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15 June 2001

Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918


www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Spin-independent transverse shift of the centre of gravity of


a reected and of a refracted light beam
V.G. Fedoseyev *
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Received 12 July 2000; received in revised form 21 March 2001; accepted 19 April 2001

Abstract
The new linear and angular transverse shifts (LTS and ATS) of the centres of gravity of partially reected and of
refracted light beams are predicted. Unlike the previously known LTS and ATS, the new ones can exist at an arbitrary
polarization of the incident beam. The new LTS should take place at reection and refraction of a light beam with non-
zero orbital angular momentum, particularly, of the LaguerreGaussian beam with non-zero azimuthal index. A
parallel between the new LTS of a partially reected light beam and the GoosH anchen shift is drawn. 2001 Elsevier
Science B.V. All rights reserved.

PACS: 42.25 Gy; 42.60 Jf

Keywords: Transverse shift; Orbital angular momentum; LaguerreGaussian beams; GoosHanchen shift

1. Introduction and of a refracted light beam takes place if an in-


cident beam is elliptically polarized. For total re-
The light beams with non-zero orbital angu- ection or reection from a lossy medium, the
lar momenta (OAM), particularly, the Laguerre eect also exists if the incident beam is linearly
Gaussian beams with non-zero azimuthal index, polarized, provided its polarization vector is ob-
were of a signicant interest during the last decade lique to the plane of incidence (note that in this case
(see [17] and references therein). In this commu- the reected beam is elliptically polarized). The
nication we shall show that the partial reection elliptical polarization corresponds to the non-zero
and the refraction of such a beam should entail a value of the spin part of the angular momentum of
characteristic linear transverse shift (LTS) of its the beam, and the LTS dealt within Refs. [819] is
centre of gravity. regarded as an eect associated with the transfor-
The LTS(S) of the light beams with zero OAM mation of the spin of the photon at the process
have been investigated for 45 years (see, for ex- of reection and refraction, further on this eect
ample, Refs. [819]). For such beams, the LTS of a will be called spin-dependent LTS and denoted as
totally reected as well as of a partially reected LTS(S). For total reection, such an interpreta-
tion of the eect was introduced by de Beauregard
*
Fax: +372-7-383-033. [10]. On the analogy of the LTS(S), the new LTS
E-mail address: fedo@.tartu.ee (V.G. Fedoseyev). may be interpreted as an eect associated with the

0030-4018/01/$ - see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 0 - 4 0 1 8 ( 0 1 ) 0 1 2 6 2 - 7
10 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918

transformation of the orbital angular momentum tres of gravity of the reected as well as of the
of the beam at reection and refraction. refracted beams have been presented in Refs.
It should be noted, that, by the theoretical in- [16,17].
vestigations of the LTS(S), dierent denitions of Independent of the denition and of the calcu-
the phenomenon as well as the methods of its lation method, the scale of the LTS(S) is a wave-
calculation were used, and one can nd in the lit- length [919]. We shall show that the scale of the
erature dierent opinions about the magnitude of new LTS is the same, while, in some cases, its
the LTS(S) as well as about the conditions under magnitude may be many wavelengths.
which the LTS(S) can exist. From the point of In this communication, we also point out a new
view of the results reported in this communication, mechanism of the angular transverse shift (ATS)
the mentioned dierence is of no importance, as of the centre of gravity of partially reected and of
we consider here the reection and refraction of a refracted light beam. The new ATS can take place
paraxial s- or p-polarized beam. When the incident in the case of reection and refraction of a beam,
beam is polarized like that, the LTS(S) of reected the energy distribution inside which has a part that
or of refracted beam, calculated in any way, equals is antisymmetrical with respect to the plane of in-
zero [919]. In this case, in the rst-order ap- cidence as well as to the plane perpendicular to the
proximation, the polarization of the beam remains former.
linear after reection or refraction, and the spin
angular momentum of the incident beam as well as
of the reected or of the refracted one is zero.
As for the denition of the LTS used in this 2. Incident, reected and refracted light beams
paper, the LTS of the centre of gravity of the re-
ected or of the refracted beam is an average Let us consider the reection and the refraction
characteristic pointing out to what extent, in the of a monochromatic light beam at a plane in-
rst-order approximation, the transverse distribu- terface of two semi-innite transparent, isotro-
tion of the electromagnetic energy inside the re- pic, non-dispersive and non-magnetic media. The
ected or the refracted beam diers from the scheme of the process is presented in Fig. 1. The
distribution inside the incident beam. Notice, that position of the interface is dened by equation:
so dened, the LTS plays an important role in the b ; x 0, where x is the radius vector, and N
(N b is
dynamics of the process of reection and refrac-
tion of the wave packets. Generally, the relation
between the LTS of the centre of gravity of the
electromagnetic eld and the change of the normal
component of the intrinsic angular momentum of
the eld at reection and refraction has been ob-
tained in Ref. [20] on the basis of conservation
laws. 1 The calculations of the LTS(S) of the cen-

1
To avoid possible confusion, it should be noted that, in
Ref. [20], the angular momentum of the centre of gravity of the
electromagnetic eld of the wave packet was designated as its
OAM. Unlike the intrinsic OAM, as dened, for example, in
Ref. [1], such an OAM may by regarded as the extrinsic one. A
similar remark is also concerned the denition of the OAM in
some other previous papers devoted to the investigations of the
LTS(S) and of the attendant phenomena. In this paper, we
imply the OAM to be the intrinsic one, while, throughout this Fig. 1. Geometry of the beam reection and refraction showing
paper, the concept of the extrinsic OAM will not be used. various coordinate systems.
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 11

the unit normal to the interface directed from the refracted beams. The basis of the former is given
r
rst (incident) medium to the second one. The by three unit vectors x^s , x^0 Kr 0k1 =2p and
r r
coordinate origin is chosen to be the point of in- x^p x^s  x^0 . The latter is considered in the case
tersection of the axis of the incident beam, which of partial reection, and in this case its basis is
t
will be dened later, with the interface. given by three unit vectors x^s , x^0 Kt 0k1 =
The media in the upper half space N b ; x < 0 t t
2pn and x^p x^s  x^0 .
b
and in the lower half space N ; x > 0 have the We dene the angles of incidence, reection and
indices of refraction n1 and n2 . The relative refraction of the beams hi , hr and ht as those of
a b
index of refraction of the second and of the rst the central plane waves: ha cos 1 ^ x0 ; N (see
media n n2 =n1 . Fig. 1).
We shall use the upper indices i, r and t to Suppose that the incident beam is s- or p-
designate the wave vectors, the eld vectors and polarized. Also, suppose that the characteristic
other quantities of the incident, reected and re- dimensions of the incident beam in x^s and x^i p di-
fracted beams, respectively; the quantities, char- rections, Ds and Dp , are large enough
acteristics of an arbitrary beam, will be designated
by the upper index a, we mean that in this case Ds  k1 ; Dp  k1 : 3
a i, r or t.
The incident beam is assumed to consist of a Let us denote as Eaa x; s, where a s or p, the
superposition of plane waves. Let us x the central electrical eld vector of an arbitrary beam at point
plane wave of the beam which will be dened later x and at instant of time s. Keeping in mind that
(see Eq. (8)). The wave vector of this wave is de- the incident and the reected beams are dened
noted as Ki 0. in the upper half space while the refracted beam in
The propagation direction of the central wave is the lower one, the vector Eaa x; s may be ap-
i
characterized by the unit vector x^0 Ki 0k1 = proximately written as
1
2p, where k k=n1 is the wavelength in the  Z
rst medium, and k is the vacuum wavelength. 1
Eaa x; s 2p x^a
a Re e i2p=ks
dk Ea
a k
Two unit vectors N b and x^i
0 determine the space 
orientation of the incidence plane, the transverse a
e iK kx ; 4
direction is dened by the unit vector x^s perpen-
dicular to this plane, x^s N b  x^i b ^i
0 =j N  x 0 j.
i
Three unit vectors x^s , x^0 and x^i
p x
i
^s  x^0 give where x^sa  x^s . Eaa k is the complex amplitude
the basis of the incident wave beam (see Fig. 1). of the plane wave of the wave vector Ka k. As
An arbitrary plane wave of the incident beam for the incident beam, we assume that the am-
has the wave vector plitudes Eia k are arbitrary, with the restriction
that their magnitudes are negligible if jks j  Ds 1
Ki k 2p=k1
2
k2
1=2 i
x^0 k; 1 or jkp j  Dp 1 . The amplitudes of reected and of
refracted plane waves are described in terms of
Ei
a k as
where
Ear;t k qr;t i
a kEa k; 5
k ks x^s kp x^i
p 2
where qr t
a k and qa k are the familiar Fresnel's
is a variable 2-D vector lying in the plane per- eld reection and refraction coecients of the a-
i
pendicular to x^0 . The wave vector of every re- polarized plane wave of the wave vector Ki k
a
ected or refracted plane wave Kr k or Kt k is [21]. The x^0 component of the electric eld vector
connected with Ki k by Snell's laws [20]. Ea x; s, being of the order of k1 jks j or of k1 jkp j,
a

On the analogy with the incident beam, one can is omitted in Eq. (4). A unit system, in which the
also dene the basis of the reected and of the light velocity in vacuum equals to unity, is used.
12 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918

The magnetic eld vector of the arbitrary wave 3. The centre of gravity and the TS of a beam
beam Ha x; s is obtained from Eq. (4) by means
of Maxwell equations. 3.1. Denition of the TS and the scheme of the
Now, let us consider the energy distribution calculation of the LTS and of the ATS
inside the beams. The electromagnetic energy den-
sity of an arbitrary beam at point x is written as Let us select a section of the arbitrary beam
follows: restricted by two planes that are dened by the
a a
 equations x0 X0  u=2, e.g. the darker-shaded
1 2 2
wa
a x 8p na Eaa x; s section in Fig. 1. Suppose that the section is small
 (u  Dp ) and suciently far from the interface,
2
Ha x; s ;
a
jX0 j  Dp j tan ha j; 9
where the following notations are used: ni 
nr  n1 and nt  n2 . Let us substitute Eq. (4) so the electromagnetic eld inside it is practically
and the respective expression for Ha x; s ob- unperturbed by the latter. We dene the transverse
tained by means of Maxwell equations in the coordinate of the centre of gravity of an arbitrary
equation above, expressing, in the result, the vec- a
beam at the distance jX0 j as that of the electro-
tor x in the basis of the arbitrary wave beam, i.e. as magnetic eld conned in the selected section. This
a a
x x0 x^0 xs x^s xpa x^pa . Then, if one neglects a
quantity may depend on jX0 j as well as on the
the terms oscillating with the frequency p=k, one polarization, and further on it will be denoted as
gets in the rst-order approximation with respect a
Xsa X0 ; a. Inside the selected section, the de-
to parameters kDs 1 and kDp 1 a
pendence of waa x on x0 can be ignored, so
a
a Xsa X0 ; a can be introduced as dened by rela-
wa a
a xs ; xp ; x0
Z Z tion
0 a
2p 2 dk dk0 wa a k; k ; x0 R1 R a
  a 1
dxs dxa a a
p xs wa xs ; xp ; X0
Xsa X0 ; a R1 R a a :
 exp i ks0 ks xs Kpa k0 Kpa kxa
p ; a a
dxs dxp wa xs ; xp ; X0
1
6 10
where
One of the limits of the integration over xpa in the
a 1 2 
right-hand side of Eq. (10) is 1 (for a i; r) or
0 a a 0
wa a
a k; k ; x0 8p n Ea kEa k
a
1 (for a t), the other one equals X0 = tan ha ,
 
a a a
 exp iK0 k0 K0 kx0 : but, if the condition (9) is satised, the latter may
be approximately substituted by 1 (for a i; r)
7 or by 1 (for a t).
r;t i
For the path length X0 X0 the TS of the
In Eqs. (6), (7) and further on, the following no- centre of gravity of the reected or of the refracted
a a
tation is used: Kb k  ^xb ; Ka k for arbitrary beam is introduced as dened by relation
lower index b.
Let us assume that r;t
hr;t X0
r;t
; a Xsr;t X0 ; a
i
Xsi X0 : 11
Z
dk kwi k; k; 0 0: 8 (Obviously, the quantity Xsi does not depend on
the polarization of the beam.)
Eq. (8) is the denition of the central plane wave of Substituting Eq. (6) into the right-hand side of
the incident beam, and, as a consequence, it de- Eq. (10) and, in the result, carrying out the inte-
nes the space orientation of the incidence plane of gration over the variables xs and xa
p from 1 to
the beam as well. 1, one gets
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 13

a
Xsa X0 ; a
 Z Z
a
i dk dk0 waa k; k0 ; X0 dKpa k0 Kpa k
 Z Z
 d=dks dks0 ks dk dk0 waa

a
 k; k0 ; X0 dKpa k0 Kpa kdks0 ks ;

12 Fig. 2. The trajectories of the centres of gravity of the reected


or of the refracted as well of the incident beams (thick solid
where dy is the Dirac delta function. r;t
lines) in xs x0 plane. The magnitudes of the hr;t and of the ur;t
a a
On the basis of Eq. (12), the calculations of the are overstated on the sketch.
a
quantities Xsa X0 ; a and, as a consequence, of
the transverse shifts of the reected and of the r;t
r;t
refracted beams hr;t X0 ; a are straightforward. and when Xsr;t X0 ; a is divided into two terms,
One has to introduce Eq. (7) into the right-hand the previous equation takes on the form
side of Eq. (12). If a r or t, the relations (5) r;t r;t
hr;t X0 ; a hr;t a ur;t aX0 : 13
should be used and a Taylor-series expansion of
the eld reection and refraction coecients The terms in the right-hand side of Eq. (13) have
qr;t
a k should be employed, retaining only the the following physical meaning. hr;t a is the dis-
zero-order and rst-order terms. If a t, when tance of the point, at which the axis of the reected
calculating the numerator in the right-hand side of or of the refracted beam intersects the interface,
Eq. (12), one has to take into account the depen- from the plane of incidence, and ur;t a is the
dence of Kpt k on ks (notice, that this dependence angle of inclination of the axis to the latter (see
entails the appearance in Eq. (15) of the term Fig. 2). The quantities hr;t a and ur;t a are the
proportional to Lsp ). LTS and the ATS of the centre of gravity of the
Before the presentation of the results of the reected or of the refracted beam.
calculations we shall point out the general features
of the quantities Xsa . Generally speaking, the
value Xsa could contain independent of X0 as
a 3.2. The results of the calculation of the linear
a
well as linear in X0 terms (the latter is called forth transfer shift and of the angular transfer shift
a
by the dependence of K0 k on ks in the exponent
in the right-hand side of Eq. (7)). But, provided Once the above-mentioned calculations, based
the condition (9) is satised, the relation (8) en- on Eq. (12), are carried out and the previous re-
tails that the linear term of Xsi , unlike of Xsr;t , is, marks are taken into account, one obtains the
approximately zero in general case, and, con- following expression for the LTS of the centre of
sequently, the values hr;t are approximately in- gravity of the reected and of the refracted light
i
dependent of X0 . Let us dene an axis of the beams:
arbitrary beam to be the trajectory of its centre of
hr a 2Car Lps k1 =p; 14
gravity in the region restricted by the condition (9),
where it is practically a straight line, and its pro-
longation up to the intersection with the interface. ht a 2Cat Lps ALsp k1 =p; 15
In this case, the condition (8) ensures that the in-
cident beam axis is parallel to the previously de- where Lps and Lsp as well as Car , Cat and A are the
ned plane of incidence; if one requires the axis to dimensionless factors.
lie in this plane, the coordinate origin should be Lps and Lsp are the mean values of the opera-
tors L~ps ikp d=dks and L~sp iks d=dkp . These
i
chosen so that Xsi X0 0. Once this is done, the
r;t r;t
relation (11) reads as hr;t X0 ; a Xsr;t X0 ; a; values are dened as follows:
14 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918
R
dk Ei kL~yz Ei k ur;t a Y r;t Car;t ks kp k1 =p2 ; 21
Lyz R a i a2 ; 16
dk jEa kj where Y r 1 and Y t n 1 , while the quantity
ks kp is dened by the right-hand side of Eq. (16)
where y s, z p or y p, z s.
if the operator L~yz is replaced there by the product
The factors Car , Cat and A in Eqs. (14) and (15)
ks kp .
depend upon two parameters: n and hi .
Car looks as
p Ra;p 0 4. Discussion of the results
Car ; 17
2k1 Ra 0
2 To begin with the discussion of the results, we
where Ra k jqar kj is the power reection
recall that, when the incident beam is s- or p-
coecient of the a-polarized plane wave of the
polarized as have been assumed, the spin angular
wave vector Ki k [21]. Above and further on the
momentum of this beam as well as of the reected
notation Fa;b k  d=dkb Fa k is used. As it fol-
and of the refracted beams equal zero. So, the LTS
lows from Eq. (17), the factors Car equal zero in
and the ATS predicted in this communication are,
the case of total reection which takes place when
obviously, not connected with the transformation
n < 1 and hi > hiC , where hiC is the critical
of the spin of the photon at reection and refrac-
angle for total reection dened as hiC sin 1 n.
tion. In this sense, these eects are designated as
Hence, the considered LTS phenomenon can exist
the spin independent ones. The eects take place in
only in the partial-reection regime, namely, when
the partial-reection regime.
n > 1, or hi < hiC if n < 1; in this case the cal-
The values of the new LTS are given by Eqs.
culation of the right-hand side of Eq. (17) yields
(14) and (15). In the right-hand sides of these
sin hi equations, like in the expressions for the LTS(S)
Car 1=2
; 18 (see Refs. [918]), the scale factor is k1 =p, k1
n2 sin2 hi ba hi
being the wavelength in the rst medium, from
where bs hi 1, and bp hi 1 n 2 sin2 hi which the beam is incident. The quantities Lps and
1. Lsp as well as Car;t and A are dimensionless.
The factors A and Cat are as follows: Lps and Lsp are the mean values of the operators
!   L~ps ikp d=dks and L~sp iks d=dkp (see Eq.
p t
1 Kp;s k 1 1 (16)). For the incident beam, in k-representation,
A 1 tan hi ;
2k 1 k t
s Kp;p k 4 n 2 L~ps and L~sp are two parts of the axial component of
k!0
the OAM operator. Through Lps and Lsp , the new
19 LTS, unlike the LTS(S), depends on the eld dis-
and tribution inside the incident beam. Consider the
case when the incident beam has a well-dened
p Ta;p 0 1 n2 tan hi r OAM, while the energy distribution inside it is
Cat qa 0;
2k1 Ta 0 4n2 sin2 hi axialsymmetrical, for example, the case, when the
incident beam is a LaguerreGaussian one [15].
20
For such a beam, Ei a k may be written as
where Ta k qt 2 t
a k KN k=KN k is the power
i
Ei
a k f k exp ilU, where k ks2 kp2 1=2 ,
1
refraction coecient of the a-polarized plane U tan ks =kp , and l is the azimuthal index,
wave of the wave vector Ki k [21]; qr a 0 are the
l 0; 1; 2; . . . In this case Lsp Lps l=2, and
eld reection coecients of the central plane Eqs. (14) and (15) take on the form
wave: qr
s 0 sinhi ht = sinhi ht , and
r
qp 0 tanh i
ht = tanhi ht . hr a Car lk1 =p; 22
Finally, the result of the calculation of the ATS
is as follows: ht a Cat Alk1 =p; 23
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 15

so, in this case the LTS of the centre of gravity of


the reected and of the refracted beams may take
non-zero values only if l 6 0, i.e. if the incident
beam possesses non-zero OAM. Notice that, in this
case, the magnitudes of hr a and of ht a do not
depend upon the character of the energy distribu-
tion inside the incident beam in the radial direction.
As for the ATS, this eect essentially depends
upon the energy distribution inside the incident
beam, in the plane perpendicular to the beam's
axis; the eect vanishes for the incident beams with
an axi-symmetric energy distribution, like in the
above considered case, because in such a case
the mean value ks kp equals zero. For example, Fig. 3. The factors Caa and A as well as the power reection
the eect takes place if the incident beam is a coecients Ra 0 versus the angle of incidence. n 1:25
(hiB 51:34). A solid curves; the other plots are grouped in
Gaussian beam of the elliptical cross section (such two parts: s-polarization (a s) thin lines, p-polarization
beams were investigated, for example, in Ref. [22]), (a p) thick lines; Car dashed curves, Cat dash-dotted
provided the principal axes of the ellipse are ob- curves, Ra 0 dotted curves.
lique to the incidence plane (compare with Eqs.
(40), (45a,b) in Ref. [19]). 2
Let us now analyse the factors Car;t and A
which, to a great extent, determine the magnitudes
of the new TSs. Figs. 35 illustrate the dependence
of these factors on the angle of incidence hi in two
cases: when the beam is incident from a less dense
medium (Fig. 3) and from a more dense medium
(Figs. 4 and 5). Three peculiarities of these func-
tions should be mentioned. First, when n < 1 and
hi ! hiC the functions Car diverge as hiC
hi 1=2 , while the functions Cat as hiC hi 1 .
Second, the function Cpr is singular at the Brew-
ster angle hiB tan 1 n. Third, when n > 1, the
functions Cat and A are singular at grazing angle Fig. 4. Same as in Fig. 3 but with n 0:8 (hiC 53:13,
of incidence. hiB 38:66).
In this communication, we do not pay much
attention to the anomalous behaviour of the factor A in the hi domain close to the grazing angle.
Cpr in the vicinity of the Brewster angle, as the However, we point out that, at the grazing angle,
power reection coecient Rp 0 is very small in the quantities Tat Cat and Tat A as well as Car take
this hi domain (see Figs. 3 and 4). Also, we do not non-zero values. This fact, which we also leave
analyse here the behaviour of the factors Cat and without discussion, is of some interest from the
physical point of view.
As for the manifestation of the new TSs, it is the
2
When the paper was under revision, the author knew about case, when the beam is incident from the more
the work [29], in which the ATS of the reected beam was dense medium (n < 1) at an angle of incidence
considered. For the s- or p-polarization, in the rst-order slightly smaller than the critical angle for total
approximation, the result of this work (see Eq. (34)) as well
as the conclusion of its author about the condition of the
reection hiC , seems to be the most important
appearance of the ATS of the reected beam are in agreement one. This case will be analysed in this and the next
with ours. two paragraphs. hi is close to hiC , it is convenient
16 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918

hiC the behaviours of the functions Da and


hr a are similar. For example, if the incident
beam has a well-dened OAM [15], and if
jdj  1, the value of jhr aj at d approximately
equals to the values of jlDaj at d. Like that of
the new LTS, the magnitude of the GoosHanchen
shift increases signicantly in the vicinity of hiC ,
but, when hi slightly exceeds hiC . We call atten-
tion to the fact that this peculiarity of Da has
been successfully used, the experimental investi-
gations of the GoosHanchen shift have been
carried out just in this hi domain where the mag-
nitude of the eect can reach several tens of wave-
Fig. 5. Same as in Fig. 4.
lengths. On the analogy with the GoosHanchen
shift, one can expect that, from the point of view
to introduce the quantity d hi hiC . If jdj is of the detection of the new LTS, it is advantageous
small, such a situation may be realized as the to use the partial reection of the Laguerre
factors Car or Cat are large enough in order the Gaussian beam with non-zero azimuthal index l at
magnitudes of hr a or of ht a are many times hi  hiC where the magnitude of the new LTS
as large as k1 and, at the same time, the power can reach several tens of wavelengths as well (see
reection or refraction coecients are not small Eq. (22) and Fig. 5). Note, that the experimental
(see Fig. 5 and Eqs. (14), (15) or Eqs. (22), (23)). investigations of the LTS(S) of the reected beam,
At this point it is useful to compare the new like these of the GoosHanchen shift, were also
LTS of the centre of gravity of the reected beam carried out, when hi slightly exceeded hiC , (see
with the GoosH anchen shift [23]. The latter is the Refs. [12,18]), but, the magnitude of the LTS(S) in
shift of the reected beam, relative to the geo- this hi domain is of the order of unity, as a con-
metrical axis, which is parallel to the incidence sequence, the detection of the eect was consider-
plane. This shift, which further on will be denoted ably more dicult than that of the GoosHanchen
as Da, is well known, and is described in the most shift.
modern monographs on optics (see, for example, When the angle of incidence hi is very close to
Ref. [24]). There is a remarkable similarity between h , namely, when jdj K k1 =Dp , the expressions
iC

the two shifts. Indeed, the classical expression for hr;t a as well as for ur;t a, presented here,
for the GoosH anchen shift looks as follows: are not valid. In this hi domain the special ana-
Da 0 in the case of partial reection, while in lyses of the predicted shifts are needed. But, some
the case of total reection its magnitude may be speculations about the behaviour of the shifts in
written as jDaj jCar jk1 =p provided the fac- this domain can be made. First, let us discuss the
tor Car is determined by Eq. (18) in the hi > hiC LTS phenomenon. In this discussion, for the sake
domain (see, for example, Ref. [15, p. 322]). It is of simplicity, we restrict ourselves with the case
not surprising that the values Da as well as hr a when the incident beam has the well-dened non-
are proportional to the same factor jCar j, as the zero OAM, the beam's diameter being D. Consider
origin of both compared shifts is the dependence the value of the LTS of the reected beam as de-
of qa k on kp . 3 It is obvious that in the vicinity of ned by Eqs. (18) and (22). If d  k1 =D, the
1=2
factor n2 sin2 hi in the denominator in the
3
right-hand side of Eq. (18) is of the order of
But, it should be noted that there is a signicant dierence k1 =D1=2 , hence, Car  D=k1 1=2 . Using this
between the deformations of the reected beam, that lead the
LTS of its centre of gravity, and to the GoosHanchen shift,
relation in Eq. (22), one gets that, when d  k1 =D,
this problem is out the framework of this paper and will be hr a  Dk1 1=2 . The last relation can be viewed
considered in a forthcoming paper. as a change of the scale of hr a in the vicinity of
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 17

hiC relative the scale in the regular region. As the associate the process of the reection and of the re-
1=2
value Dk1 is still small in comparison with fraction of the vector or spinor wave beams (the
the beam's diameter D, one can conclude that the latter case has been considered in Ref. [26]). The
deformation of the reected beam in this hi do- new LTS, unlike the LTS(S), and like the Goos
main leading to the LTS of the centre of gravity of Hancheh shift, can also be applied to the scalar
the beam, can still be considered as a small cor- wave beams. So, the application of the new LTS is
rection, though, here, the deformation is larger expected to be wider than that of the LTS(S).
than in the regular region. Next, speculating about Above all, we point out that the LTS, similar to
the behaviour of the LTS of the reected beam, it the one predicted in this communication, should
is convenient to take into account a similarity of take place in the case of the partial reection and
this eect with the GoosH anchen shift and to use of the refraction of the sound beam in liquid. Such
the results of the theoretical investigations of the an application of the novel LTS seems to be of
latter in the vicinity of hiC (see, for example, Ref. signicant interest, as the GoosHanchen shift is
[25]). Such a reasoning, one can infer that the well known in acoustics, a great number of pub-
previous estimation of the magnitude of hr a as lications have been devoted to this phenomenon
well as the above conclusions about the ``trans- (see, for example, Refs. [27,28]). As for the gen-
verse'' deformation of the reected beam are ex- eralization of the novel LTS and ATS in case of an
pected to be valid when d  k1 =D as well as when arbitrary polarization of the incident light beam, it
jdj  k1 =D. The conclusion will be quite dierent is, if one takes the relations (10) and (11) as a basis,
if, in a similar manner, but, basing on Eqs. (19), straightforward. For instance, when the incident
(20) and (23), one speculates about the ``trans- LaguerreGaussian beam is, as before, linearly
verse'' deformation of the refracted beam. Indeed, polarized, but, its polarization vector is oblique to
if d  k1 =D, the denominator in the right-hand the plane of incidence, the LTS of the centre of
side of Eq. (20)  k1 =D, hence, Cat  D=k1 . gravity of the partially reected or of the refracted
Using the last relation in Eq. (23) and taking into beam is the weighted average of hr s and ht p.
account that jCat j  jAj, one gets that ht a  D In case of elliptical polarization, the total LTS of
in this case, what means that, in the vicinity of the centre of gravity of such a beam is the sum of
hiC , the ``transverse'' deformation of the refracted the previous one and of the LTS(S). As for the
eld, unlike of the reected one, becomes so sig- latter, see Refs. [16,17] and references therein.
nicant that it can no longer be considered as a
small correction. Similarly, one can speculate
about the behaviour of the ATS of the reected Acknowledgements
and refracted beams in the case when jdj K k1 =Dp .
But, for the ATS phenomenon, the analysis is This work was supported by Estonian Science
somewhat more complicated, as one has to con- Foundation under Grants ETF-1204 and ETF-
sider the incident beam, inside which the energy 3864.
distribution is of no axial symmetry. In general,
the conclusions will be the same as for the LTS.
Namely, when hi is very close to hiC , the ``trans-
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