofthegreetingandclosingofaletter

8.Capitalizeaspecific,wellknownareaorevent..

9.Capitalizethefirstletteronlyinmosthyphenatedwordsthatbeingasentence.

10.Capitalizepoliticalpartiesandtheirmembers

Fixthewordyoufeelneedtobefixedandstatethedefinitioninyourown

words(ifasked).Tryyourhardest!

1. Denotation:textuallydefineswordsindictionary.

2. Whichoneismorepolitecanormay?May

3. Infer:todrawaconclusionof

4. Thatknowledgeablefeelingofgoodandbad.Conscience

5. Loathe:greatdislike

6. wary:cautious

7. Weary:tiredorwornoff

8. Theyaremakeswhatword?Theyre

9. Imply:makeanindirectsuggestion

10. Lie:torestback,recline

Abouttheauthor

GuillermoD.VillagranaVelazquezorknownas,Memo,wasborninMay10,

2000inLosAngelesCalifornia.Memowasneverinterestedinwritinguntilhe,by

himself,foundthetruemeaningofwhypeoplewriteandthatreasonatleastfor

himistoletoutemotionsorfeelingsthataretrappedinsideandcantletoutinany

otherform.Memoisalsoamusicianwhoplaysallkindsofmusic!Manyofthe

songshewrites,asinlyrics,arejustpoemshehadcreated.Hestartedtowrite

poemswhenhewasjust13yearsoldandenjoyedmakingsongsoffthepoems.

Sadly,mostofhisearlypoemsweredestroyedinafire.ThewayMemodeveloped

hiswritingskillsarebasedonMemos6thgradeEnglishteacherMs.Heaphy.

Heaphytaughthimthebasicrootstowritingessays,poems,andmanystories

whichhelpedinspireMemotowriteabookaboutgrammar.ShealsotaughtMemo

howtowriteincursive.ThishelpedMemotowrite,butonceheenteredhigh

schooleverythingchanged.Hefeltlikeheshouldnotwriteanymoreduetoabad

experiencewithhis9thgradeEnglishteacher.Thisreallyunmotivatedhim,but

whenhewasin10thgradehegainthemotivationandconfidencebecauseofa

teachercalledMr.Rydenandalsobecausehedecidedtobecomeafulltime

musicianwhichmeanthehadtostartwriting.OnceMemoreachedthe11thgrade,
itwaslikeablessingfromheaven.Someonesoqualifiedtoteachhimhowto

writeproperlyandpushhimtohislimitandthatgreatman'snameisMr.

Rodriguez.ThatforeverchangehislifebecausenooneelsehaschallengedMemo

moreinanEnglishclassthanMr.Rodriguez.

 Glossary
Nouns aword(otherthanapronoun)usedtoidentifyanyofaclassof
people,places,orthingscommonnoun,ortonameaparticularoneof
thesepropernoun.

Adjective:a word,phrase,orclausethatdescribesanounorpronoun.

Adverb:a word,phrase,orclausethatmodifiesthemeaningofaverb,
adjective,oranotheradverb.

Antecedent:thenounornounphrasetowhichapronounrefers.

Appositive:a nounornounphrasethatidentifiesormodifiesthenoun
orpronounthatcomesimmediatelybeforeit.

Comparative:indicatingthatsomethinghasaqualitytoagreateror
lesserdegreethansomethingelse.Forexample,faster,p rettier,and
moreequitablea recomparativeadjectives.C omparativeadverbsusually
takem ore.

Gerund:a ningv erbformthatfunctionsasanoune.g.,R

unningis
fun.Gerundsareidenticaltopresentparticiples,whichusuallyfunction
asadjectives.

Participle:a n edo r ingv erbformusedasanadjectiveortoformtheprogressive

aspectorperfecttense.

Phrase:a groupoftwoormorewordsthatfunctiontogetheryethavenosubjector
predicate.

Predicate:thepartofaclausethattellswhatthesubjectdoes,whatisdonetothe
subject,orwhatisbeingsaidaboutthesubject

Preposition:a wordthatlinksanounorpronountoanothertypeofword
Pronoun:a wordthatstandsinforanoun.

BennyGrebafamousmusicianknownasadrummer.

Tense:thequalityofaverbthatexpresseswhentheactionoccurred,occurs,orwill
occur.
Thirdperson:thepersonofaclausewhenthespeakerisspeakingofsomeone
whoisneitherthespeakernortheonespokento.
Verb:a wordorphrasedenotinganaction.

Suffix:a letterorgroupoflettersaddedtotheendofawordorwordelementto
changeitsmeaning.

Sentence:a groupofwordsexpressingacompletethoughtandcontainingatleast
oneindependentclause.

Prefix:a letterorgroupoflettersaddedtothebeginningofawordorword
elementtochangeitsmeaning.

Pastparticiple:theparticipialformofaverbusuallyidenticaltothepasttense
form(endingin ed)thoughtherearemanyirregularpastparticiples.

Perfectparticiple:a participletakingtheformofh avingp lusthepast

participlee.g.,h avinghad,h avinggone.

Pastparticiple:theparticipialformofaverbusuallyidenticaltothepasttense
form(endingin ed)thoughtherearemanyirregularpastparticiples.

 Citations

http://grammarist.com/glossary/

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbfinitenon.html

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/intransitiveverb.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/interjections.htm

https://issuu.com/bravogrammar/docs/the_incredible_grammar_book

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/interjection.htm

http://www.grammarquizzes.com/adjforms.html

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/interjection.htm