GS Iii

Table of Contents
Economy ................................................................................................................... 7
Topic: Indian economy planning; Growth .................................................................................. 7
Q) Critically evaluate the performance of NITI (National Institution of Transforming India)
Aayog since its inception. (200 Words) ........................................................................................ 7
Q) What do you understand by stagflation? It is predicted that India will be witnessing
stagflation in near future. Examine why. (200 Words) ................................................................ 8
Q) Indias exports to every major region of the world declined during AprilNovember 2015
year-on-year. Why do you think this has happened? What measures has government taken to
halt this decline? Critically examine. (200 Words) ...................................................................... 8
Q) Human development in India remains inadequate because the focus remains on GDP
growth. Critically comment. (200 Words) .................................................................................. 9
Q) Curbing tax evasion to boost public finance is part of the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). In the light of this statement and recent recommendations of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-led project on Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) on tax avoidance, critically discuss the need for India to
implement these recommendations and the challenges India faces in their implementation.
(200 Words) ................................................................................................................................ 10
Q) From January to December 2015, Indias total exports were significantly lower than the
same time of the previous year and are continuing to decline. Examine the reasons and
measures needed to halt the decline. (200 Words) ..................................................................... 11
Q) Analyse the implications of extreme weather events on global and Indian economic
growth. (200 Words) ................................................................................................................... 11
Q) Despite low oil prices, why do you think the value of Rupee is falling? What implications
does this have on economy? Discuss. (200 Words) .................................................................... 12
Q) Do you think cutting of policy rates by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) help firms and
consumers? Critically examine. (200 Words) ............................................................................. 13
Topic: Economic growth; Liberalization; Industrial policies ............................................................... 13
Q) The media and entertainment sector in India is a Rs 1.2-lakh-crore industry. Discuss
various issues this sector is facing and examine what government can do to address these
issues. (200 Words) ..................................................................................................................... 13
Q) What do you understand by transfer pricing? It is said that in the fight against black
money, curbing illicit capital flight ought to be a higher priority than courting foreign capital.
What do you understand by this statement? Discuss with examples. (200 Words) .................. 14
Q) It is said that reforms in bankruptcy laws can play a crucial role in economic growth and
financial stability. In the light of increasing non-performing assets (NPAs) in banks, discuss
the statement. (200 Words) ........................................................................................................ 15
Q) The government funding of start-ups, either directly or indirectly, in the midst of a
thriving venture-capital industry, is ill advised. In the light of Indias new start-up policy,
comment on the statement. (200 Words) ................................................................................... 15
Q) Critically analyse the provisions of union governments Start-up India plan and the
challenges that lie in its implementation. (200 Words) ............................................................. 16
www.InsightsIAS.com SECURE - 2016 January GS-III www.InsightsonIndia.com

Q) Will the Start-up India campaign end up making India the start-up hub of the world?
Critically comment. (200 Words) ................................................................................................17
Q) The functioning of debt recovery tribunals (DRTs), created to help financial institutions
recover dues speedily without being subjected to the lengthy procedures of usual civil courts,
appears to cause more pain than gain for banks. Critically examine. (200 Words) .................. 18
Q) Technological change is an endogenous factor in growth and Internet is technology at its
best. Discuss how internet tools such as e-commerce can help in growth and development of
rural regions in India. (200 Words) ............................................................................................ 19
Topic: Cropping pattern .................................................................................................................... 19
Q) The fact is that maize has beaten most other food crops, including wheat and rice, in terms
of growth in production and productivity, especially in recent years. Examine the factors that
have led to Maizes success and its benefits for Indian economy. (200 Words) ........................ 19
Q) Pulses, Indias most consumed protein-rich food group, have continued to pressure food
inflation upwards even as the prices of most other items have cooled off. Examine the reasons
for their high prices, impact on poor and measures needed to be taken to cool off their prices.
(200 Words) ................................................................................................................................ 20
Topic: Agriculture marketing; Agriculture issues ............................................................................. 21
Q) Identify the major issues agriculture is facing in India and critically analyse if recently
launched schemes are able to address these issues. (200 Words) ............................................. 21
Q) The idea of a unified farm market has been floating around since the early 2000s. It was
included in the National Policy for Farmers brought out in 2007. How will creation of such
market help agriculture? Examine. (200 Words) ....................................................................... 22
Q) Recently, two noted personalities authored a booklet named the Sarthak Krishi Yojana
suggesting government various measures to revive agriculture in India. Discuss the
recommendations made in the booklet. (200 Words) ................................................................ 23
Q) It is said that to combat droughts, Agriculture should be revived with a different approach
to water, soil, crops and research. Discuss which alternative model of agricultural
development is required in this regard. (200 Words) ................................................................ 24
Topic: Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance ....................... 24
Q) In recent years many internet based start-ups have come up in food technology sector.
Critically analyse their business model and their impact on the food sector. (200 Words) ...... 24
Topic: PDS; Food security ................................................................................................................ 25
Q) In your opinion, what is the biggest weakness of the the public distribution system? Explain
why. It is said that PDS works well in regions with low market access, high cereal prices, and
high poverty. Do you agree? Discuss. (200 Words) .................................................................... 25
Q) To address the food-security problem, it is said that the scientific community is split
between two main approaches: tinker with agricultural details (TAD) and mend societal
fundamentals (MSF). What do you understand by these approaches? Which one is more
effective? Examine. (200 Words) ................................................................................................ 26
Q) Do you think it is time for India to import food to build stocks for food security
as international commodity prices are low today? Critically analyse. (200 Words)................. 27
Topic: Subsides; DBT ....................................................................................................................... 28

Q) Some argue that time is ripe for pushing Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) for all subsidy
programmes. Do you agree? Substantiate. (200 Words) ........................................................... 28
Q) Critically analyse the environmental impact of subsidies, especially in the India. (200
Words) ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Topic: Employment ........................................................................................................................... 29
Q) It is argued that India might fail to encash its demographic dividend advantage owing to
several factors. Analyse these factors. (200 Words) ................................................................... 29
Topic: Economic growth; Energy; Resource mobilization ................................................................... 30
Q) The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Code has been welcomed by the banking sector. Examine
how this code will benefit the Indian economy. Also comment on the SARFAESI Act
(Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest
Act 2002). (200 Words) .............................................................................................................. 30
Q) India hopes to have 175 Gw worth of renewable energy (RE) capacity by 2022 and the next
target is to double this, to 350 Gw of RE by 2030 i.e. 40 per cent of actual power generation
would be from renewables by 2030. Are there any negatives from this major shift in energy
generation from renewables? Critically examine. (200 Words) ................................................. 31
Q) It is said that the Chinese Communist Party has been much more successful than the
democratic and parliamentary Indian elites in mobilising significant resources to finance a
strategy of social investment and public services. Discuss why. (200 Words) .......................... 31
Q) Recently the union government released new Power Tariff Policy. Discuss its provisions,
reasons why its revised and the implications for consumers and power producers. (200
Words) ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Q) Why solar tariffs are falling and what they mean for Indias renewable energy sector?
Discuss. (200 Words) .................................................................................................................. 33
Q) It is said that to mobilize resources for better infrastructure in towns and cities,
one revenue stream that could hugely empower municipalities is professional tax. Examine
why and how it should be imposed. Also comment if you support increasing the ceiling of this
tax. (200 Words).......................................................................................................................... 34
Topic: Infrastructure; Economic development; Pollution .................................................................... 35
Q) Critically analyse the role of international finance institutions in sustainable development.
(200 Words) ................................................................................................................................ 35
Q) Do you think the building of infrastructure should be left to the private sector and bank
financing rather than through fiscal resources? Substantiate. (200 Words) ............................. 36
Q) The UDAY scheme is not only a bailout programme but a show of collaborative
federalism. Critically examine. (200 Words) ........................................................................... 36
Topic: Infrastructure transport ....................................................................................................... 37
Q) It is said that Indias transportation system is planned by different authorities in isolation,
resulting in chaos therefore it needs an integrated plan. Elaborate. (200 Words) ................ 37
Science & Technology .............................................................................................. 38
Topic: Idigenization of technology and developing new technology ........................................... 38
Q) Recently the union government announced the contours of new defence procurement
procedure (DPP). Discuss its highlights, how it is different from DPP-2013 and examine if it
compliments the Make in India initiative. (200 Words) ............................................................ 38
Q) The high cost and poor serviceability of foreign aircraft (with long-term dependence for
the supply of critical spare parts) underline the importance of developing indigenous
capabilities. In the light of recent Rafale deal, critically comment on the statement. (200
Words) ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Topic: Inclusive growth; Awareness in IT; Infrastructure....................................................................40
Q) Information and communication technology (ICT) has been shown to be a powerful
facilitator for meeting the Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, it is argued that a
fibre optic network is a durable solution to increase internet connectivity across country.
What challenges the government should address to provide national optic fibre network and
what are its benefits? Examine. (200 Words) .............................................................................40
Topic: Developments in S&T and their applications; Awareness in Space............................................ 41
Q) In your opinion, what efforts are required by various nations, space agencies and
companies to send humans to Mars? What are the benefits of such mission? If India can afford
such a mission technologically and financially, should it send humans to Mars? Critically
comment. (200 Words) ............................................................................................................... 41
Topic: Awareness in IT, Space; Inclusive growth ................................................................................ 42
Q) What are the strong arguments that can be made against Facebooks Free Basics initiative?
Do you think, if it is implemented, this initiative will empower the poor and help in inclusive
growth? Substantiate. (200 Words) ............................................................................................ 42
Q) As per the enabler of development rationale, the Internet has value not in and of itself
but rather as a medium that gives access to other basic goods and services. Elaborate. Also
examine the role of government in giving internet access to the public. (200 Words) ............. 43
Q) Discuss the significance and applications of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
System (IRNSS) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro). (200 Words) ................... 43
Topic: S&T; Awareness in biotechnology ........................................................................................... 44
Q) What do you understand by optogenetics? Examine how is it different from CLARITY
another related method. Also discuss applications of CLARITY and Optogenetics. (200 Words)
...................................................................................................................................................... 44
Q) Write a note on the spread and threat of Antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans and
examine how can nanotechnology help fight these bacteria. (200 Words) ............................... 45
Topic: Latest developments in S&T .................................................................................................... 45
Q) Compare and contrast Li Fi technology with Wi Fi technology. Discuss the advantages of Li
Fi and its potential for India. Also examine if it will eventually replace Wi Fi around the world.
(200 Words) ................................................................................................................................ 45
Topic: Achievements of Indians in S&T ......................................................................................... 46
Q) In the light of recent controversies regarding the Indian Science Congress (ISC) sessions,
critically comment on problems afflicting science administration in India and examine the
measures needed to address these problems. (200 Words) ....................................................... 46
Q) Write a short note on Xpert MTB/RIF and its relevance for India. (150 Words) ................. 47
Environment ........................................................................................................... 47
Topic: Conservation ......................................................................................................................... 48

Q) What conditions are necessary for tigers to live, breed and increase their population?
Examine the role of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in conserving tiger
population. (200 Words) ............................................................................................................. 48
Q) It is said, if countries try to restrict carbon emission, some of the proven reserves of fossil
fuels will never be burnt and will remain stranded. How will this impact environment? Should
this carbon be burnt? Discuss with special reference to India. (200 Words) ............................ 48
Q) The union government is preparing legislation for involving riparian states for rejuvenating
the Ganga river. What are the likely roadblocks this legislation might face? Is there a necessity
of such a legislation? Critically examine. (200 Words) .............................................................. 49
Q) The Paris Agreement has set targets for limiting temperature rise due to global warming
which will be virtually impossible (1.5C) or very difficult (well below 2C) to realise. Why is
it argued that its either impossible or difficult to to realize latest targets for limiting
temperature? In the light of climate change science, discuss. (200 Words).............................. 50
Q) Analyse the provisions of National Mission for a Green India proposal and their likely
impact on current forest use practice. (200 Words) ................................................................... 50
Q) Describe the joint forest management (JFM), the National Afforestation Programme (NAP)
and the forest landscape restoration (FLR) approaches of forest conservation and
management. Examine the challenges facing forestry in India. (200 Words)........................... 51
Topic: Security issues; Environmental pollution ................................................................................. 52
Q) Climate change and terror are connected by a common source: the greed for fossil fuels
without fostering liberal democracy. Critically analyse. (200 Words) ..................................... 52
Q) What do you understand by climate violence? It is said that India is at top of climate
violence in the world. Examine why. (200 Words) ..................................................................... 53
Topic: Energy; Pollution ................................................................................................................... 53
Q) A study by the Centre for Science and Environment earlier last year found that Indias coal-
powered plants were some of the most inefficient in the world. Discuss the environmental and
health cost of their inefficiency. Do you think, to control pollution, such coal plants should be
closed permanently? Comment. (200 Words) ............................................................................ 53
Q) In a move to curb vehicular pollution, the government announced it would prepone
implementation of Bharat Stage (BS)-VI emission standards by a year, to April 2020. What do
you understand by BS emission standard? What implications will it have for automobile
manufacturers, environment and consumers if government decides to implement BS-VI
skipping BS-V? Examine. (200 Words) ...................................................................................... 54
Q) Examine the economic gains of Delhi governments odd even road rationing policy
decision and explore the possibility of attaining this policy objective through alternative
means. (200 Words) .................................................................................................................... 55
Q) Write a note on the Saumitra Chaudhuri Committee report on Auto Fuel Vision and Policy
2025 and its significance. (200 Words) ...................................................................................... 56
Q) Upgrading to upgrade to meet BS-VI norms has implications both for consumers and oil
marketing companies (OMCs). Examine what are these implications and why OMCs will be
affected.(200 Words)................................................................................................................... 56
Disaster Management ............................................................................................. 57
Topic: Disaster management ............................................................................................................. 57

Q) Do you think using army in disaster management operations is an ethical and rational
move? Critically comment. (200 Words) .................................................................................... 57
Security Issues ........................................................................................................ 58
Topic: Money-laundering and its prevention ................................................................................ 58
Q) Discuss the the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations to stop money
laundering and steps taken by India on these recommendations. (200 Words) ....................... 58
Topic: Basics of cyber security .......................................................................................................... 59
Q) The overdue initiative to revive NATGRID must therefore be accompanied by action on the
even longer-pending need to have effective oversight of intelligence agencies by Parliament or
an eminent group. Explain what is NATGRID and comment on the statement. (200 Words) 59
Q) In recent years phishing has emerged as one of biggest threats to individuals and to
economy as well. Examine how phishing is done, its implications and measures required to
stop individuals becoming to victims to it. (200 Words) ...........................................................60
Topic: Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate .......................................................... 61
Q) Compare and contrast the role and mandate of NSG with that of Armys. (200 Words) ..... 61
Topic: S&T; Security issue threats to internal security by state and non-state actors ......................... 61
Q) Discuss the differences between Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear) and atomic bomb. Why
do you think international community and institutions have failed to ensure that North Korea
do not possess nuclear devices? Examine. (200 Words) ............................................................ 61
Q) It is time to finally accept the reality and move forward on a broad sweep of reforms in the
security establishment. This could be done at three levels parliamentary oversight, a well-
defined national security doctrine and a national security strategy to implement the doctrine,
and, finally, an independent federal commission of accountability on security
matters. Elaborate. (200 Words) .............................................................................................. 62
Q) It is argued that spoiler attacks by non-state actors such as recent Pathankot attack will be
increasingly ineffective for the Pakistani military and its non-state allies, and likely today to
change the India-Pak equation. Do you agree with this argument? Analyse. (200 Words) ...... 63
Q) How can nations enhance the prevention of terrorist attacks in big cities and strategic bases
worldwide? In the light of recent attacks on Paris, Pathankot and Peshawar, discuss. (200
Words) ......................................................................................................................................... 63
Q) Has jihadi terrorism emerged as existential threat to Indian society or to the world
civilization? Critically examine. (200 Words) ............................................................................ 64
Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas; ..................................................... 65
Q) In your opinion, what are the key pillars of counter-terrorism? Justify in the wake of recent
terrorist attacks in India. Also examine if its time for India to constitute the National Counter
Terrorism Centre (NCTC). (200 Words)..................................................................................... 65
Q) Is the post-independence Indian state an inheritor of the strategic legacy of the pre-1947
state? To what extent does it adopt as its own the strategic positions of the pre-1947 state?
Does it need a new security doctrine? Critically analyse. (200 Words) ..................................... 65
Topic: Challenges to internal security; Linkages between development and spread of
extremism ....................................................................................................................................... 66
Q) How can technology be used to defeat the spread of Left Wing Extremism(LWE) by
involving the tribal community if LWE affected regions? Examine. (200 Words) .................... 66
Q) The Maoists agenda to keep the tribals away from the advantages of development can be
defeated only if the direct action of security forces is supplemented effectively with
developmental works. Do you think this strategy has worked to curb naxalism? Critically
comment. (200 Words) ............................................................................................................... 67
Economy
Topic: Indian economy planning; Growth
Q) Critically evaluate the performance of NITI (National Institution of Transforming India)
Aayog since its inception. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Night Fury
Niti Aayog was formed as a Policy Think Tank replacing the Planning Commission.
Pros:
1) Centre and States TEAM INDIA can come together to chart a common course for progress and
prosperity.
2) Monitoring the performance of infrastructural projects and guiding the states to speed up the
process of execution of projects
3) Three Sub Groups of Chief Ministers on the following themes: Rationalisation of Centrally
Sponsored Schemes, Skill Development, and Swachh Bharat.
Every week, employees of NITI Aayog devote time by performing Shram Daan and Samay Daan
towards the Swachh Bharat Mission and maintain cleanliness around the premises of the institution.
4) Pioneering the change in Government Buildings, NITI Aayog was awarded a five star rating by the
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). NITI Aayog has retrofitted its electrical appliances to achieve the
highest energy efficiency rating for commercial buildings.
5) NITI Aayog participated in a successfully completed pilot for universal enrollment of children aged
0-6 years in Haryana.
Cons:
1) Lack of clarity on mandate and scope of the Think Tank (as it replaced the decades old PC which
formulated and implemented development plans)
2) No constitutional or Legal backing puts a question mark on its legitimacy. It does not have power to
impose policies.
3) No consultation of states before forming the Ayog. States like Kerala, Karnataka and Bihar are
opposed the idea of this think tank.
4) Lack of professionalized and competent staff.
Niti Ayog provides a platform for communication and collaboration between center and states. I lays a
strong foundation fostering the spirit of cooperative federalism. Increased transparency and regular
meetings among the state govts and the Center will promote the agenda of development in the country.

Q) What do you understand by stagflation? It is predicted that India will be witnessing
stagflation in near future. Examine why. (200 Words)
The Hindu
RAJU
Stagflation refers to persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand
in a country's economy leading to the economic slowdown of the nation.
The prediction of the Stagflation in India is due to the following reasons:
1) Expenditure Burden : Due to Seventh Pay commission and OROP.

2) Yuan depreciation : Fluctuating China Economy affecting India's.
3) Drought and Floods : Recent El-nino effect leading to losses in Agri Sector.
4) Low Private Investment : Non-engagement of private players.
5) Failed Economic Policies : Like Gold Scheme which did not achieve the targets specified.
Measures can be done :
1)High interest rates to curb the Inflation.

2)Policies to attract the private players.
3)Robust mechanism to handle the conditions during natural calamities.
4)Decreasing the subsidies on oil prices.
Q) Indias exports to every major region of the world declined during AprilNovember 2015
year-on-year. Why do you think this has happened? What measures has government taken to
halt this decline? Critically examine. (200 Words)
EPW
SVSR
India's exports to every major region of the world have been declining consistently. Major decline of
exports include petroleum products, gems and jewellery, agricultural produce, products of 8 core
manufacturing industries, machinery, textiles, chemicals etc. Even India's high export products like
generic drugs, pharma and automobiles, though in positive trend, could not sustain its growth rates.
Moreover, some experts report that it is a dangerous trend called stagflation.
Reasons:
1) Slump in crude oil prices all over the world severely affected India's petroleum products exports.
2) Decline in holistic global demand, and economic activity.
3) Slow down of China - as it is one of the major trade partner for India.
4) Ruppee appreciation over major currencies and subsequent depreciation of major competitive
currencies like Yuan/Renminbi.
5) India's exports are fast losing competitive prices due to poor logistics infrastructure and tax
terrorism at different levels. For example, major dependence on road logistics is cost ineffective and
even government's 2 or 3 % support could not fill it.
6) Narrow base of manufacturing sector and high tilt towards conventional products. For example,
even in our major textile exports, we are more dependent on yarn, but not recognized the new trends
like technical textiles.

7) Our exports are being subjected to trade and non-trade barriers, particular in developed countries.
Critics argue that it was India's failure to negotiations reduced market access.
8) India signed many trade pacts for geo-political reasons than commercial one's. The best example is
SAFTA, which has not resulted in any significant export gains despite the obvious logistics advantage
and similar consumer preference of the South Asian population.
9) Failure of India's FTA, PTAs (Preferential Trade Agreements), CEPAs. They are not comprehensive
and are highly narrow in trade selection, thus affecting our cheaper competitive exports like generic
drugs in Japan, China etc.
10) The recently concluded TPP and its strict IP regime has no interest on India and adversely affected
our exports.
Steps taken:
1) Subsidy waiver on petrol and diesel, rationalising subsidies in other areas to enhance funding to
crucial areas of economic activity.
2) Taken up exclusive industrial corridors, upgrading water ways, road and port improvements for
increase cost effectiveness for exports. However, these are moving at a snail's pace.
3) High level diplomatic focus on bilateral and multilateral agreements to increase and diversify
market access to face these types of shocks.
4) Technology upgradation initiatives like ATUFS - for textile industry (also to concentrate on technical
textiles).
5) Entrepreneurship promotion with initiatives like Make in India, Startup India Stand up India.
6) Progressive taxation measures like GST, ensuring consistent flow of investment with better
insolvency and bankruptcy code.
Diversifying our export products and increasing market access are the need of the hour for India to
control this situation.
Q) Human development in India remains inadequate because the focus remains on GDP
growth. Critically comment. (200 Words)
EPW
yogi
The recent HDR (Human Development Report)showed an increase in the HDI (Human Devlopment
Index-which covers criteria of life expectancy, education and national income)of India. But much of
this increase is due to increase in the economic growth and increase in the life expectancy. In wake
of focusing more on GDP the human development remains inadequate as shown below:
1. Health:-The expenditure on the health is only ~1% of GDP as a result of which ~30 million people
are driven to poverty every
year due to increasing Out of Pocket Expenditure(OOP).
2. Education:- Though mean year of schooling has increased in last decade, but the quality education is
lacking as shown by new
ASER(Annual Status of Education Report). Also there is wide gap of ~15 % between male and female
literacy. Literacy rate in tribal regions remains below 60%.
3. GDI(Gender Development Index) and GII(Gender Inequality Index):- Indias performance is worse
than that of Bangladesh and

Pakistan. Both the indices show poor status of health including reproductive health, education,
empowerment, command over economic resources.
On positive side, there has been rapid reduction in the number of under-nourished children over last
decade. Recently Kerala has achieved the 100% literacy.
The real problem is not the paucity of the fund, but the underutilisation of the fund devoted to social
sector schemes in many poor states. Efforts should be made in this direction to make the human
development at par with the economic growth.
Q) Curbing tax evasion to boost public finance is part of the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). In the light of this statement and recent recommendations of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-led project on Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) on tax avoidance, critically discuss the need for India to
implement these recommendations and the challenges India faces in their implementation. (200
Words)
The Hindu
Shiuli
The OECD BEPS Report is an attempt to contain the generation of black money and consequent
money-laundering by MNCs, individuals etc.
Some of its recommendations on various tax-related aspects which hold significance for India are
1. Action 1(Challenges of digital economy) Majority of transaction in India is through cash instead of
online transactions, plastic-money etc. due to infrastructural and technical deficiencies
2. Action 5(Harmful tax practices) Low coverage of Indian under the tax regime, variations in tax-
holidays among States, lack of uniform country-wide taxation structure etc. has resulted in rampant
tax-evasion
3. Action 6(Treaty abuse) Indias DTAA with countries like Mauritius and Cayman islands are being
used for round-tripping of Black Money, threating Indias macroeconomic stability
4. Action 13 (Transfer Pricing Documentation) Lack of a coherent policy on transfer-pricing has

encouraged tax evasion by MNCs as was observed in the Vodafone-Hutchison case
Challenges which India faces are
1. The Revenue Secretary is not a tax administration expert and yet has final say in tax administration
as pointed out by Prathasarthy Shome Committee
2. No specializations requirements in CBDT and CBEC members
3. Prevalence of retrospective legislation culture which compels company to maximise gains through
under-handed means
4. Basel-III norms for banks have not ye been accepted weakening India's KYC procedures

Q) From January to December 2015, Indias total exports were significantly lower than the same
time of the previous year and are continuing to decline. Examine the reasons and measures
needed to halt the decline. (200 Words)
Livemint
Priyank Mishra
India's CAD stands is expected to reach 140 billion dollars. Some of the reasons attributed to reduced
exports and hence increasing CAD are :
1) Pervading global melancholic economic environment post 2008 recession and current chinese slow
down has caused reduction in exports. The overcapacity in china has forced it to dump its goods in
world markets. Further slump in oil prices is causing tardy economic recovery. Oil induced crisis is
looming large on Russian economy and gulf countries.
2) India's manufacturing sector is failing to grow despite many push. Further many domestic issues
ranging from capital needs to alleged charges of tax terrorism is run of FDI and business houses from
india.
3) Problem in gulf areas which contributes heavy remittances of about 70 billion dollars.
4) Problems of IPR,quality etc are affecting india's drug exports. Many FTAs/CPECs are still hanging.
Not much progress is made at WTO and growth of regional trade blocks are affecting India's trade.
Measures needed to halt this trend:

1) Import substitution like promotion of indigenous defence manufacturing, Make in India etc.
2) Signing pending bilateral and multilateral trade treaties. Emphasis is to be on progress in WTO and
RCEP.
3) IPR, Quality issues are to be solved. India's labour law are to be streamlined. Recently govt. passed
Arbitration and concilliation amendment act which embarks on creation of commercial courts to
expedite commmercial disputes. Other efforts like GST, Bankruptcy code etc. are to be expedited.
4) Promotion of exports like diamond sector is facing slowdown. These sectors need govt help.
Agricultural growth and exports will certainly reduce CAD.
Q) Analyse the implications of extreme weather events on global and Indian economic
growth. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Mr.DESIRE
Extreme weather is something that falls outside the normal weather patterns. It can range from a flood,
Drought to Thunderstorms & hurricane/cyclones, blizzard, Tornadoes to Heat waves etc. It may take
place over one day or period of time.
Some of the implications of extreme weather to global economy:
1. Blizzard snow storms like recently hit the east coast of USA can impact major transport such as
airport closure or delay the air flight.
2. Extreme weather warnings can arouse fear in consumers. so, many consumers make large purchases
both before and after the extreme events effecting retailing market.
3. Floods effect economy such as 2011 floods in Thailand submerged hundreds of factories near
Bangkok, creating a worldwide shortage of computer hard drives.
4. Hurricane or tropical cyclone can result in extensive property damage, crop damage. Thus increase
the cost for building/constructing activities and agriculture activities.
5. Severe droughts in places like Texas, Australia, Russia, East Africa. Deadly heat waves have hit
Europe, india & record numbers of tornadoes across the United States. Losses from such events helped
push the cost of weather disasters worldwide.
Some of implication to indian economy:
1. Unseasonal heavy rains caused immense damage to crops and led to a price rise of vegetables and
pulses etc.
2. Floods effect major to indian economy like recent floods in gujurat, assam, Uttarakhand,
maharastra, bihar, chennai resulted in damage to building,roadways,vehicles are cost financial burden.
3. Cyclones hit india major to east coast india results into extensive damage to numerous houses,
closing ship or delay in cargo ship industry such recent cyclone Aila,komen etc.
4. Drought like condition impact majorly to agriculture industry due to reducing production of crops
such as rice,cotton & other crops. It is severe in maharastra, telangana, karnataka and bundelkhand
region etc. India needs to increase budgetary allocations for irrigation projects and offer higher
procurement prices for crops to support farmers.
Q) Despite low oil prices, why do you think the value of Rupee is falling? What implications
does this have on economy? Discuss. (200 Words)
Livemint
Niharika Saini
When supply of rupee rises while demand falls , the value of rupee depreciates.
As far as current rupee depreciation is concerned it is largely a result of appreciation of U.S. Dollar
than any inherent weakness in the Rupee
REASONS BEHIND FALL OF RUPEE
YUAN DEVALUATION ..When Yuan is devalued against the Dollars the export competitiveness of
Yuan increases considerably against the Indian Rupee, causing a fear that Indian exports would be at a
disadvantage incurring losses for Indian companies.
owing to this fear ,investors(mostly FIIs) sell off investment to invest their money in safe currency(eg
US Dollars).As the supply of Indian Rupee becomes more then demand Rupee depreciates.
FED hiked interest rate ..has projected US economy on the path of recovery , this led to flight of FIIs
from India. Again demand supply gap has caused depreciation of Rupee.
GOLD IMPORT has gone up owing to fall in international prices this has also caused depreciation of
Rupee
IMPACT OF FALL IN RUPEE
Increased cost of borrowing from international market
Indian companies that are major exporters will benefit from falling Rupee
The saving due to reduced oil prices is expected to keep some pressure off the rupee but not enough to
stop the falling Rupee as exports have not improved much
High priced imports can incentivize domestic manufacturers to fulfill domestic demand creating a
push for make in India

It is the responsibility of govt. and RBI to take concrete steps to counter this volatility in Rupee. Putting
effective restrictions on imports especially from china can help .This is a high time to introduce Tobin
Tax.There should be a minimum three years lock-in period for investments from FIIs. All these
measures will help in imparting discipline among FIIs and ultimately stop fall of Rupee
Q) Do you think cutting of policy rates by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) help firms and
consumers? Critically examine. (200 Words)
The Hindu
47
The effect of policy rate cut by the RBI is diluted by the banks due to issues of monetary transmissions.
Banks are generally quick to cut deposit rates but not their lending rates. They do this because:
1. Banks are pressurised to rely more on equity financing than the riskier debt financing. The difference
between the deposit rates and lending rates is their profit margin and profit is a form of equity.
2. Banks need to compete with small saving schemes such as NSC, KVP and SSA which have high
deposit rates. This will force the banks to keep the rates high.
3. High deposit rates will deter customers from availing loans. This indirectly increases equity as the
equity that the banks need to maintain is linked to the loans they give out.
4. As PSBs are under the control of the government, new equity can only come through disinvestment.
Since the banks do not have a say in disinvestments they try to make use of the interest rates to shore
up equity.
These problems have an effect on both the firms and individual customers. Big firms are capable of
fulfilling their financial needs from highly competitive markets. They make use of commercial paper or
the private banks if they feel the lending rates of PSBs are high. On the other hand small firms and
individuals scouting for loans will have fewer options. The only benefit in the present scenario will go
to the entities who have deposited their money with the banks provided the PSBs have not cut down
both the lending and deposit rates.
The RBI hopes to solve these issues by moving to the marginal cost of funds idea and rationalising
interest rates on small saving schemes. The government is expected to infuse more capital into these
banks.
Topic: Economic growth; Liberalization; Industrial policies

Q) The media and entertainment sector in India is a Rs 1.2-lakh-crore industry. Discuss various
issues this sector is facing and examine what government can do to address these issues. (200
Words)
Business Standard
gautam kumar
Media and Entertainment sector is not only an industry but also an opinion maker and plays the role of
an important "pillar of Democracy." Various issues this sector is facing can be illustrated as follows:
(i) Regulation: This has been most prominent issue haunting and maligning the sector, e.g. paid news,
manipulated contents, etc. pops up over and again. While print media is regulated by teethless Press
Council of India, the electronic media is largely self-regulated.

(ii) Ownership and Investments: While foreign investment is welcomed in sector by open hand -
allowing 100% FDI/FPI in DTH and Cable networks and non-news channel electronic media and 49%
in news channels - ownership and its possible misuse by large conglomerates and political class need to
be restricted.
(iii) Taxation: Uneven taxation policies of the states and levies thereon as entertainment comes under
the power of state to tax induce uncertainties in the sector.
(iv) Licencing and Spectrum policy: Licencing for limited period and uncertain renewal policies after
10 years deter corporates from reliable and long term infrastructure creation. They could not put their
skin into some uncertain sector. Also, government's own reluctance to reduce space between frequency
spots for FM and Community radio is not letting more operators to bid at competitive prices.
(v) Efficiency and Transparency: Audit of unused and underused spectrum need to be done on regular
basis and unallocated and inefficiently used space by public and other broadcasters need to be
reallocated for efficient use and increased penetration to remote areas. Digitisation of cable television
is a right step in this regard which could augment broadband coverage envisioned in our National
Telecom Policy 2012. Further, auction and regulation of sector need to be done in a transparent
manner.
What government can do:

1. Improve regulation by setting up an independent regulator statutorily.
2. Streamline taxation regime by introducing GST.
3. Induce transparency by devising standard licencing regime and auctioning of spectrum
accommodating concerns of the industry.
4. Owners of media houses must be prevented from operational interference.
Finally, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting should work as facilitator for development of the
sector and attracting investment therein.
Q) What do you understand by transfer pricing? It is said that in the fight against black
money, curbing illicit capital flight ought to be a higher priority than courting foreign capital.
What do you understand by this statement? Discuss with examples. (200 Words)
The Hindu
vengeancee
Transfer pricing if simply put means changing the share price of a company while undergoing a share
transfer from that company to some other company. This is mainly done to avoid Capital Gains Tax
(CGT). Value of shares are generally lowered by the parent company, this in turn lowers the CGT
accrued from those shares which are eventually transferred to Government. This has gained
momentum in recent years due to emergence of tax havens like Mauritius which also have DTAA with
India, allowing companies to shift their bases. Thus, Government suffers huge loss of CGT.
In fight against black money, curbing illicit capital flight needs to be a higher priority than looking for
foreign capital, this is because:
1) In past 10 years, we have lost more through outflows than FDI received.
2) Vodafone tax pricing issue gained sensation when India government lost claim of approx. 3000
crores when it transferred its share to Mauritius & Bombay HC gave verdict in favour of former.
3) Royal Dutch Shell Co. which had amount of 18000 Crores also won case against Indian Government
in Oct 2014 in Bombay HC.

Courting foreign capital has been a much troublesome task for Government in recent years due to
multiple treaties & heavy circulation of funds done in decades making it difficult to track. Government
may adopt techniques like lower corporate tax rates, CGT tax rates, GAAR, LoB clause, Advanced
Pricing agreement, etc. thereby enabling an environment to make India a global hub for carrying
business can lead to drastic changes. Best step in this direction is GIFT City, Gandhinagar which has a
huge potential to check illicit tax outflows.
Q) It is said that reforms in bankruptcy laws can play a crucial role in economic growth and
financial stability. In the light of increasing non-performing assets (NPAs) in banks, discuss the
statement. (200 Words)
Livemint
rajan
NPAs refer to those loans which have been unpaid for over 90 days. With a gross NPA of over 4.5%,
India's banking system is at risk
How Bankruptcy reforms help
Proposed meassures by Banking Law Reform Comittee include appointment of a director by the
creditor in the defaulting firm, reducing the time line to liquidate the firm and takeover of its
management .
By appointing of director and taking over the company, banks will ensure that it is run in the best
financial manner. And, that its loans are repaid on time. This will reduce the defaults and the total NPA
Setting of time limits checks against inordinate delays and that banks can recover their loans faster
Benefits of low NPA
1. As NPAs reduce, health of the entire banking sector will improve

2. Interest rates go down, making investment and house loans cheaper
3. More funds can now be transfered to other crucial sectors
4. It checks against run off banks and deveopment of financial crisis
Other benefits of bankruptcy reforms
1. Economic ineefiency occured in time delays will be reduced

2. Easier exit will allow firms to take risk, boosts startups and help in the Start Up India and Make in
India
3 Judicial logs will reduce
The earlier the suggestions of the Law Reform Committee is codified, the faster India will grow towards
prosperity
Q) The government funding of start-ups, either directly or indirectly, in the midst of a thriving
venture-capital industry, is ill advised. In the light of Indias new start-up policy, comment on
the statement. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
rajan
With the intent of solidifying the enterpreneurship base in India, the government of India has set up
the Start Up India program. It will ensure more incubators are set, multiply collaboration with
academia and industry, and provide a crucial source of funding
However, it has been criticised on the following accounts
1. Incorrect Priority - Critcs call for greater expenditure on public infrastructure, anti- povert
programs, instead of startup funding where venture capitalists and angel funds are already present
2. e-commerce oriented startup - Most of the startups are in the e-commerce sector which has lesser
multiplying effect and employment generation than most industries
3. Distortion- Subsidising will distort the indusry base to few specific sectors, leading to lesser growth
4. Corruption- Money laundering, illegal transfer could get a boost via the govt medium
5 Dependence on govt may lead to mediocricity and political interference as seen in the public sector
However, there is still some merit
1. Equality - Govt protection is required to bring the startups on level terms as those of other countries,
where their govts protect them
2. Industries of tomorrow- Investment today will boost the entire sector and the country in the future
3. Govt intervention could ensure that the startups are oriented in the National Interests
4. Uncontrolled venture capitalists can become the private high charging money lenders of yester years
5. Govt will get a massive return on the high flying startups which will help future development
programs
Start Up India in particular attempts to diversify the start up base to beyond IITs & beyond e-
commerce sectors. Further, sums transfered are not very high. Therefore, the attempt from the govt, on
a whole, is welcome
Q) Critically analyse the provisions of union governments Start-up India plan and the
challenges that lie in its implementation. (200 Words)
Business Standard
The Hindu
The Indian Express
Business Standard
Romilla
The Start-Up India scheme has the potential to raise the entrepreneurial bar in India if properly
implemented. Its various provisions can be analysed as such-
POSITIVES
1. The government fund of 10,000cr rupees will help facilitate the start-ups which find it difficult to
attract investments. For ex- Food- processing industries.
2. Digitization of form-fill ups through mobile apps will help simplify the paperworks.
2. Self certification of compliance and labour laws will prevent unnecessary delays.
3. Patent protection will reduce the legal hassels.
4. Diluted norms for filling of bankruptcy will ensure easier exits.
5.Sector-specific incubators and tinkering labs will create an overall favourable environment.
NEGATIVES
1. Schemes' definition of start-ups (driven by technology or intellectual property) prevents others from
availing the incentives.
2. Past experience indicates that tax sops don't really serve the intended purpose. So the tax rebate for
3 years seems inconsequential
3. The labour laws maybe abused for they wouldn't be inspected for the next 3 years.
4. Approval of inter-ministerial board for incentives has the possibility of opening a pandoras box.
5. Some provisions seem vague calling attention towards more clarity.
CHALLENGES
1. Companies valued above $1 billlion are mostly domiciled outside. Re-domiciling them is of
significant importance to keep the wealth generated within the country.
2. More than tax-breaks it is an enabling regulatory and business environment that helps foster
innovation and entrepreneurship which we lack.
3. Years of drudgery faced by businessmen in the country will take time to be shaken off from the vivid
memories.
The success of the scheme will be gauged by the time to come. The nation seems to be headed in the
right direction for now.
Q) Will the Start-up India campaign end up making India the start-up hub of the world?
Critically comment. (200 Words)
Livemint
Business Standard
ANMOL
A goverment action for start up seems to be laudable for starters and huge booster for enterpreneurs
and helps india in making it start up hub of world in following ways
1)SUPPORT FUNDING-10000 crore for fund will catalyse more investment
-credit gurante for lending will enhance more access to credit
2)SIMPLIFCATION-faster and easier registration of companies
-self certification of many laws
-no inspection for three years
3)TAXATION-tax and fiscal incentives
-three year tax holiday
-relaxation for capital gains for funds
4)INDUSTRY ACADEMEIA PARTNERSHIP -centre of excellence which combines education industry
research become hot spots of disruptive technologies and startup ideas
5) public norms are also easy
6)faster registration of patents,protection of intellectual property rights
thus simplify formalities of starting business will help in attracting many investors but have some
HINDERANCES

1) company law is big hinderance
2)policy of digitisation and digital business is not clear
3)forex regulation is not in tune with investor needs
4)improving business across board not just start ups
5)merger and acquisition become difficult
6)three year tax holiday is not enough.and tax certanity is not there.
SUGGESTIONS
1)removing turn over and track record conditions
2)encourage innovation
3)changes in payment system
4)mobile banking needs a boost
5)funding is needed to train new technology
6)tax laws need more clarification and simplification
overall its is postive and praise worthy move by goverment
Q) The functioning of debt recovery tribunals (DRTs), created to help financial institutions
recover dues speedily without being subjected to the lengthy procedures of usual civil courts,
appears to cause more pain than gain for banks. Critically examine. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Business Standard
Romilla
Debt Recovery Tribunals were setup to expedite recovery proceedings and speedy adjudication of
matters concerning debt recovery of banks.
SUCCESS-
1. Earlier debt recovery cases had to be filed in ordinary civil courts which took years (often 10-15) to be
adjudicated.
DRTs have helped reduce the litigation time.
2 Recovery of dues due to banks wasn't given importance by civil courts. DRTs function solely for the
said purpose.
3. DRTs are quasi-judicial institutions, with well-laid out duties and powers.
4.Easier filing of applications and less fees. The maximum amount the tribunal can extract as fees is
`1,50,000 and the
minimum amount is `12000. After `10 lakh, each lakh will add `1000 in the fees. This is far less than
what civil courts charge.
FAILURES-
1. DRTs are burdened with huge backlog of cases due to shortage of staff.
2. Cases in DRTs are dragging on for years instead of the mandated 6 months time period.

3.Frequent approval of stay petitions and the abuse of other loopholes mars the effectiveness of DRTs.
4. Shortage of Appellate Tribunals hinders the appeal process.
Setting up of more DRTs and Appellate tribunals , appointing more officials and plugging the loopholes
in law will help in strengthening the DRTs and make them more viable.
Q) Technological change is an endogenous factor in growth and Internet is technology at its

best. Discuss how internet tools such as e-commerce can help in growth and development of
rural regions in India. (200 Words)
Livemint
Achilles
Internet recently has been foremost among all the technology-driven development taking place all over
the world. With boost to internet penetration through intitiatives like Digital India,NOFN,Project Loon
and Free Basis internet tools can help in growth of rural regions in India esp through e-commerce:
1. Provide large and global market place for indigenous local products,art and craft. GI tagged products
can expand their global footprint. Private players need to step in to leverage this potential in rural
hinterland.Eg. Craftvilla and Kudumshree
2. National Agriculture Market e-Platform: It will help in price discovery, enable efficient trading
system and better distribution of food between food deficit and surplus region and provide for better
remuneration for farmers. Government both union and states should work together to make it a
possibility.
3. E-commerce boost in urban areas can help rural areas if contract farming is allowed under APMC act
without any caveats.
4. With improvement in rural incomes,the e-commerce will provide rural buyers with lots of choice in
terms of buying high quality seeds, fertilizers, pump set and other consumer goods etc without
commuting to urban areas.
However it is important that e-commerce is driven by the rural people rather than private players from
outside. Model like rural cluster level e-tailers and Taobao model of China can be emulated.
Topic: Cropping pattern

Q) The fact is that maize has beaten most other food crops, including wheat and rice, in terms
of growth in production and productivity, especially in recent years. Examine the factors that
have led to Maizes success and its benefits for Indian economy. (200 Words)
Business Standard
manalika
Maize is one of the most versatile crops, grown as both a food crop and a cash crop.
Factors for its popularity-

1) It has a wide variety of applications. So the market for it is thriving. It is used as an ingredient in
food processing industry to make starch. It is used by street vendors for selling snacks such as sweet
corn. It is also used as feed for livestock. Lastly of course, it is used as subsistence food as flour.
2) Traditionally, it is a resilient rain-fed crop so it is easy to grow. It can be grown in tracts of land
where very mild winters rule out wheat cultivation or water scarcity rules out rice cultivation.
3) As a commercially lucrative crop, it is replacing production of cotton and sorghum. It is a significant

part of western diet, so that the export market for Indian speciality corn like sweet corn or baby corn is
also attractive.
4) Successful innovation in developing disease-resilient, high-yield varieties has also spurred growth.
Hybrid varieties are being grown with very good results for farmers.
Benefits for India-
1) It provides a boost for agricultural research in the country.

2) Export market for maize offers better remuneration for farmers and traders.
3) High yield varieties of maize contribute to food security in the country.
4) it engages the agricultural sector more efficiently and provides employment as land unsuitable for
wheat or rice is used to grow maize.
5) It's a cheap yet nutritious feed for livestock and cattle.
Q) Pulses, Indias most consumed protein-rich food group, have continued to pressure food
inflation upwards even as the prices of most other items have cooled off. Examine the reasons
for their high prices, impact on poor and measures needed to be taken to cool off their prices.
(200 Words)
Business Standard
Falguni Sharma
Examining reasons for pulses price hike :

1- MSP policy - Continuous hike in MSP is not benefitting producers as they are announced too late
when already rabi crop (on 8.5 mn ha area) has been sown.
2- Import policy - Government's decion to import 5000 tonnes of tur is not effective as it was taken
sudden which turn out to be ineffective in taming inflation.
3- Development strategy : Government's lopsided development strategy in favour of rice and wheat has
continuously push pulses to non-irrigated lands.
4- production vs demand : As net sown area under pulses remained stagnant at 13 mn ha, so as the
production at 17 mn tonnes. This is not commensurate with rising domestic demand (currently 23.6
mn tonnes). Also, there is limited availability of pulses in the international market .
5- Hoarding : During price hike, hoarding of pulses further aggravates the prices.
Impacts on poors :
1- Health problems : High prices of pulses force poors to shift from protein rich food to cheap non-
nutricious food which can not provide sufficient callories, keeping in view that most poors are
construction workers and have to work for almost 12 hours a day.

2- Poverty trap : As poors suffer with health problems, they also start to loss their daily wages. This is
proved to be a double blow to them which push them in a vicious circle of poverty.
Suggestions to cool-off prices :

1- Government needs to create a crop-neutral incentive structure which currently skewed in favour of
wheat, rice and sugarcane.
2- Recent PM Fasal Bima Yojana along with Price Stablisation Fund would remove both risks (crop and
price) and encourage farmers to shift to pulses.
3- Nevertheless, government should promote rice cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains.
4- Innovative cropping pattern such as including high yield varieties of pulses within rice-wheat
crooping instead of leaving land as fallow.
5- Government should also give incentives to farmers to dig rain water harvesting ponds under PM
Sinchayee Yojana.
Topic: Agriculture marketing; Agriculture issues
Q) Identify the major issues agriculture is facing in India and critically analyse if recently
launched schemes are able to address these issues. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Night Fury
With three-quarter of Indias rural population dependent on agriculture, it contributes to only less than
15% of Indias GDP. Various issues have led to the decline in growth of agriculture sector:
Major Issues:
1) Farm Size: Impact on economy. Farm population per hectare has increased and per capita income
has declined.Solution lies in ensuring higher productivity per hectare of crop area.
2) High Input Costs: Crops failures burden the farmers hugely. Subsidized fertilizers,seeds etc should
be targetted and rationalised. Direct Benefit Transfer would be helpful in this case.
3) Rain-fed agriculture: Bad monsoon adversely impacts the produce. Lack of integrated irrigation
facilities.
4) Banking: Failure in banking regulation and polices to ensure financial inclusion. Farmers have to
dpened on money-lenders who charge exorbitant rates of interests.
5) Crop Insurance : Lack of knowledge and banking. Less than 2% of the farming community is covered
under insurance.
6) Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Indiscriminate use of subsidized fertilizers has decreased soil
fertility and productivity. Also, higher MSPs for only few crops makes the farmer ddepend on those
crops only.
7) Agricultural Marketing: Lack of clarity in prices, role of Middle men, exploitation of farmers.
8) Storage and Transportation: lack of cold storages and no mechanized transportation lead to huge
amount of crop losses.
9) Alternate source of Income: Lack of Skills and low literacy rates forces them to stay in non-profitable
farming.

Recent schemes which try to tackle the aforementioned issues are:
1) Jan Dhan Yojana: No transactions in half of the accounts opened. Performance is underutilized.
Need to create awareness among village people to use banking services efficiently
2) Crop insurance system system : Not serving the peasants. Needs to be recast.
3) Soil Health Card Portal and Fertilizer Quality Control System Portal: Will help farmer to assess the
soil and amount of fertilizer require.
4) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yoiana (PMKSY) : converging ongoing irrigation schemes
5) National Agricultural Market : Promote reform of the agricultural marketing sector and apart from
promoting free flow of agri commodities across the country and should result in greater farmer
satisfaction as prospects for marketing of his produce would be significantly enhanced
Way ahead:
1) Farm subsidies shift towards DBT and going for more science-based crop insurance systems.
2) Compensation should be sent directly to farmers accounts, with digitised farm records locked-in
with Jan Dhan accounts, Aadhaar and mobile numbers
3) Crop damages need to be assessed with the help of automatic weather stations (AWS), satellites,
drones and low-earth orbits (LEOs)
4) Implementation of Shanta Kumar commitee recommendations regarding FCI restructuring and
food and fertiliser subsidy.
Transformational changes in policies and programmes is the need of the hour to revive the farming
sector that is backbone of Indian Economy.
Q) The idea of a unified farm market has been floating around since the early 2000s. It was
included in the National Policy for Farmers brought out in 2007. How will creation of such
market help agriculture? Examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
rrv
Agriculture sector has been riddled with many problems relating to inefficient systems that handle the
movement, storage and marketing of food grains. Apart from those, climate vagaries like rainfall
deficits etc. compounds the situation minimising total income of farmers.
To streamline the market, government proposed Model APMC Act in 2003 so as to create Unified
Farm Markets or Mandis in every state along with participation of private sector, which was also
given impetus in NFP 2007. This will help agriculture sector in following manners:
1. It will link agriculture production to market by bringing together farmers, processors, and retailers
helping to ensure value addition, minimising wastages and creating employment opportunity
particularly in rural areas.
2. Facilitate efforts to increase the level of processing of agricultural and horticultural produce,
especially focussing on perishables.
3. Reduce post-harvest losses by maintaining supply chains in sustainable manner.
4. Help in shifting farmers to more market driven and profitable farming activities.
5. With additional income generated to farmers they can shift to more diverse cropping pattern and

can also carry non-farm activities like dairying, horticulture etc.
6. Food processing industries will boost through improved quality of food-grains.
Although these mandis have tried to integrate the system but due to varying rules across the states and
lack of political will; many APMCs are not working at their adequate levels, ultimately harming
farmers. To tame the situation, recent step to create Mega Food Parks (MFPs) have been a win-win
move for both the farmers and consumers.
Q) Recently, two noted personalities authored a booklet named the Sarthak Krishi Yojana
suggesting government various measures to revive agriculture in India. Discuss the
recommendations made in the booklet. (200 Words)
Reference
The Indian Express
Yani
Meaning: Mindful Agriculture Programme

Focus: Managerial framework for transformation in Agriculture
Concerns undertaken:
1.Agriculture a state subject:hence solution political and fragmented
2. Mathiness instead of truthiness:Solutions till now theoretical and impractical, no real world
problems undertaken
3. No risk taking: State focus only on farmers instead of improving farming by risk taking
4. Backward and Forward linkages:problems in fragmented landholding,large population dependence,

irrigation, technology, quality of seeds, storage, transport,etc.
Recommendations inspired from 5 pillars used in industrialisation of India: TRIPS

1.T(Technology)= outcome based technology policy encouraging research, innovation and incubation
2.R(Risks)=Agricultural Financing and Risk Institutions - Banks and financial institutions for fotmal
credits
3. I(Institution)= Governance Institutions with holistic design and single agency of centre and states-
Actively promote FPOs (farmer producer organisations)
4. P(Policy)= National Agricultural Policy - Focus on improving human and farm productivity
5.S(Skills): Agricultural Technical Training Institutes
Apart from this,consensus is necessary of states to have similar impact as Jan Dhan Yojana,APY,
Swachh Bharat Mission etc
Also High-Level tasks are recommended such as setting up Krishi Ayog.
This programme keeps up to its name as real world practical issues are nicely addressed showing the
mindfulness of the authors.

Q) It is said that to combat droughts, Agriculture should be revived with a different approach to
water, soil, crops and research. Discuss which alternative model of agricultural development is
required in this regard. (200 Words)
EPW
Shiuli
Indian agricultures susceptibility to droughts is primarily borne out of the fact that only 45% of its
agricultural land is rainfed. An alternative model of agriculture which may be more effective in
addressing this vulnerability can be seen under the following heads
1. Crops
(i) Agricultural produce should be commensurate with the prevailing agro-climatic conditions For
instance, rice should not be grown in Punjab as the state receives low rainfall
(ii) The MSP regime should be close-ended to ensure lower farmer interest in water-intensive crops
like rice, wheat etc.
2. Soil usage
(i) Establish a National Land Use Advisory Service which would link land-use with local ecological and
meteorologicalfactors as suggested by MS Swaminathan Commission
(ii) Promote agro-forestry, social-forestry etc. to lower impact of droughts on productivity
3. Water
(i) Subsidy Micro-irrigation equipment to promote sprinkler and drip irrigation
(ii) Promote watershed development programmes, building of bunds johads etc. based on popular
successful models like that of Ralegaon Siddhi
4. R&D
(i) Promoting alternative agricultural land-use backed with effective research (e.g. herbal medicines
especially in Himalayas and Western ghats)
(ii) Promote fisheries, dairy-farming, food-processing etc. to encourage farmers towards an alternative
income sourceduring drought years
Although these measures can be effective in lowering farmers vulnerability to droughts, improving
irrigation coverage should be emphasized upon.
Topic: Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance
Q) In recent years many internet based start-ups have come up in food technology sector.
Critically analyse their business model and their impact on the food sector. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Night Fury
The start-up industry has seen a significant rise in India with angel investors more willing to invest in
creative ventures.However, Food tech start-ups have been faltering because of poor unit economics,
which leads to negative cash flow. (revenue per food order or delivery minus the cost involved in the
transaction)

Faulty Business Model:
1)Start-ups offer economically nonviable discounts to get more customers on board.In some cities, food
delivery service doesnt make sense because of small distances for service delivery.
2)Lack of innovation in business models is the key reason for failures of most food tech start-ups.
3) Failing to woo institutional investors.
Impact on the food sector:

1) Startups have potential to generate market in rural areas along with huge existing urban. Agriculture
can be boosted up based on demand by the prosecuting units.
2) Startups increase competition and availability of food options in market for consumers.
3) Home delivery kind of service increases their customer base also its consumer friendly.
Food technology start ups can change the very scenario of food processing in India by many new
innovative ideas. Startups should employ a model to cook food at its own kitchens, book orders on its
app, and deliver it to customers (like the FreshMenu, a Bengaluru-based food start-up). Govt should
provide startup friendly environment for Food Tech Startups by providing easy loans. Start Up India is
a step in right direction.
Topic: PDS; Food security

Q) In your opinion, what is the biggest weakness of the the public distribution system? Explain
why. It is said that PDS works well in regions with low market access, high cereal prices, and
high poverty. Do you agree? Discuss. (200 Words)
EPW
Rudrani M
Public distribution system distributes food and non-food items to the beneficiaries in a subsidized
manner after procuring them from the farmers in minimum support price.
The main problems with the PDS are:-
1. Huge quantity of food grains are pilferaged while transporting from FCI godowns to fair price shop
or the Panchyat Bhavan and sold in open market. A solution to the problem may be RFID identification
of each bag of food grain and GPS tracking of vehicles carrying food grain to FCI.
2. Other major problem is beneficiary identification. Many times, non BPL families get the benefit of
the PDS if they manage to get a
BPL card. However, after implementation of National food security act and after distribution of smart
cards, this problem may be subsided.
3. Corruption at the time of procurement and non-payment of benefits to the farmers
4. Lack of storage facility with FCI and wastage of grains
5. Procurement and distribution of poor quality food grains
PDS works well in regions with low market access, high cereal prices and poverty because -
1. High poverty means more families under BPL scheme and hence PDS system works as a utilitarian
scheme
2. For areas with low market access, people find it difficult to procure food grains from open market
and the PDS comes in handy.
Example, the cut off area of Malkangiri in Odisha is wholly dependent on PDS because of low market
access
3. When there is low market access, there will be high cereal price and hence poor people will be
difficult to afford it. Hence PDS system comes to play.
PDS system is very useful in a welfare country like India. However, the system needs to be reformed
with use of technology to plug the gaps.
Q) To address the food-security problem, it is said that the scientific community is split between
two main approaches: tinker with agricultural details (TAD) and mend societal
fundamentals (MSF). What do you understand by these approaches? Which one is more
effective? Examine. (200 Words)
Livemint
Mahsin A Ahmed
With the growing global population, climate change and increasing inequalities, food security has
become a major issue of the 21st century. Various approaches have been used to tackle this challenge .
Two of the broader approaches are TAD and MSF.
TAD: It stands for Tinker Agricultural Details. This approach believes in overcoming food security
through making improvements at the micro level. It involves building efficient tools for agriculture, use
of genetically modified crops, judicious use of water , fertilizers and pesticides, reversing the trend of
meat consumption ,protecting ecosystems and controlling wastage in production and distribution of
food.
Flaws with TAD approach:
1. Very difficult to achieve
2. Even if these goals are achieved, it would not be sufficient in the medium and long terms since this
model is based on the flawed assumption that perpetual growth is possible on a finite planet.
3. Does not take in account the social changes that would be required to springboard the desired
outcomes.
MSF
Another approach is the MSF (Mend Societal Fundamentals) . here focus is on changing social
dynamics which would eventually lead to solvin the food security puzzle. It envisions to counter FS
issue through:
1) Population Control
2) Reducing inequalities of wealth by empowering vulnerable sections through education, skill

development etc.
3) a more progressive tax system

4) ensuring that policymakers have a basic level of scientific understanding
The only challenge with this that the fruits of it will only be available in the medium and long terms
since population control and building human capital does not yield immediate results.
Hence, in order to achieve overall food security , we need to integrate TAD with MSF. Through TAD,
productivity can be increased which will take care of the present and MSF will work towards are a
better future.
Topic: Issues of buffer stocks and food security

Q) Do you think it is time for India to import food to build stocks for food security
as international commodity prices are low today? Critically analyse. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Ash
In the wake of recent droughts, climate change and food inflation in rural areas it becomes essential for
India to build its food stock. The Government supports various social sector food security schemes and
to provide this buffer stock becomes a necessary requirement. The fall in price of commodities
internationally could help us achieve this.
But this would not be a viable solution because
1. Cheap import will torment the rural economy. As this would put a downward pressure on the
domestic crop prices hindering sale in open market.
2. FCI is blamed for food rotting which is due to excess procurement which clearly shows there is no
fall in domestic production.
Evidently, we are not running out of food grains. There are other problems that cause distress which
need addressing to improve food security. These are
1. MSPs need to be demand driven. MSPs in pulses would have encouraged more farmers to cultivate
pulses which would have prevented imports.
2. Infrastructure needs to be built so that prices do not increase due to increased transportation costs.
3. Black marketing needs to be curbed so there is equitable distribution of food.
4. India faces problems of production fluctuation which is due to dependence on rain and other
weather conditions. Govt should take initiatives in this direction. PM Gram Sinchai Yojana is a
welcome step in this direction.
5. Investment in research and technology would go a long way in increasing produce. Ex- HYV
6. Better food supply chains, changes in APMC Act would help.
7. Farmers should be given access to ICT tools to avail facilities like Forwards.
India has not made a substantial investment in the field of research in agriculture still is among the
largest producers of food grains. Govt should increase research funding plus extend the benefits of
Start-Up initiative to this sector.

Topic: Subsides; DBT
Q) Some argue that time is ripe for pushing Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) for all subsidy
programmes. Do you agree? Substantiate. (200 Words)
The Hindu
rrv
DBT is a subsidy providing mechanism that directly transfers subsidy in the beneficiaries accounts
using JAM Jan Dhan Yojana account, Aadhar Card and Mobile number trinity. This will help in
following ways:
1. Filling leakages: DBT will help in reducing mal-practices like leakages, ultimately giving the
beneficiary what he is entitled. Example: LPG subsidy.
2. Increasing incomes: with large number of schemes which are implemented with an intention to
increase incomes of the poor, but due to delay and other factors most of the time poor gets subsidy
after a long time (like in wages of MNREGA). DBT can reduce these cases.
3. Financial inclusion: with the provision of DBT, poor will get themselves included in financial system
of the country, which will help them to get other benefits and will boost their saving.
On the other hand it would be wrong to include DBT in all subsidy programmes, because:
1. People may use money for other purposes rather than using it for what it is meant for like in case of
PDS.
2. Due to lack of education and financial literacy, poor will keep themselves outside the purview of
banks.
3. Inadequate development of the banking channel in rural areas is also a challenge.
4. Lack of adequate documents also leads to exclusion of many poor from banking sector.
Though DBT can be a game changing programme by directly reaching to the beneficiary but it requires
development of robust infrastructure along with provision of training and supporting staffs; which can
cover all poor under financial sector fabric.
Q) Critically analyse the environmental impact of subsidies, especially in the India. (200 Words)
Livemint
Abhijit
Subsidies help in attainment of more disposable income in the hands of farmers which help them
diversify output.It helps in reduction of poverty,help the striving middle class,increase in export
production etc.However ,there are many negative externalities attached to it .
They are:
AGRICULTURE SUBSIDIES
Inefficient use of water resources and ground water depletion.Subsidies encourages farmers to pump
more water than they need.Results in changes in cropping pattern,soil nutrient levels,increased salinity
levels,overloading of croplands,reduced fallows etc
FERTILIZER SUBSIDIES
Promotes overuse of fertilizers and pesticides.Such subsidies provide a way to enhance per yield
production,leading to soil degradation .
FOOD SUBSIDIES
Huge demand for increased population results in pressure to provide food subsidies to the poor.The
Food security act is a measure.It puts the burden on farmers to produce more,resulting in inefficient
crop management,degradation etc.This coupled with unpredictable monsoon results in crop failures
and hence decrease in fertility levels. MSP's attract farmers to produce cash crops
ENERGY SUBSIDIES
Leads to increase in use of fossil fuels,thereby going against global need to reduce its impact on
temperature levels.Excessive use of diesel increases pollution levels.
KEROSENE SUBSIDIES
Adulteration with petrol leading to pollution
However,one cant ignore the positive impact on environment like:

1) Subsidies in LPG have promoted use of cleaner fuel
2) Lower tariffs for import of cleaner technology with more focus on renewable energy
3) R& D,information dissemination by the govt can also be seen as subsidies in the light of least
environmental impact
4) Electricity subsidies will allow use of efficient technology to harness hydropower with least loss
Government is trying its best via UDAY Scheme(For DISCOMS),Neeranchal(watershed

mangagement),soil health cards,soil testing labs,m-kisan portal,the recent International Solar
Alliance(ISA) etc to effectively use the subsidies.Providing subsidies is not the issue but using the
subsidies with least effect on environment and humans is the deal.
Topic: Employment
Q) It is argued that India might fail to encash its demographic dividend advantage owing to
several factors. Analyse these factors. (200 Words)
Business Standard
why_so_serious?
India "demographic dividend" has become a buzzword. The high birth rates, India's population
surpassing China till 2022 and India being "younger" than the world in terms of average age is being
seen as an opportunity to excel. But this opportunity is being impeded by the following factors :
1) Education :India's education system which does not focus on training students in employable skills.
Indian education systems focus has been more on theory and less on practical training, which helps in
developing employable technical skills.
2) Female participation : The amount of female participation in the workforce has been very low as
compared to other countries owing to the various social factors.
3) Health : India's rankings for IMR, GHI have been very low. A quarter of the world's undernourished
are in India. Nutritional deprivation causes lasting damage to childrens physical and cognitive
development. This leads to lower educational attainment, thereby impacting their economic
productivity at a later stage in life.

4)Employment : Nepotism and lobbying issues in government jobs, lack of employment
opportunities/jobs hence a vulnerable skilled population .
5) Lack of policy implementation : Political interference in education matters, no efficiency and lacuna
in implementation of National Rural Health Mission(NRHM), ICDS, lack of health facilities, low
Doctor/patient ratio have been the reasons why a major part of the country is caught in this web of
poverty. India spends merely 1.2% of GDP on health as compared to 17% of USA, which needs to
reviewed.
MUDRA yojana, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas yojana, National Skill Development Mission, USTAAD,
Nai Manzil are some of the schemes launched in India. A proper implementation of these schemes plus
the success of Make in India is imperative if we want an able manforce.
Topic: Economic growth; Energy; Resource mobilization

Q) The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Code has been welcomed by the banking sector. Examine
how this code will benefit the Indian economy. Also comment on the SARFAESI Act
(Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act
2002). (200 Words)
Business Standard
Gaurav Tripathi
Banking Sector in India comprises of Scheduled and Non-scheduled Banks. Introduction of Insolvency
and Bank Code is welcomed by banking sector which can improve and facilitate a transparent
functioning.
Benefits for Indian Economy:-
1. Improve the climate for enterpreneurship and enhance better institutional infrastructure.
2. Address the crisis of non-performing assets in the Banking Sector and valuing stability.
3. Strengthening the systems and bringing stringent reforms such as change in Management.
4. Strict and time-bound process to promote faster implementation measures.
5. Proposes a creation of new professional mechanism for process of insolvency and who will be
responsible for managing the process.
SARFAESI Act was made by parliament aimed at helping speed up the bankruptcy resolution process.
The act provides for establishment of Asset Reconstruction Companies regulated by RBI to acquire
assets from banks and financial institutions. It gave powers to Debt Recovery Tribunals to entertain
appeals against misuse of powers given to banks.
However, it's performance has been not effective and also due to lack of legal infrastructure , the law
was not effectively implemented. Provision related to 'debt to equity' has been manipulated and it has
helped inefficient corporates.

Thus, to overcome the challenges of SARFAESI Act , the reforms being brought in Bankruptcy Bill is
significant step in right direction and promote a healthy financial system in economy.
Q) India hopes to have 175 Gw worth of renewable energy (RE) capacity by 2022 and the next
target is to double this, to 350 Gw of RE by 2030 i.e. 40 per cent of actual power generation
would be from renewables by 2030. Are there any negatives from this major shift in energy
generation from renewables? Critically examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
rajan
Renewable energy like solar, wind and tidal energy are energy of the future. They are here forever,
unlike fossil fuels. Plus, they emit no Carob di oxide or ail polluatnts. Further, they are present almost
everywhere on the earth, unlike conventional fuels which are concentrated leading to political
scrambles
Yet, the decision to drastically raise RE production, suffers from the following challenges
1. Money - The solar mission is being pegged at a 100 billion $, making it a costly venture for a poor
country like ours. Otthers like wind suffer the same
2. Per unit cost - The cost of every unit of RE is much more than that of conventional fossil fuels
3. Technology - Most of the RE tech is under foreign patents. The manufacturing base too is in western
nations and in China. This could lead to foreign exchange problems and dependency
4. Grid Integration- RE provides an unpredictable supply due to changing weather conditions making
grid integration costly and difficult
5. Storage- Batteries required are expensive and are laden with toxic chemicals.
6. Huge land aqusition required for solar is a challenge in agri-dominated India.
Nonethelss, some green shoots have been seen such as Clean Development Fund as promised under
Paris summit to fund RE tech in developing countries, Green Energy Corridor for better grid
integration, and rooftop solar program to offset land aquisition problems, making RE on a whole
extremely welcome
Q) It is said that the Chinese Communist Party has been much more successful than the
democratic and parliamentary Indian elites in mobilising significant resources to finance a
strategy of social investment and public services. Discuss why. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Romilla
In India's noisy political democracy the problems are compounded by the existence of multiple
political parties with no coherent approach to development. China has been more successful in it's
endeavors because-
1. TOP DOWN APPROACH vs BOTTOM UP STRATEGY- Chinese economy owes it's clout due to it's
strong primary sector.
In the initial years of development China heavily invested in it's agriculture and then moved up to
manufacturing and services.
Whereas India believed that growth at the top will trickle down to the bottom which sadly didn't
happen. Our primary and secondary sector
are in a quagmire.
2. MARKET VS MANUFACTURING HUB-India has always been seen by the investors as a cosy market
for their products, whereas China has projected itself as a manufacturing giant with business-friendly
practices thus attracting more FDI.
3. HUMAN CAPITAL- Since 1980s China has heavily invested in education, health and skill
development of it's workforce, a practice that India lacks in.
4. DIVERSE OPINIONS vs SINGLE HANDED IMPLEMENTATION- Accommodating the whims and

fancies of coalition partners prevents us from affectively translating our policies into practice. But
China isn't bound by such constraints. Policy implementation is quick and decision making happens at
the local level.
5. FOREX RESERVES-China's huge dollar reserves gives it the additional edge over India. It's economy
enjoys greater insulation from the ups and downs of the global market. It utilises these reserves to
make greater investments in international and domestic markets, thereby enjoying goowill and profits.
This is not to say that the picture is all rosy for China and gloomy for India. India being a democracy
has long term positive repercussions than the short term glory of Chinese communism.
Q) Recently the union government released new Power Tariff Policy. Discuss its provisions,
reasons why its revised and the implications for consumers and power producers. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Cityboy
Provisions of the new power policy:

1. Rationalisation of tariff for end consumer, letting DISCOM pass on some of the additional costs
to the consumer as a result of any tax/cess levied on them
2. Enable generators to sell electricity to the government by including their excess power into the
grid
3. Enabling microgrids and their integration into the national grid creating an veritable market for
electricity
4. Enforcing renewable purchases by generation companies and coal-fired plants, mandating
them to offset at least part of the generation to renewable means,
Why it was revised:

1. Discoms in a financial crunch, need to be bailed out by banks and need refinancing every time due to
distorted subsidy regime which is the result of populist pressure to keep tariffs low
2. Electricity generation from thermal power plants causes Climate change and pollution which are
contributing to extreme climatic conditions
3. Irregular access of electricity to domestic and industrial consumers, power cuts and irrational tariffs
Implications for consumers:

1. Tariffs will rise
2. Regular connectivity and uninterrupted 24x7 supply
3. They can now use modern technology to produce their own electricity and sell to the govt via
microgrids etc.
Implication for producers:
1. Will have to take the unpopular measure of passing the cost on to the consumer
2. will have to invest in grid upgradation for the new features of enabling generators to plug-in
3. need a strategy on offsetting for climate change by buying renewable energy
4. need more investment
Q) Why solar tariffs are falling and what they mean for Indias renewable energy sector?
Discuss. (200 Words)
Down to Earth
Rashmirathi
Solar tarrifs are falling due to many reasons like :
1. Government effort through transparent auctions with a ready provision for land , transmission,
etc.
2. Increased competition- Competition among bidders is making the price come down.
3. Declined cost of solar modules Solar modules are getting cheaper at international markets due to
development in technology
Impact on Indias renewable energy sector :
1. Lowering of solar prices will make renewable energy more attractive to distribution companies as
well as consumers.
2. Power producers won't have to incur extra costs for fulfilling their mandatory Renewable Generation
Obligation (RGO) under the new power tariff policy.
3. As solar energy is decentralized, it can reach to hinterlands of country where electricity so far not
reached.
4. Lowering tariffs can bring more investment with employment generation and create more funds for
R&D
5. The international solar Alliance would be augmented.
6. Will allow the governments to fulfill its promise of proving 24*7 power supply and help agriculture
sector which often faces power shortage
7. It will help india in fulfilling her INDCs and commitment to increase solar power capacity to 100GW
possible within 2022.
Although falling in solar tarrif prices comes as a great news for Indias renewable energy sector, a lot of
work needs to be done to ensure the benefits are passed on to the large section of rural population that
doesnt have access to electricity

Q) It is said that to mobilize resources for better infrastructure in towns and cities, one revenue
stream that could hugely empower municipalities is professional tax. Examine why and how it
should be imposed. Also comment if you support increasing the ceiling of this tax. (200 Words)
Livemint
Undaunted
Infrastructure in municipalities is already in yawning state and they need more avenues for revenue
mobilization to transform themselves from rickety institutions to transformative city governments.
Professional tax can provide that additional impetus, if properly channelized.
Professional Tax- Levied by state govt or municipalities under Art 276 of the Constitution, which
provides for levy of tax in respect of profession, trade, calling and employment but with a fixed ceiling
of Rs 2500 on it. (Too miniscule in contemporary times)
Reasons for Imposition:
1. Need of the hour as states will loose octroi, entry tax or local body tax once GST rolls out.
2. It can have the double benefit of reaping dividends of rapidly urbanizing population and a
concomitant increase in workforce by generating employment opportunities in infra sector.
3. 14th FC recommended that professional tax could be an important source of revenue for local
bodies, if they are allowed to levy and collect it under state legislation within a reasonable ceiling set by
Parliament
4. At present 21 states in India are already imposing professional tax and cities like Chennai, Surat,
Hyderabad are already making huge revenue from it.
How to Impose:
It should be imposed countrywide in letter and spirit where Parliament should consider empowering
state legislatures to decide on all aspects related to imposition and the need for ceiling as well.
Ceiling of Professional Tax:
This ceiling limit was not there in GoI Act 1935 and was introduced later in 1940 to curtail the power
of provincial states to tax income. So, doesnt qualify the current ethos of fiscal decentralization
Subsequent Finance commissions (11, 12, 14th) have recommended increase in it. Latest one
recommends it to increase upto Rs 12000
The empowered committee of state finance ministers on the implementation of GST had also
recommended removing the cap on professional tax, which would bring more revenue to the states.
Globally, the levy or collection of income and profession tax is either with municipal body (as in case
of Switzerland) or with federal govt (Mexico) or with both centre and state (US and Canada) but
nowhere the ceiling has been imposed by central govt
Conclusion:

In the contemporary era of cooperative federalism, the principal component is fiscal wherein States
and municipalities have to find the right balance between lowering taxes to attract investments and
maximizing revenues to make their cities more livable.
Topic: Infrastructure; Economic development; Pollution

Q) Critically analyse the role of international finance institutions in sustainable development.
(200 Words)
The Hindu
DonCorleone
With a view towards promoting faster growth in the global economy,International financial institutions
like the WB,ADB,NDB,AIIB are stepping up their investment and lending portfolio with every passing
day.
Unfortunately there is an ever increasing trend among these international lenders,of ignoring the
issues of sustainability,under the misconception that safeguards aimed at ensuring sustainability
hamper growth prospects.
1.They give minimal regard to environmental and social safeguards while financing new projects.
2.They encourage member nations to take steps to ease safeguards related to land
acquisition,resettlement and deforestation.
Such concerns as to whether green safeguards impede growth is entirely misplaced because:
1.Regulatory protection is required to avert negative externalities.
2.Flexible standards can cause easy approval but the resulting damages can delay project completions
and wash away potential benefits.
3.1.Absence of safeguards can cause catastrophes of unimaginable proportions.

eg:Dams and dispalcement of people eg:Sardar sarovar on narmada,Three gorges dam,China
2010 BP-Amoco Gulf of mexico oils spill costing nearly $250 biliion.
4.Most importantly,compared to the benefit of avoiding such externalities the cost of having safeguards
in place, is small(nearly 3% or less of project cost).
Hence,the fact that green safeguards yield higher returns is based on sound economic theory.As the
drivers of global economic growth,the international financial institutions can play the leadership role
in ensuring that such a growth is environmentally and socially sustainable.Some recomendations in
that line would be
1.Put in place safeguards that are legally binding,compliance with which is enforcible
3.International policy should govern standards,rather than national systems that by law or practice are
not yet equivalent.
4.Implementation and oversight need strengthening in addition to having systems in place.

4.Encourage Monitoring of impacts,by an independent party in addition to the investor.
6.Project processing should be speeded up through efficiency improvements such as greater

differentiation in the treatment of high risk and low risk projects and not exactly through a weakening
of the regulations.
Effective safeguards are needed more than ever both at the established lenders and the
newcomers.How the international banks apply these defences will be an indication of their true
commitment to the goals of sustainable and inclusive development as enshrined in SDG and Paris
Climate Accord.
Q) Do you think the building of infrastructure should be left to the private sector and bank
financing rather than through fiscal resources? Substantiate. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Batman
The demographic dividend, the high unemployment rates, huge foreign debts and untapped potential
of economic growth works as a grim reminder to work toward infrastructural development. In this
regard, private sector is being proposed as the only builder of infrastructure projects. However, the
strategy has some issues:
Banks are reluctant to extend loans to private sectors owing to their high NPAs and greater fund
requirement for Basel III norms
Private sector has to face hurdles of environmental clearances before expediting the projects
Private sector has to face to face the ire of people e.g. in Maharashtra people resented against private
player for collection of tolls
Financial status of private sector is vulnerable to changes in market and thus they may not be able to
sustain the construction of projects
On the other hand, involving government or utilizing public investments in building up infrastructure
projects has the following benefits:
The onus of ensuring land and environmental clearances lies on the shoulders of government
Government can put up an infrastructure project even in backward region to spur development
Banks feel safe in extending finance to government for projects because of guarantee of getting the
credit back
Public investment proves to be a win-win situation for government and private players as the former
enjoys benefits of better debt servicing and the latter as a supplier of raw materials
Public investment ensures sustainability in projects and helps spur the economic growth in country.
Q) The UDAY scheme is not only a bailout programme but a show of collaborative
federalism. Critically examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Kept6363
The UDAY scheme is just not about bailout of dicoms but also an important step towards collaborative
federalism

It promotes cooperative/collaborative federalism because
1) has been evolved through discussions with multiple States
2) Many states do not have distribution companies and would have stayed out of the scheme but for the
recent government's decision to include even these states, so that can also be benefited
3)Electricity being a state subject, the scheme is optional for states
4)The additional liability will not be considered for assessing fiscal responsibility limits of States
However, there are elements that go against the principle of collaboration

1) States governments would not be given any monetary assistance. The 14th Finance Commission has
increased the share of states from taxes to 42% but since the scheme is launched by Central
government, it should provide some assistance especially when the burden is to fall on states.
2) Either the Central government should have done the former or left the policy making power to the
state government since electricty is a state subject. Moreover, since the 14th Finance Commission has
recommended an increase in states' share, this could have been easily done.
2) Though it is claimed to be optional, de facto it has been made compulsory through the policy of
carrot and sticks. States
willing to become a part of the scheme would be granted with subsidised funding in the governments
schemes and priority in the supply of coal. States not meeting operational requirements would be liable
to forfeit their claims on Integrated Power Development Scheme( IPDS) and Deen Dayal Upadhaya
Gram Jyoti Yojana( DDUGJY)
Collaborative federalism would be promoted if states are made to understand that politically expedient
measures such as subsidies are neither economically feasible nor politically in the long run, as
resentment of people against low economic growth would grow. Meaningful discussions should take
place and measures should be put in place so that states governments do not feel the increased burden
Topic: Infrastructure transport

Q) It is said that Indias transportation system is planned by different authorities in isolation,
resulting in chaos therefore it needs an integrated plan. Elaborate. (200 Words)
Business Standard
SVSR
In India, various Ministries and departments have authority over different means of transportation like
Roads and Highways by MoRTH, NHs by NHAI, Waterways and Shipping by the Ministry of Shipping,
Railways by Ministry of Railways, and Aviation by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The resultant mishap
from this approach is the design of transportation facilities in isolation and resulting in chaos and
unbalanced development.
The primary reason for this chaos is due to lack of umbrella agency to coordinate all these Ministries
and Departments for outlaying comprehensive transportation facilities based on geographical and
geological studies in a more cost effective and efficient manner. It is often criticised that our various
means of our transportation are competitive rather than complimentary to each other. For example,
our golden quadrilateral lanes are competitive to goods traffic and obstructive to inland waterways
even though they are cost effective and eco-friendly. This is mainly due to constraints and poor
maintenance of rail goods traffic and inland waterways. In fact, this competition devoid development
of other means of transportation and in a mid run roads and highways suffer from traffic congestion.
Chaos:
1) Lack of area-based approach leaves gaps in infrastructure and economic development which in turn
resulted in imbalances in regional development.
2) The gaps include poor transportation connectivity from port to hinterland, gaps in road-rail
connectivity and other issues.
3) Improper planning without considering geography of the region like drainage system, rocks and soil,
and environment resulted in higher havoc during natural calamities. It is criticised that NHs are acting
as 'check dams' for the free flow of flood water and further aggravated the devastation.
4) Huge expenditure has been incurred on transportation facilities, but still lagging behind in
comparison to other developing countries, and high in road accidents and connectivity issues. This is
mainly due to lack of coordination by various agencies of the government and between the Centre and
the States.
Therefore, it is better to design a National Transportation Road Map in a comprehensive by

coordination local stakeholders and build an excellent transportation network across the nation with
good regional to national level connectivity. It compliments our developmental efforts in a positive
manner.
Science & Technology
Topic: Idigenization of technology and developing new technology

Q) Recently the union government announced the contours of new defence procurement
procedure (DPP). Discuss its highlights, how it is different from DPP-2013 and examine if it
compliments the Make in India initiative. (200 Words)
Business Standard
The Hindu
The Indian Express
rrv
With a focus to give boost to indigenous private defence manufacturers, Defence ministry recently took
leap forward steps by accepting the recommendations made by expert committee headed by Dhirendra
Singh.
Highlights of DPP 2016:
1. Creation of Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured (IDDM) platforms, which will get
top priority while buying equipment and will be the first to be chosen for tenders.
2. Offsets clause increased from the current Rs. 300 crore to Rs. 2000 crore giving flexibility for
foreign companies. Any greater value of contract will be re-invested (30%) in Indian defense industries
which will help to upgrade indigenous technological capabilities and know-how.
3. Defence ministry has also decided to fund private R&D, so as to build a technology base.
4. Empowered committee is created to solve disputes or unforeseen issues.
Contrast with DPP 2013:

1. Procurement categories where created in DPP 2013, in which a hierarchy with Buy (Indian) as the
most preferred category, followed by Buy and Make (Indian), Make (Indian), Buy and Make and
Buy (Global). While DPP 2016 established IDDM
platform for indigenous companies.
2. Though DPP 2013 provided hierarchy but it did not prescribe the guidelines for selection of a
particular category in preference to another. While DPP 2016 created two sub-categories under IDDM,
making the system more transparent.
3. DAC was given charge to solve disputes, while new policy created a new committee to handle these
cases.
Hence DPPs push to promote domestic manufacturing, including government funding for R&D and
recognition of the MSME in technology development; will surely give impetus to Make in India,
empowering defence sector for indigenisation.
Q) The high cost and poor serviceability of foreign aircraft (with long-term dependence for the
supply of critical spare parts) underline the importance of developing indigenous capabilities.
In the light of recent Rafale deal, critically comment on the statement. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ash
Defence Imports have always remained a major drain on the public exchequer. Hence, it becomes
really important for India to develop indigenous capabilities.
Before that the following need addressing
1. Unsatisfactory performance by indigenous equipments. Ex Tejas, Nag.

2. These failures created trust deficits for indigenous organizations.
3. This has led to dependent on foreign players for both funding and technology transfer. But the
periodic change of Defence Procurement policy has scared investors.
4. Non-involvement of private sector to protect sensitive information.
All these factors have played a key role in preventing India from developing indigenously. But the high
cost and poor serviceability of foreign aircrafts underscores Indias need to develop indigenous
capabilities.
To facilitate this, the Gvt has taken the following steps
1. FDI in defence has been increased.

2. In the wake of its MII campaign, DPP provisions Indian Designed, Developed and Manufactured
Products.
3. Bilateral deals with nations ex Japan have stressed on TT.
Despite these provisions, there needs to be less dependence on other nations. This can only be
facilitated if India inculcates a R&D culture in all spheres and private sector is included. All
organizations should be connected to share their knowledge and experience and bureaucratic
involvement needs to be curbed. The budget should increase the share of R&D funding alongside. This
way India will become self reliant and in future a defence exporter.

Topic: Inclusive growth; Awareness in IT; Infrastructure
Q) Information and communication technology (ICT) has been shown to be a powerful
facilitator for meeting the Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, it is argued that a
fibre optic network is a durable solution to increase internet connectivity across country. What
challenges the government should address to provide national optic fibre network and what are
its benefits? Examine. (200 Words)
Livemint
Shaktimaan
National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) is a landmark initiative in taking forward the vision of Digital
India which aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
It has potential to connect 2.5 lakh gram panchayats with minimum 100Mbps bandwidth.
Challenges to address:-
- Education level, purchasing power and ecosystem is not mature in rural areas which may result in low
uptake threatening the viability of the project.
- Big deal is to tackle with non availability of specialised contractors to execute a kind of highly
technical and scientific project .
- The network takes long gestation period, so how to build its capacity according to future demand
while balancing current need is the major question.
- Geographical hurdles and Problems of rural areas like power, theft etc. may strain the performance of
the network
- Only dependence on the PSUs , less incentives to private players and no clear decision on mode in
which network construction should be done i.e ppp/epc etc. may affect the performance of project.
Benefits:-
- It deliver e-governance, e-health, e-education, e-banking, public internet access, weather, agricultural
and other services to farming and rural communities.
- it will generate huge employment opportunity through operation and maintenance activities and BPO
services.
- It peniterate financial inclusion through JAM trinity in backward regions, Naxal and Terrorist hit
areas help to accommodate them in development of country.
- ICT also check the rampant corruption in the system and bring more transparency , accountability
and time bound delivery of the services.
Coordination between stakeholders, proper checks on devolution of funds and provision to adopt
flexibilities throughout the project
implementation should be the way forward.

Topic: Developments in S&T and their applications; Awareness in Space
Q) In your opinion, what efforts are required by various nations, space agencies and companies
to send humans to Mars? What are the benefits of such mission? If India can afford such a
mission technologically and financially, should it send humans to Mars? Critically comment.
(200 Words)
Livemint
Dexter
With technology sophistication and increasing ambition, Mars exploration by humans has been
earmarked as the next viable target in the arena of space exploration and with growing confidence and
the following efforts, it might just be a viable opportunity:
a.Pushing limits of capabilities: NASA had recently made the decision to abandon the International
Space Station (ISS) in another ten years and move humans beyond low Earth orbit to the region of
space near the moon. Such initiatives are needed to increase confidence in further exploration.
b. Involvement of private agencies from around the world: Diverse contributions are needed in
developing and operating the ISS. Critical research in areas like loss of bone density and muscle
atrophy need to be focused on by this research. Private companies can undertake extensive risk in R&D
and can provide finances for the exploration.
c. Robotic Mars Exploration: As a pre requisite to human exploration, exploration via robots are
necessary to learn safe mars landing and a critical valuation of the atmosphere. Private initiatives like
SpaceX and Orbital ATK and more like them must assist in sending astronauts to space.
Benefits:
a. Catalyst to innovation: Succeeding in human exploration of Mars will lead to innovation and
development of new technologies and capabilities and with involvement of agencies from across the
world, it can accentuate their economies.
b. Practical applications of space technologies on Earth: The water purification system used on the ISS
is currently helping to provide clean water in remote regions.
c.Understanding life on Earth and beyond it: Mars is the most likely place to find evidence of life
beyond Earth due to presence of liquid water on the surface.
India should definitely contribute its knowledge to such a mission. Similar to the success of Mars
Orbiter Mission, a success in such a mission would put India on a higher pedestal in the niche arena of
space exploration and provide positive Return of Investments(ROI) such as :
a. Assist economy: Successful endeavors will invite larger investments leading to more money inflow in
the economy. It will also create more job opportunities.
b. Benefit auxiliary industries: Growth in space exploration will help growth of auxiliary industries like
natural resource mapping.
c. Scientific advancements on Earth: Taking NASA's instance, development in space technologies has
contributed to building of digital imaging, GPS, water filters, weather forecasting, Kidney dialysis
machine.

Topic: Awareness in IT, Space; Inclusive growth
Q) What are the strong arguments that can be made against Facebooks Free Basics initiative?
Do you think, if it is implemented, this initiative will empower the poor and help in inclusive
growth? Substantiate. (200 Words)
Livemint
KC
The strong arguments against 'Free Basics' are-
1.GATEKEEPER-
Although it will lead to a universal access but that access will not be to a universal internet.Internet
Service Providers or telecom companies will act as gatekeepers and decide on the websites which the
people can have access to.
2.DIGITAL DIVIDE-
It will create a new kind of digital divide where some people will have access to both the sides of
internet but people using 'freebasics' will have access only to one side of internet.
3.PRIVACY CONCERNS-
Moreover, it is a threat to privacy of an individual as Facebook can decrypt the content of users ,
monetise our personal data and sell it to the advertising agencies.
4.DISINCENTIVE FOR STARTUPS-

It will be a huge disincentive for start ups and will stiffle innovation as they can not afford to pay for
their free access under these platforms.
5.DIFFERENTIAL PRICING-
Differential pricing may lead to a situation where one will have to pay even for those services and apps
to the telecom companies which are being provided free of cost to the customers.
This initiative is not going to help extensively in inclusive growth-

1.Only 12 % of the world's population knows English and 53% of the internet's content is in
English.Thus, language is a barrier.
2.The internet can only complement schools, colleges and teachers in providing education but can not
replace them.
3.For health services to be accessible to all, we need hospitals and doctors at an affordable cost, a few
selected sites can not help.
4.Poor people are not technically equipped to use the internet to their advantage.Moreover, many of
them even do not have the hardware to use the internet.
Thus, Free Basics claims about inclusive growth are a mere rhetoric.

Q) As per the enabler of development rationale, the Internet has value not in and of itself but
rather as a medium that gives access to other basic goods and services. Elaborate. Also
examine the role of government in giving internet access to the public. (200 Words)
Livemint
Batman
Internet has been hailed as no less than a developmental tool that has the potential to bring wide
sweeping changes in the way people transact their business in day-to-day lives. However, internet by
itself will not have any utility unless and until it is put to some
use or brought into picture as an enabler of development. Internet is devoid of any form and hence
without any utilization, it doesnt even serve the purpose of aesthetics. In this regard, internet can be
used as provider of access to good and services in the following ways:
1)Government2Customer: Internet can be employed by government to offer services like online
transactions for public utilities-electricity and water
2)Business2Customer: E-commerce websites and the new startups offer access to variety of goods
including household and grocery items
3)Business2Government: The government can use the internet to facilitate bidding process for
different infrastructure projects
4)Customer2Customer: Such model involves the use of internet as a medium to cause flow of goods e.g.
websites like Olx, Quikr, ebay allows customers to sell their goods to others
In order to make this dictum of internet as enabler of development, government can play a role in
providing access to internet in following ways:
1)Regulation of internet space to keep check on any wrongdoings e.g. cybercrime
2)Beefing up internet infrastructure through employment of latest technologies like Li-Fi and Optic
Fibres in order to reach remote locations and to improve internet speeds
3)Constantly improving the experience of people in availing services through internet by indulging in
R&D
However, while providing such services, government should take care that it doesnt hamper the right
to privacy enshrined in Indian constitution and a culture of safety should be promoted.
Internet holds great potential to bridge the digital divide and promote the agenda of inclusive
development by involving each and every section of the society and thus needs to be supported through
active government interventions.
Q) Discuss the significance and applications of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro). (200 Words)
The Indian Express
rrv
ISRO conceived IRNSS in 2010, when India released to install its own communication satellites
replacing countrys dependence on foreign navigational systems such as the US GPS and the Russian
GLONASS.
Significance:

1. Communication: the system is aimed to provide better communication services which will be divided
into two categories viz. Standard Positioning Services available to all users and Restricted Services
provided to authorised users such as armed forces.
2. It will make India self-dependent on its own network system and also extending services up to 1500
km from the mainland,
covering SAARC countries as well.
3. Completion of project with 7 satellites installed in geosynchronous (4) and geostationary (3), will
add India among nations having their own navigation system such as USs GPS, China ongoing
BEIDOU.
Applications:
1. Better mapping of terrestrial boundary of the country, helping in marking precisely coordinates of
lankmarks like forests, roads etc.
2. Disseminating timely disaster alert to vulnerable areas.
3. Goods such as ammonium nitrate (MHA recently made regulatory measures) could be geo tagged
reducing its wrong use.
4. Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers.
5. Visual and voice navigation for drivers.
6. Precise timing helping in better scientific calculations during experimentations and other activities.
Topic: S&T; Awareness in biotechnology

Q) What do you understand by optogenetics? Examine how is it different from CLARITY
another related method. Also discuss applications of CLARITY and Optogenetics. (200 Words)
The Hindu
RajaRaviVarma
Karl Deisseroth has used light of different colours to not only control but also switch the brain on (blue
light) and off (orange light). Using light provides accuracy and specificity in probing the 80 billion
mesh of neurals in brain.
While optogenetics illuminates the brain, CLARITY makes the brain transparent.
Optogenetics is the combination of genetics and optics to control well-defined events within specific
cells of living tissue
CLARITY builds hydrogel inside the brain by replacing lipids that makes the brain opaque
The optogenetic method provides new opportunities to analyze neural networks:

1. Mapping of the brain and behavior
2. Gene therapy - Recovery of vision, Parkinson disease, Epilepsy
By making the brain transparent, CLARITY allows to examine the brain's structure in detail in three
dimensions
1. It will, therefore, help design anti-anxiety drugs that are less addictive than current
treatments
2. Moreover, people will be able to understand better the working of brain and lessen the
stigmatisation around depression, anxiety
Together they will help make breakthrough in diseases like autism, schizophrenia,
Alzheimers, etc.
Q) Write a note on the spread and threat of Antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans and examine
how can nanotechnology help fight these bacteria. (200 Words)
Livemint
Ash
Antibiotics are used to fight bacteria and however, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to
development of multi-drug resistant bacteria (Superbug). Superbugs adapt, evolve and fight these
antibiotics rendering them ineffective. This is because they undergo genetic mutations very quickly.
Controlling these bacteria becomes really difficult because of these evolutionary abilities. Moreover,
they in conjunction with other diseases complicate treatments. Another complexity is the ease with
which they spread from person to person and via our surroundings. MDR bacteria have led to deaths
so fighting them becomes increasingly important.
Nanotechnology deals with manipulating atoms and molecules to find solutions. To fight these
Superbugs, nano particles called quantum dots (QDs) have come in handy. As superbugs evolve to fight
these QDs, QDs themselves get tuned or customized by atom addition or subtraction to create a new
material, property or therapy. And when this bacteria gets exhausted it, QDs destroy them.
These nano particles can distinguish between healthy and bacteria infected cells by sensing the electric
charge each produces. Hence, the neighbouring cells remain undamaged.
This is a giant leap in science and technology. India has the maximum burden of MDR-TB and this
technology could be utilized to solve this problem. But government needs to provide such individuals
and institutions funding. This would require relooking into the Dehradun declaration. Besides,
treatment Govt. should also focus on hygiene because all these bacteria mostly spread in unhygienic
environment. Swachh Bharat Mission is a laudable initiative this way, but needs serious
implementation.
Topic: Latest developments in S&T

Q) Compare and contrast Li Fi technology with Wi Fi technology. Discuss the advantages of Li
Fi and its potential for India. Also examine if it will eventually replace Wi Fi around the world.
(200 Words)
Livemint
Bhagat Singh
Li-Fi is a communication technology which uses visible light spectrum and is also called Visible Light
Communication (VLC)

Comparison of Li-Fi with Wi-Fi technology:
-> Wi-Fi uses radio spectrum whereas Li-Fi uses visible light spectrum (and some part of UV and IR
spectrum)
-> Wi Fi can't penetrate into water whereas Li Fi can do with ease
-> Speed of Li Fi is 100 times faster than Wi Fi
-> Li Fi can be restricted within opaque structure (like house) but Wi Fi have access even outside
opaque structure
-> Wi-Fi is more harmful as Wi-Fi creates electronic pollution and can affect living organisms
Advantage of Li Fi and potential in India:

-> Appliances like LED, smartphones which radiate around visible light can become source of Li Fi. So
it can find wide usage in traffic control, data transfer with smartphones and may also support energy
transfer between appliances
-> Li-Fi can be used in marine technology and finds utility in submarines, naval operations etc.
-> Li-Fi can be used at places like hospitals, nuclear plants and petrochemicals where Wi-Fi can't be
used
-> Li Fi can create a secure Local network (as it is packed inside an opaque structure) and can be used
by our intelligence agencies
Can it replace Wi-Fi around the world?

Wi Fi is a well established technology and it can only migrate if there are cheaper technologies
available. Given the huge cost involved installation needed for Li Fi and technological compliance of
most of the devices, its very difficult. Moreover Li FI being based on VLC can be susceptible to
interference from other daily appliances which are also based on VLC. But as the world is moving
towards more efficient, high speed and eco friendly communication technology, it becomes interesting
if Li Fi can be used as complementary to Wi Fi.
Topic: Achievements of Indians in S&T

Q) In the light of recent controversies regarding the Indian Science Congress (ISC) sessions,
critically comment on problems afflicting science administration in India and examine the
measures needed to address these problems. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Ashish Agrawal
For Nehru, Temples of Modern India also included its scientific institutions. The stated objective was
to create scientific temper among masses. And in that administration was of prime importance. But
recent ISC sessions controversies have revealed some deep rooted problems in that.
> We don't have a framework of scientific audit of related departments and institutions of the
government. So, how well our scarce resources are being utlised we don't know
> In India, almost exclusively all scientific research are funded by government (state and central).
Private sector's role is near to zero.
> Science administration is oblivious to cooperative federalism. Many parallel reserach are leading to
duplication of outcomes.

Measure needed :
Apart from steps taken to rectify above problems, government must take the following measures also :
> Increase R&d expenditure. Quality of research depends on funds
> We must create interest in child in early school age. 15-20 years from now, we may not have enough
scinetists to lead our institutions
> Previous ISC sessions have pointed that role of bureaucracy should be minimal.
Department of Biotechnology, Renewable Energy, Ocean development are all result of

recommendations of ISC only. Apart from rectifying overall administration, we must also think about
ISC reforms which includes most required peer review criteria before presenting a paper. So that
India's image is not compromised.
Q) Write a short note on Xpert MTB/RIF and its relevance for India. (150 Words)
The Hindu
Romilla
The Xpert MTB/RIF is a new fully automated diagnostic molecular test for tuberculosis and has the
potential to revolutionize and transform TB care and control. The test-
1. Simultaneously detects TB and rifampicin drug resistance
2. Provides accurate results in less than two hours so that patients can be offered proper treatment on
the same day.
3.Has as minimal bio-safety requirements, training, and can be housed in non-conventional

laboratories.
RELEVANCE FOR INDIA-
1.TACKLING THE TB BURDEN- According to WHO statistics, India has the largest number of TB
patients in the world. With an estimated economic loss of $100 million annually, any measure to help
treat the disease will be more than welcome in India.
2. HEALTH CARE COSTS- The new diagnostic tool comes as a boon for the millions of poor in India
who can ill-afford the pricey tests. Better and timely results would help in the patients as opposed to
conventional diagnostic tests which are more prone to human error and time consuming.
A healthy demography would help India reap the benefits of an active demographic dividend and
concentrate on strengthening other social areas as well
Environment

Topic: Conservation
Q) What conditions are necessary for tigers to live, breed and increase their population?
Examine the role of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in conserving tiger
population. (200 Words)
The Hindu
SVSR
Tiger is the keystone species in an ecosystem, and removal of which ceases the ecosystem altogether. It
controls and checks the population of other wildlife. The healthy tiger population indicates the vibrant
existence of the ecosystem.
Conditions for healthy tiger population:

1) Presence of large and sufficient prey base as tigers mark their territories.
2) Presence of adequate waterholes and vegetation for living area and to sustain animal life.
3) Less outside interference and pollution free locality.
4) Non-fragmented forest cover and conducive climate.
Role of NTCA:
1) National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body established under the Wildlife Act, 1972. It
assesses various aspects of sustainable ecosystem and prevents any unsustainable activities like
mining, industry and other projects.
2) Ensures compliance of standards for tourism activities and guidelines for project tiger in the buffer
and core areas of tiger reserves.
3) Provides measures for resolving man and wild animal conflicts and emphases on peaceful
coexistence.
4) Preparing conservation plans, estimation of tiger population and its natural prey, status of habitats,
disease surveillance etc.
5) Facilitates for legal support, training personnel and other conservation management practices.
6) Laying annual audit report before the Parliament.
With the advent of Project Tiger, tiger population in India, especially in reserved forests are
consistently increasing. However, there are still reports of rampant poaching and smuggling of wildlife
and their products. This money has been spent on encouraging terror and smuggling activities. India
needs to take up vigilant steps to ensure smooth functioning of our conservation practices.
Q) It is said, if countries try to restrict carbon emission, some of the proven reserves of fossil
fuels will never be burnt and will remain stranded. How will this impact environment? Should
this carbon be burnt? Discuss with special reference to India. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ash
After the Paris Conference all the nations have shown their resolve to achieve their NDCs so as to keep
the global temperature rise below 2degree Celsius. This requires restricting carbon emissions.
Impact on the environment

1. Global warming would be reduced.
2. Further melting of ice caps would be prevented thus, no further rise in sea level.

3. The destruction of flora, fauna and human lives and property would be reduced
4. Environment would start rejuvenating itself providing clean air to breathe, rise in water table, etc.
5. Less natural calamities
Many nations house the worlds poor and hungry for them burning carbon becomes a necessity. But
this can surely be prioritized. Coal is a major pollutant so should be considered the last resort. More
focus should be on oil and natural gas.
Coal in India is inferior quality. So cost for mining should be deployed for research on hybrid and
electric vehicles, clean fuel, using water to generate power, and such initiatives. We surely do not want
situations similar to New Delhi in other cities.
High quality coal should be imported but major focus should be on shifting to clean energy . Tapping of
solar, tidal, wind energy should be the major focus. TAPI, IPI projects need to be hastened. Biodiesel
should be utilized.
It is better to take small steps from now than pay huge amounts in rehabilitation after natural
calamities. This way we will be able to achieve our NDCs and ensure welfare of people.
Q) The union government is preparing legislation for involving riparian states for rejuvenating
the Ganga river. What are the likely roadblocks this legislation might face? Is there a necessity
of such a legislation? Critically examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Yani
Proposals of Ganga Rejuvenation Legislation:
-comprehensive approach(involving states), better Integrated Approach
-setting up 11-12 trash cleaning machines
-Need of a Centralized Authority on Ganga Cleaning
Roadblocks:
1. Opposition Governments in few states, hence difficult to implement top-down approach
2. Money and muscle powers-many influential people involved in illegal sand mining
3. Corrupt politicians: Many getting profits from contractors
4. Parliamentary Policy Paralysis: As we have seen for many important bills this year.
Necessity for this legislation:
1.Ganga-National heritage river having great cultural and traditional significance a symbol of our
country
2.Single body ineffective:combined efforts required of centre and states.
3.Increased health problems due to water pollution
4. Impact on climate
5. Declining Tourism
Ways Ahead:
-Invitations for the same must be given to volunteers and NGOs
-Can involve MNREGA workers
-Must explain the significance of the Ganga to remove roadblocks
Being a source of livelihood and support to life since ancient times, we must cooperate to preserve its
beauty, significance and sanctity for our future generations to cherish the same.

Q) The Paris Agreement has set targets for limiting temperature rise due to global warming
which will be virtually impossible (1.5C) or very difficult (well below 2C) to realise. Why is
it argued that its either impossible or difficult to to realize latest targets for limiting
temperature? In the light of climate change science, discuss. (200 Words)
EPW
Shiuli
The arguments supporting the stand that the Paris agreement(PA) may be unsuccessful in achieving its
targets are
1. Carbon budgeting
(i) Although the PA seeks to limit global temperature rise to within 1.5 deg. C, it failed to impose
concrete quota to countries based on IPCCs AR5
(ii) Mitigation commitments under individual INDCs are of voluntary nature
2. Mitigation vs adaptive technologies

(i) Concerns over the need for efficacy of negative emission technologies which may further worsen the
scenario
(ii) Developed countries pushing for mitigative technologies(e.g. biofuels, green-tech etc.) whereas,
developing countries support adaptive technologies (e.g. rain-water harvesting, water-desalinization
etc.)
3. Green-tech issues
(i) Developed countries are unwilling to transfer green-technology or waiver IPR rights to assist
developing countries
(ii) Domestic manufacturing initiatives (e.g. the NSM of India) which stresses on indigenous tech-
development is facing opposition in the WTO
4. Agriculture
(i) Agriculture is the second highest emitter of GHGs(AR5), but curbing agricultural activities will
threaten developing countries food security
(ii) Since the Green Revolution, no path-breaking research into increasing productivity has been
conducted and rather HYV seed are facing opposition in countries like India
Hence, although the PA is a landmark agreement in terms of laying out a roadmap post-2020, its
success will depend heavily on ancillary factors such as tech-transfer, IPR issues, change in
consumption pattern etc.
Q) Analyse the provisions of National Mission for a Green India proposal and their likely
impact on current forest use practice. (200 Words)
EPW
Silver Lining
The stated objectives of the Green India Mission (GIM) are increase of forest cover, improvement of
ecosystem services provided by forests (carbon sequestration, hydrological services, habitat
sustenance), increase of income from forest based livelihoods. It envisages a community owned and
community driven (by way of Joint Forest Management or JFM Committees) bottom-up approach to
preparing and executing plans for achieving these objectives.
It gives statutory recognition to the JFMCs (as a sub-committee of the Gram Sabhas), which is a step in
the right direction. However, it bypasses the core Gram Panchayat machinery, and as such,
implementation at the cutting edge (forests bordering villages) may be problematic. Theoretically, the
Gram Sabhas resolutions are binding on the Gram Panchayats. In practice this is seldom so.
One of the proposed steps towards increasing of tree cover would be the promotion of alternative
firewood sources and grazing areas (to be established in non forest areas) and promotion of improved
cookstoves as well as LPG. However, restricting communities from extracting firewood from existing
commons may have a severe impact on the most vulnerable sections of the rural population (e.g. the
Partcularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups or PVTGs), for whom selling of firewood is a major source of
livelihood. Improved cookstoves have not been very popular in the past the experience of the Village
Energy Security Programme (VESP) stands testimony to that.
There is no clarity on the role of the Beat Office (the lowest rung of the Forest Department) that has a
direct interface with village dwellers.
Beyond that, GIM could prove beneficial for Indias REDD+ commitments and as such could mobilise
funds (received from multilateral/bilateral agencies) earmarked for the same. Convergence with
NREGA and CAMPA funds would mean a steady and consistent line of finance an essential
requirement for the long term sustainability of any project of this scale. Again under the aegis of
REDD+ it could potentially benefit people who are dependent upon degraded or rapidly deteriorating
forests.
Q) Describe the joint forest management (JFM), the National Afforestation Programme (NAP)
and the forest landscape restoration (FLR) approaches of forest conservation and management.
Examine the challenges facing forestry in India. (200 Words)
EPW
Reference
Romilla
The new forest conservation approaches in India are multi-pronged strategies which exhort the
principles of decentralisation and community participation in conserving the ecology.
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT- The Indian Forest Policy of 1988 delineated the concept of JFM in
which the state governments and the local people would together share the responsibility of conserving
forests and utilize the benefits accrued from this management.
NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAM- It is the flagship program of National Afforestation and

Eco Development Board. The program envisions setting up Forest Development Agencies which will
provide institutional and financial support to improve forests and livelihood of people. The village acts
as the unit of planning and implementation of policies.
FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION-It is a process of forest restoration that aims to regain

ecological integrity and enhance human wellbeing in degraded forest landscapes.

CHALLENGES FACING FORESTRY IN INDIA-
1. IRONY OF OPEN TREASURY- Forests are believed to be vast expanse of resources to be used and
exploited without any restrain. Slash and burn agriculture, unapolegetic deforestation, and ill-
conceived notions of its free availability poses an existential threat to it.
2. DEVELOPMENTAL AGENDAS- To fulfill the post independent objectives of industrialisation and

growth, several developmental works were carried out like setting up of dams, mines, power plants,
extension of railway lines etc which led to exponential felling of trees. This process is continuing till
date what with the current mission of MAKE IN INDIA giving teeth to it.
3. DILUTED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS- Environment regulations are being diluted to make way for
easy clearances for industrial and business projects. For ex- CAMPA fund has been proposed to make
up for any kind of deforestaion. The current amendment to the LARR Act seeks to dilute the consent
and Environment Impact Assessment clause.
4. CORRUPT COLLUSIONS- The forest officials at the ground level are increasingly colluding with
timber mafia for petty monetary gains. This defeats the very purpose of their service and hampers the
ecological balance
The challenges stated above should be dealt with immediate urgency to transform the objectives of
various forest policies into practical results.
Topic: Security issues; Environmental pollution

Q) Climate change and terror are connected by a common source: the greed for fossil fuels
without fostering liberal democracy. Critically analyse. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Sepoy No 1446
Climate change and terrorism both are threat to humanity, the former for the long term,the latter as an
immediate threat.
Climate change also synonyms with global warming is result of excessive use of fossil fuels.This leads to
increase emission, increased greenhouse gas effect and ultimately temperature rise.
Terrorism needs financing. Fossil fuels has become a primary source of fiance. Recently ISIS has
captured many oil fields of Iraq and Syria and are selling crude at much below the market price( @ 30
$/bbl). This leads to market capture.
Thus there is a common denominator to climate change and terrorism: the role of fossil fuels. Oil also
drives diplomacy and democracy in regions as evident in 1973 oil embargo, Iran-Iraq war, US invasion
of Iraq and recent Arab springs. On the name of institutionalizing democracy blatant misuse of power
is seen. More often instead of democracy civil war continues. This actually support terrorism as
disgruntled communities resort to illegal means.Thus result is different from what was perceived at the
onset.
This way fossil fuel has been fueling climate Change and terrorism and burning democracy during the
process.

Q) What do you understand by climate violence? It is said that India is at top of climate violence
in the world. Examine why. (200 Words)
Down to Earth
Dr. KARISHMA
Climate violence is conflict among communities or state & communities caused by climate change or
environmental disputes. It includes cases related to environment, waste management, nuclear energy,
biomass and land conflicts, tourism recreation and biodiversity conservation conflicts.
India has topped climate violence list in environment justice atlas. Reasons:
Large population decreasing share of resources., geographical division
Industrialisation leading to climate change (global warming, increased amount of particulate matter
in air, river pollution, deforestation)
Mining displacing indigenous people, pollution niyamgiri dispute, ganshpur mine oraon dispute
Nuclear power plant pollution, health hazards kundakulam dispute
Poor water management wastage of water, water pollution by domestic as well as industrial input,
drinking water scarcity
Unsustainable use of resources- commercial deforestation without planned afforestation tribes

refusing consent for forest use as in Jharkhand
Loopholes in environmental measures & laws
Resource mafias as sand mafia (recent cases of UP & coastal states), mica mafia (Jharkhand)
Land conflict - real estate- recent case bannerghhata, Bengaluru
Poor bureaucratic machinery and poor implementation of law
Lack of awareness and knowledge
Through awareness, scientific approach, sustainable methods and by arresting wastage we can
decrease the frequency and rate of climate violence.
Topic: Energy; Pollution

Q) A study by the Centre for Science and Environment earlier last year found that Indias coal-
powered plants were some of the most inefficient in the world. Discuss the environmental and
health cost of their inefficiency. Do you think, to control pollution, such coal plants should be
closed permanently? Comment. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Batman
Indian thermal power plants are considered to be one of the most inefficient in the world and generate
huge emissions with greater usage of coal per output. Such inefficiency can produce the following
effects:
Environmental impact:
1)Disturbs the equilibrium of gaseous components in atmosphere i.e. greater emissions of Carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide
2)Generates heat and thus regions of low atmosphere are formed and bring changes in air flow
3)Greater inputs of coal necessitates greater extraction of resource from earth leading to landslides and
earthquakes
4)Results in climate change which brings changes in rainfall patterns along with greater acid content
Health impact:
1)Emissions and fly ash proves lethal to human body and creates respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
diseases and premature deaths
2)Pollutants can also hamper growth of brain in children
It is being argued that coal based plants should be shut down permanently. However, 1/3rd of the
electricity is generated through these plants and a sudden shift to renewable sources of energy cant be
made because of technological and financial constraints. In
this regard, it would be better to increase the efficiency of coal plants through adoption of super-
critical, ultra-critical, carbon storage and carbon capture technologies to control the health and
environmental hazards. Along with the adoption of these technologies, India should also focus on
phased adoption of renewable sources like wind and solar to gradually phase out the coal power plants.
Q) In a move to curb vehicular pollution, the government announced it would prepone

implementation of Bharat Stage (BS)-VI emission standards by a year, to April 2020. What do
you understand by BS emission standard? What implications will it have for automobile
manufacturers, environment and consumers if government decides to implement BS-VI skipping
BS-V? Examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Raj
Bharat Stage(BS) emission standard are emission standards by Government of India to regulate the
outflow of air pollutants from vehicles.
Government has recently decided to skip BS 5 and move directly to BS 6. Its implications are:
1. For automobile manufacturers: they have to develop the vehicle component that meet the standards
in the given time and in cost effective manner. Further they will also have to come up with
technological solution to upgrade existing vehicles to the BS 6.
The catch here is time. As manufacturers have to test the components for safety measures such as car
fires.
2. For environment: It is positive step. Less air pollutants means cleaner air, less global warming, less
ozone depletion, less freak weather instances, in short, better environment.
3. For consumers: It implies more expensive vehicles. However the benefits of cleaner environment
and sustainable development far outweigh the costs.So it is a win-win affair.
The government must ensure that all safety concerns are fully addressed, required fuel is made
available, and citizenry develops a positive attitude towards the change. Further stringent
implementation to avoid VW cases should also be ensured.
Q) Examine the economic gains of Delhi governments odd even road rationing policy
decision and explore the possibility of attaining this policy objective through alternative means.
(200 Words)
EPW
rajan
Odd even system introduces a system of number plate rationing, wherein cars with odd/even no can
run only on
pre-specified days
Economic gains
To people
1. Economic gains of health - IIT Kanpur study says, vehicular pollution caused 60% of pollution in
Delhi. As, ratioining reduces pollution, diseaeses like TB, cancer, bronchitis will fall down, decreasing
the money spent on health expenditure
2. Fuel & travel cost saving - Car pooling, public transport is cheaper, and trims the expenditure on
transport
To govt
1. Revenue-Increases with more fines on the offenders
2. Crude oil imports are reduces trimming the current account deficits.
To the nation
1. Clearer roads acclerate the speed of traffic, and reduce the unproductive time spent in navigation
2. Tourist and Business flows improve as pollution and chaos drops, raising employment and income
Nonethess, critics point about the inadequate public transport, shortage of govt machinery to
implement the rationing and woes to commuters to attack the odd even policy. The following
alternative means can thus be introduced
1. Car tax- In cities like London and Singapore, high taxes on cars disincentivise ( and not force) people
from using cars.
2. Public transport- Metro needs to be extended. BRTS and Monorails should be introducd.
3. Better last mile connectivity improvement needs to be brought.
4. Odd even policy ought to be more lenient like safeguards for family travelling, and introduction in
phases.
Bogota and Beijing bring to light the success of Odd even policy in combating pollution. Adopting it is
definitely welcome, as long as it is supplemented by other steps

Q) Write a note on the Saumitra Chaudhuri Committee report on Auto Fuel Vision and Policy
2025 and its significance. (200 Words)
The Hindu
BigB@ng
Sumitra Chaudhary Committee on Auto fuel Vision and Policy recommended certains measures to be
taken for vehicle emission control in India
Recommendations:
1. Use of alternative fuels like ethanol,methanol,hydrogen fuel to reduce consumption of traditional
petrol & diesel
2. Implementation of next stage emission norms like BS-V,BS-VI by 2020
3. Additional taxation by imposing 75 paise/litre Special Fuel Up gradation Cess on petrol & diesel.
Significance of recommendations:
1. BS-V,BS-VI norms helps to reduce cancer-causing sulphur content & particulate matter emission
from vehicles
2. Taxation on petrol/diesel & exemption to LNG,CNG encourages use of cleaner fuel vehicles which
are also cost effective
3. Alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol blended with petrol reduces emission of sulpeher & PM
content in air
4. Alternative fuels are biodegradable & can be made in India saves large amount of foreign reserves
Challenges for implementation:

1. Large investment required for fuel producers & automobile manufacturers for implementing BS
norms
2. Cautious use of alternative fuels due to toxicity & harmfulness if blended in excess quantity
3. Requirement of large infrastructure for CNG,Hydrogen gas pipelines
4. LPG vehicle has no large per km cost difference between petrol & LPG.So awareness among people
to use LPG,hybrid vehicles is required.
Successfull implementation of recommendations is possible only by resolving challenges,so that it

facilitate for investors,policy-makers as well as consumers.
Q) Upgrading to upgrade to meet BS-VI norms has implications both for consumers and oil
marketing companies (OMCs). Examine what are these implications and why OMCs will be
affected.(200 Words)
Business Standard
moderate
BS -VI norms will be equivalent to Euro 6 norms which are instituted by government to regulate the
amount of pollutants exhaust from internal combustion engine of Vehicles . Currently we have BS 4
fuels in 33 major cities since 2010 and BS 3 in the rest of India .Increasing cases of Lung related
diseases has forced the govt to advance The Date for BS 6 from 2022 to 2020.
Implication for companies
1) Increased capital investment in refinery units to remove sulfur to 10 ppm level
2) Low sulfur crude(Lighter crudes) are costlier than high sulfur crude .Thus Cost of making fuel would
increase which would be borne out by consumer.
3) It may hit investment in automobile sector
4) Car may need to be resigned to accommodate special filters.
5) Flexi fuels in the form of Bio-diesel /Ethanol may be blended with diesel/gasoline which reduces
toxic release to atmosphere .It has a twin benefit of reduced pollution and remunerative price for
sugarcane farmers.
Implication for customers.
1)Increased Fuel cost
2) Increase in cost of automobiles
3)Better health and well being
4)With reduced health expenditure govt may spend more on other social sector initiative .
BS- VI norms is a welcome move with easily achievable deadline .Indian automobile industry are
already exporting Euro 6 compatible vehicles from India .
Disaster Management
Topic: Disaster management
Q) Do you think using army in disaster management operations is an ethical and rational move?
Critically comment. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Batman
Army has come to become the primary instrument in disaster management operations and this has
raised question whether this policy is ethical and rational or not. The move is said to be ethical
because:
1)Enforces the notion of integrity in army personnel as they aim to protect the lives of citizen
2)Human life is of utmost important and state must use any resource at its disposal to protect the same
It is also rational because:

1)Army personnel gets a different experience of working during disasters
2)Personnel in army are better trained, huge in numbers as compared to NDRF team and thus better
placed to handle tough situations
However, giving primacy to army in times of disaster can be termed as unethical and irrational on
following grounds:
1)Army is meant for securing the country on boundary and frontiers and inland problems have to be
tackled by the locally available machinery
2)Calling army instead of rectifying the existing problems in NDRF is not a solution
3)The possibility of occurrence of war and disaster simultaneously is not taken care
Thus, a better way out would be remove the bureaucratic discrepancies and financial crunch that
currently hurdle the operations of NDRF and to enforce the notion last to enter and first to leave in
case of army in true sense.

Security Issues
Topic: Money-laundering and its prevention

Q) Discuss the the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations to stop money
laundering and steps taken by India on these recommendations. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Shiuli
The recommendation of FATF on money-laundering(ML) can be seen under the following heads
1. Legal
(i) Legislations to criminalize ML in accordance with Vienna and Palermo Convention of UN
(ii) Provisions for attaching property, assets etc. of entities involved in ML
2. Financial
(i) Strengthening of regulatory mechanism for financial institutions
(ii) Enhanced diligence and record-keeping of financial institutions
3. Institutional
(i) Setting up a Financial Investigating Unit for information acquiring and analysis
(ii) Measures to prevent unlawful use of legal persons
4. International Cooperation
(i) Measures to prevent any avenue for tax-evasion, attachment of foreign properties etc.
(ii) Render mutual legal assistance or extradition
Steps taken by India are

1. Legal
(i) Legislating the Prevention of Money Laundering Act
(ii) Enactment of FEM Act to restrict foreign currency outflow
2. Financial
(i) Setting up the Financial Stability and Development Council to coordinate Indias international
interface with FATF, Financial Stability Board etc.
(ii) Launching of the National Risk Assessment exercise to identify sectors susceptible to ML
3. Institutional
(i) A Financial Investigating Unit has been setup as an independent body
(ii) The Aadhar Scheme was implemented to prevent impersonation and in the process prevent ML
4. International cooperation
(i) Signing OECDs Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on tax evasion
(ii) Directing SEBI to closely scrutinize FII, especially through P-notes

Topic: Basics of cyber security
Q) The overdue initiative to revive NATGRID must therefore be accompanied by action on the
even longer-pending need to have effective oversight of intelligence agencies by Parliament or
an eminent group. Explain what is NATGRID and comment on the statement. (200 Words)
The Hindu
The Concerned Writer
What is NATGRID:- The National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) is a centralised agency connecting
databases of core security agencies of the Government of India to collect comprehensive patterns of
intelligence that can be readily accessed by intelligence agencies.It was Conceived in the wake of the
2008 Mumbai attacks.
Recently Central governments decision to revive NATGRID calls for caution and nuanced planning in
the way it would be structured.
A lot more planning is needed so as to make it effective and to overcome various lacunae of Intelligence
agencies. More thoughts by eminent groups and parliamentarians have to be given on the structure
and working of NATGRID,so as to make it more effective.
Why Revival of NATGRID is Necessary:-

1)Since in the modern world , Social Media has become like a recruitment field for various non state
actors like Terrorists,so information has to be collected about them to make a better fight against them.
2)Banking Channels are used by terrorists for Transactions,which should be sealed so as to check their
activities.
Why Revival should not be Hasty rather Well Pondered:-

1)NATGRID will collect info from 21 sources like Credit cards , visa, banking info etc. With such huge
DATA Safety and security of that data becomes a prime issue so that it does not fall in wrong hands.
2)As we have seen Earlier in the case of Snowden , How Private information by Intelligence agencies
encroaches the Privacy of Individuals.
3) Such Huge Data needs huge,better and secure technologies to Handel that data.
4)Poor track record of the Indian security and intelligence agencies on individual privacy and liberty
must be kept in mind.
Thus on one side Revival of agency like NATGRID is the need of the Hour but it should be well
discussed and well mulled over on how to make it more secure, more efficient and more Citizen
Friendly(i.e without affecting their privacy and personal space and liberty.)

Q) In recent years phishing has emerged as one of biggest threats to individuals and to economy
as well. Examine how phishing is done, its implications and measures required to stop
individuals becoming to victims to it. (200 Words)
The Hindu
The Hindu
Romilla
Phishing is a fraudulent attempt, usually made through email, to steal ones' personal information such
as- credit card number, social security number, account number or password.
HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?

1. MASQUERADING- Usually such emails appear to come from well known organizations.
Unsuspecting individuals clink on the given link and enter their personal informations and banking
details.
2. HACKING- Gangs hack the bank databases and obtain Aadhar card and pan card informations.
3. AVAILING SIM CARDS- Duplicate sim cards are then availed with the stolen identities. Once the
sim card gets activated the criminals procure the ONE TIME PASSWORD (for netbanking) from the
bank, rendering the original phone number and password of the user useless.
IMPLICATIONS-
ON INDIVIDUALS-
1. IDENTITY THEFT- Recovery of identity can be time consuming and mentally harassing.
2. MONETARY LOSS- Once lost, getting the money back may be impossible.
ON ORGANIZATIONS-
1. COST LIABILITY- The institutions will have to spend a lot for prevention and remediation of such
frauds.
2.BRAND EROSION- The label may get affected due to trust deficit amongst the customers.
ON AUTHORITIES-
1. TRACING BURDEN- Since such frauds occur mostly on an online platfrom, tracing the roots of these
crimes will be difficult.
2. LACK OF MEANS- The already burdened police and cyber-crime branches lack the digital and
institutional means to tackle such sophisticated organized frauds.
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY -
1. AWARENESS-Individuals should take informed decisions and not fall prey to such online gimmicks.
They should be made aware that legitimate organizations will never ask for personal information via e-
mail.
2.STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES- Banks and other entities should make proper
verification before issuing duplicate passwords. Police should watch for fake complaints filed for lost
identities.
3. DEDICATED CYBER CELL- Cyber cell should be set up and given the autonomy to deal with online
financial frauds and identity theft. Training should be imparted in line with evolving cyber crime.
4. STRINGENT PUNISHMENT- Strict punishment should be meted out to deter possible future way
wards from seeking easy means to earn big bucks.

Topic: Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
Q) Compare and contrast the role and mandate of NSG with that of Armys. (200 Words)
The Hindu
Aravind Varier
The Indian Army as well as the NSG National security guards are the agencies used by the government
in security management through out the length and the breath of the country . Both the forces are
highly trained in operations related to their specific areas . The Indian army have been in existence
before Independence but the NSG is a special force raised back in 1984 .
Though they are meant to protect the citizens of the nations but their respective mandates are not the
same as elaborated below
1) The Indian army's main role to fight and scuttle external aggression but NSG is mainly used as a
force for counter terrorism and anti-Hijack operations .
2) Indian army goes for direct recruitment of its personnel and is under the control of the ministry of
defense but NSG is completely deputed force taken from central police , army , state police e.t.c and is
under the control of ministry of Home affairs .
3) Indian army is used for disaster relief operations and for UN peacekeeping mission abroad but on
the other hand NSG is used as a force for the protection of certain VIPs of Z+ category status and as a
Bomb Disposal squad .
Both the forces are highly disciplined and have been in forefront in accomplishing their given duties to
perfection which can be seen by the commitment shown in preserving the unity and diversity of this
nation .
Topic: S&T; Security issue threats to internal security by state and non-state actors
Q) Discuss the differences between Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear) and atomic bomb. Why do
you think international community and institutions have failed to ensure that North Korea do not
possess nuclear devices? Examine. (200 Words)
Business Standard
Ruby
North Korea has announced that it had detonated its first hydrogen bomb.
This takes importance in the international nuclear arena due to strategic concerns.
Difference between Atomic Bomb and Hydrogen Bomb:
Concept: H2 bomb works on the concept of nuclear fusion whereas atomic bomb work on the concept
of nuclear fission. Fission is breaking up of atoms, but fusion is combination of atoms to form heavier
atom.
Scale of Destruction: H2 bombs are capable of 10 times more destruction than atomic bombs. It has
the capability to destroy cities on the whole.

Mode of Detonation: atomic bombs are directly detonated. But since H2 bombs require millions of
degree temperature to start fusion process, it is detonated by initial creating fission and then using it to
initiate fusion process.
Sophistication: H2 bombs are technological sophisticated to make than atomic bombs.
Size: It is easier to make H2 bombs in smaller size, so it is easier to fit them in missiles.
The failure of international institutions to stop N. Korea from testing nuclear weapons stems from
various factors, each of which is examined below:
Political history of N. Korea: N. Korea is in its third dictatorship regime. The economy is heavily state
controlled and it is one of least developed countries in terms of GDP. Whatever economic sanctions be
on N. Korea, the country tries to endure it to preserve its dictatorship and communist status.
Moreover, N . Korea opted out of Nuclear Non Proliferation Treat in 2003 to ensure testing of nuclear
weapons and be free of influence of international community.
Alliance with China: China is the closest ally of North Korea. China's interest in N. Korea is due to
China's preference of stability in the Korean region. Any war or disturbance in Korean region would
send an exodus of refugees into the country.
Geopolitics of Asian Region: While US certainly has the power to contain N. Korea, other Asian
countries do not want USA in the region because this would only increase US presence in Asian region
and will provide more stimulus of 'Pivot of Asia' policy of US.
N. Korea nuclear program can be contained only with the help of China. In fact, China in the past has
approved of resolutions in UNSC when N. Korea earlier tested its nuclear weapons. it is time for the
international community to put aside their difference to coordinate on efforts to contain the looming
nuclear threat.
Q) It is time to finally accept the reality and move forward on a broad sweep of reforms in the
security establishment. This could be done at three levels parliamentary oversight, a well-
defined national security doctrine and a national security strategy to implement the doctrine,
and, finally, an independent federal commission of accountability on security
matters. Elaborate. (200 Words)
The Hindu
karan
The embarrassing state of affairs of Indian security establishment has been manifested by Mumbai
terror attack and recent Pathankot attack which implies an overhaul to the security apparatus. The
overhaul can be done at three levels as under :-
Parliamentary Oversight-
The Intelligence agencies are opaque in functioning and in name of covert operations many times
funds misuse has been cited. They are exempted from audit of Comtroller and Auditor General. This
means a need to have Accountability and transparency in functioning which can be brought via
parliamentary oversight. Though political misuse is another issue, yet diverse politics can handle that
issue.

National Security doctine and Strategy to implemenet it
This means in case of terror attack what roles are to be performed by State and Union Government, its
officers and decision making rests upto what extent and level must be framed. Just like Constitution it
must be doctrine to be followed in exigencies. It must be implemented irrespective of the political
governments at Union and State governments. India lacks such doctrine.
Federal Accountability commission-

It will ensure not only accountability, but also will address the excesses done by armed, paramilitary
and inteligence agencies. Like human rights violations due to AFSPA inJ&K and North east.
National security is paramount and enacting a doctrine which ensures such with defined roles is need
of hour. It will ensure safety and security, increase credibility of Government and ensure State as
protector of rights of citizens.
Q) It is argued that spoiler attacks by non-state actors such as recent Pathankot attack will be
increasingly ineffective for the Pakistani military and its non-state allies, and likely today to
change the India-Pak equation. Do you agree with this argument? Analyse. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Achilles
Spoiler attacks by non-state actors continue to mar Ind-Pak relations each time they pose to come
close. However these attacks are likely to become ineffective because:
1. Attacks and its modus operandi and its timing have become quite predictable. A lot of soul-searching
to plug the lapse in our own security framework post-Pathankot attack will ensure future attacks are
effectively deterred.
2. India needs to be project itsself as a responsible nation to get a UNSC seat. Unlike in the past, it
cannot switch off talks abruptly as it has served no purpose.
3. Rather,with support from US and West, these spoilers can be tactfully used to push talk in India's
favours by giving primacy to terrorism and ceasefire violations.
4. Even the media and civil societies in both the countries seem more supportive to the talk process
unlike in the past.
5. TAPI pipeline and Heart of Asia engagements will further push the Pak government to act and
preserve the Indo-Pak relations.
Pakistan army garners support by perpetuating anti-India sentiments in society. However with
increased Track-II and Track-III diplomacy, favourable condition for a Indo-Pak bonhomie can be
created.Success will depend on how effectively the Pak civil government tames its army and how
effectively India achieves its agenda to get Pak act on cross border terrorism.
Q) How can nations enhance the prevention of terrorist attacks in big cities and strategic bases
worldwide? In the light of recent attacks on Paris, Pathankot and Peshawar, discuss. (200
Words)
The Hindu
Batman

The recent attacks in Paris, Pathankot, and Peshawar by various terrorist factioins that have the
potential to wreak havoc and bring economies to a halt has thrown open the question of the means to
deal with these organizations.
In this regard, some of the strategies that can be followed for enhancing the proactive approach
towards such sporadic incidents could be
1)Intelligence: Share the intelligence information because nowadays terrorist conduct operation
through locations in various different countries
2)Innovate: The attacks on Paris showed that local population is increasingly getting influenced by
ideology of terrorist factions and thus some innovative strategies need to be developed to handle the
situations e.g. cooperation through Global Counterterrorism Forum
3)Technology: Technologies related to defense equipment, intelligence and training of combatants
need to be shared between agencies so that better arms and ammunition can be acquired
4)Knowledge: The recent attack on pathankot showed that executive agencies werent aware of
available capbilties as Para (Special Forces) were better suited to conduct operations inside bases
5)Initiatives at country-wise level: Each country may adopt better mechanism for preventing attacks
e.g. India is thinking to employ NATGRID for better vigilance, Los Angeles has developed Multiple
Assault Counter-Terrorism Action Capabilities
This kind of cooperation and sharing of relevant information will ensure that attacks from terrorist
networks can be prevented and safety of citizens be ensured.
Q) Has jihadi terrorism emerged as existential threat to Indian society or to the world
civilization? Critically examine. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Shiuli
Jihadi terrorism, which has grown in strength in the past few years, primarily due to rising
sophistication regarding use of technology, financing avenues etc. They existential threat they pose to
the world community are
1. The ISIS has captured vast areas in northern Iraq and Syria affecting their territorial integrity
2. The Taliban in NWFP region of Pakistan has put immense economic and military pressure on
Pakistan threatening its stability
3. The threat of Talibans return to power in Afghanistan persists, threatening to send it back to
medieval ages
4. Rising intolerance against Islam in Western nations like France and Germany may foment internal
rebellion
Although, India has been subjected to jihadi attacks, Indias strength lies in a multicultural and
tolerant society which has prevented the threat of Indian Balkanization.
Also, the jihadi threat is unlikely to pose an existential-threat to most of world community as

1. The UN has taken several measures to prevent terrorist financing, UNSC resolutions, setting up of
Counter-Terrorism Committee etc. which is evidence multi-pronged worldwide strategy
2. The Tallinn manual on Cyber-Security proposes guideline for strengthen cyberspace of nations
strengthening them against cyber-attacks
3. Majority of the world Muslims are against the IS according to a Pew Research Center Report
4. Majority of the nation-states today have strong institutions and are based on democratic principles
Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas;

Q) In your opinion, what are the key pillars of counter-terrorism? Justify in the wake of recent
terrorist attacks in India. Also examine if its time for India to constitute the National Counter
Terrorism Centre (NCTC). (200 Words)
The Indian Express
yogi
The recent terrorists attacks in India had revealed the major loopholes in the Indian counter terrorism
operations. Following are the key pillars of counter terrorism:
1. Technology: the terror groups are using latest technologies to pursue their terror agenda. A robust
technological set-up to track the communication channels of the terror groups is inevitable in this
regard
2. Upgradation of the RAW(Research and Analysis Wing) and IB (Intelligence Bureau) to meet the
increasing complexities and challenges.
3. Top class security personnel for quick responses especially in border areas.
4. Modernisation of defence equipments.
5. Effective communication between all the agencies involved in the internal security.
6. Collaboration with the foreign countries as done in case of intelligence sharing agreement with the
China recently.
7. Data on terror groups.
Need to construct NCTC:
The increasing intensity and frequency of the terror attacks demands a national level body which could
collect, collate, analyse, disseminate, keep data records of terrorists and also their families and hence
give real time intelligence inputs for counter terrorism
operations.
The proposed NCTC would be able to do all such tasks thereby reinforcing quick actions in wake of
terror.
But due to its non-accountability to the Parliament, carrying out tasks without sate government
permission, NCTC is being perceived as a blow to the federalism in India.
Q) Is the post-independence Indian state an inheritor of the strategic legacy of the pre-1947
state? To what extent does it adopt as its own the strategic positions of the pre-1947 state? Does
it need a new security doctrine? Critically analyse. (200 Words)
EPW
Shiuli

Inspite of India following the British framework of governance post-independence, Indias strategic
outlook has little in common with its pre-British legacy due to the following
1. India actively supported the decolonization process in Africa and Asia post-independence as opposed
to Britain which attempted to retain control over Suez Canal
2. Indias ambition of building a blue-water navy is borne out of its desire to protect its maritime
borders and not for overseas force-projection
3. India has always maintained a neutral stand on international affairs (e.g. Israel-Palestine issue,
Russia-Ukraine etc.) with assurance of action under the UN framework
4. India has actively promoted its soft-power globally through multi-track diplomacy instead of
projecting military might as was done by British India in Burma
5. Indias responded to domestic security issues by promoting civil liberties and development as
opposed to British India which had imposed Criminal Tribes Act, Vernacular Press Act etc.
A new security doctrine is required in this regard as
1. Indias policy of neutrality has lost ground in post-Cold War era
2. New forms of security threats such as terrorism, drugs-trafficking etc. have arisen since pre-1947
3. Ideological brainwashing is now a potent threat due to increased information dissemination and
globalization
4. Technology now plays an important role in conflicts
5. New warfare avenues through cyber-space, outerspace, WMDs etc.
Topic: Challenges to internal security; Linkages between development and spread of

extremism
Q) How can technology be used to defeat the spread of Left Wing Extremism(LWE) by
involving the tribal community if LWE affected regions? Examine. (200 Words)
The Hindu
The Rock
Left wing extremism , spread across nine states is the biggest internal security threat to India . Because
of lack of infrastructure and hostile terrain , role of technology is envisaged to defeat the spread of
LWE . Such measures include :
1. Strategic : UAV drones , night vision and thermal imagery can provide surveillance in densely
forested areas and track movements of naxalites
2. Ideological : Use of mobiles and radios can help communicating in local population , thus promoting
awareness about development avenues and counter naxal ideology. Ex : use of All India Radio
3. Security : use of GPS radars and satellites for coordination among security agencies
4. Development : E-governance initiatives like online open schools and mobile and e-clinics will

promote education and health , thus reducing illiteracy and malnourishment
5. Direct benefit transfers - using Jan dhan , mobile and Aadhar card can help in effective subsidy
transfers
6. Grievance redressal - through online and telephonic registration of complaints . Ex : Lokvani
initiative
However , technological solutions cannot replace the government's role , due to low awareness and
digital and technological divide among tribal population . Corruption in lower bureaucracy and lack of
government outreach has led to further alienation of such population .
Thus , other measures for confidence building like decentralised governance , infrastructure
development , digital india initiative ,etc is necessary to bring an inclusive and sustainable growth in
LWE areas.
Q) The Maoists agenda to keep the tribals away from the advantages of development can be
defeated only if the direct action of security forces is supplemented effectively with
developmental works. Do you think this strategy has worked to curb naxalism? Critically
comment. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
rajan
While more direct security action is indeed needed to protect the civilians and the state, it needs to be
balanced by development activities because
1. Development brings the state closer to the people , and challenges the naxalite driven brainwashing
that paints state as a villian
2. Development brings better avenues of employment for the naxals, than fighting against the state
The govt of India, and the state governments have realised this and have therefore supplemented
security measures with development activites like building of roads, schools, mobile towers, notifying
PESA act, 1996 , FRA Act, etc . They have largely been successful as seen below
1. The no of incidences of Naxal related violence is largely falling over time

2. Pro development activites in erstwhie Naxal bastions like Sarnada forests in Jharkhand and Bastar
region in Chattisgarh, has won national and international acclaim and the regions have been 'liberated'
now
3. Naxals too realise the role of development and that is why they have started attacking roads, telecom
towers, other development activities
4. Growing proximity of state with the affected regions is also leading to growng no of surrenders every
year, as the naxals become aware of better prospects
Nonetheless, the battle is only half won. Corruption, leakages etc have ensured that only a part of
development works actually reach the poor tribals. Hopefully, schemes like PM Jan Dhan Yojana,
Direct Benefit Transfers, mobile telephony augments the state efforts and lead to a Naxal free India

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Table of Contents

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The prediction of the Stagflation in India is due to the following reasons:

1) Expenditure Burden : Due to Seventh Pay commission and OROP.

Measures can be done :

1)High interest rates to curb the Inflation.

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4. Action 13 (Transfer Pricing Documentation) Lack of a coherent policy on transfer-pricing has

Challenges which India faces are

2. No specializations requirements in CBDT and CBEC members

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Measures needed to halt this trend:

Some of the implications of extreme weather to global economy:

Some of implication to indian economy:

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Topic: Economic growth; Liberalization; Industrial policies

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What government can do:

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How Bankruptcy reforms help

Benefits of low NPA

1. As NPAs reduce, health of the entire banking sector will improve

Other benefits of bankruptcy reforms

1. Economic ineefiency occured in time delays will be reduced

However, it has been criticised on the following accounts

However, there is still some merit

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DRTs have helped reduce the litigation time.

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4. Shortage of Appellate Tribunals hinders the appeal process.

Q) Technological change is an endogenous factor in growth and Internet is technology at its

Topic: Cropping pattern

Factors for its popularity-

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3) As a commercially lucrative crop, it is replacing production of cotton and sorghum. It is a significant

Benefits for India-

1) It provides a boost for agricultural research in the country.

Examining reasons for pulses price hike :

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Suggestions to cool-off prices :

Topic: Agriculture marketing; Agriculture issues

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Meaning: Mindful Agriculture Programme

4. Backward and Forward linkages:problems in fragmented landholding,large population dependence,

Recommendations inspired from 5 pillars used in industrialisation of India: TRIPS

Also High-Level tasks are recommended such as setting up Krishi Ayog.

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Impact on the food sector:

Topic: PDS; Food security

The main problems with the PDS are:-

Flaws with TAD approach:

1. Very difficult to achieve

2) Reducing inequalities of wealth by empowering vulnerable sections through education, skill

3) a more progressive tax system

Topic: Issues of buffer stocks and food security

But this would not be a viable solution because