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Abstract
The new linear and angular transverse shifts (LTS and ATS) of the centres of gravity of partially reected and of
refracted light beams are predicted. Unlike the previously known LTS and ATS, the new ones can exist at an arbitrary
polarization of the incident beam. The new LTS should take place at reection and refraction of a light beam with non-
zero orbital angular momentum, particularly, of the LaguerreGaussian beam with non-zero azimuthal index. A
parallel between the new LTS of a partially reected light beam and the GoosH anchen shift is drawn. 2001 Elsevier
Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Transverse shift; Orbital angular momentum; LaguerreGaussian beams; GoosHanchen shift
0030-4018/01/$ - see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 0 - 4 0 1 8 ( 0 1 ) 0 1 2 6 2 - 7
10 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918
transformation of the orbital angular momentum tres of gravity of the reected as well as of the
of the beam at reection and refraction. refracted beams have been presented in Refs.
It should be noted, that, by the theoretical in- [16,17].
vestigations of the LTS(S), dierent denitions of Independent of the denition and of the calcu-
the phenomenon as well as the methods of its lation method, the scale of the LTS(S) is a wave-
calculation were used, and one can nd in the lit- length [919]. We shall show that the scale of the
erature dierent opinions about the magnitude of new LTS is the same, while, in some cases, its
the LTS(S) as well as about the conditions under magnitude may be many wavelengths.
which the LTS(S) can exist. From the point of In this communication, we also point out a new
view of the results reported in this communication, mechanism of the angular transverse shift (ATS)
the mentioned dierence is of no importance, as of the centre of gravity of partially reected and of
we consider here the reection and refraction of a refracted light beam. The new ATS can take place
paraxial s- or p-polarized beam. When the incident in the case of reection and refraction of a beam,
beam is polarized like that, the LTS(S) of reected the energy distribution inside which has a part that
or of refracted beam, calculated in any way, equals is antisymmetrical with respect to the plane of in-
zero [919]. In this case, in the rst-order ap- cidence as well as to the plane perpendicular to the
proximation, the polarization of the beam remains former.
linear after reection or refraction, and the spin
angular momentum of the incident beam as well as
of the reected or of the refracted one is zero.
As for the denition of the LTS used in this 2. Incident, reected and refracted light beams
paper, the LTS of the centre of gravity of the re-
ected or of the refracted beam is an average Let us consider the reection and the refraction
characteristic pointing out to what extent, in the of a monochromatic light beam at a plane in-
rst-order approximation, the transverse distribu- terface of two semi-innite transparent, isotro-
tion of the electromagnetic energy inside the re- pic, non-dispersive and non-magnetic media. The
ected or the refracted beam diers from the scheme of the process is presented in Fig. 1. The
distribution inside the incident beam. Notice, that position of the interface is dened by equation:
so dened, the LTS plays an important role in the b ; x 0, where x is the radius vector, and N
(N b is
dynamics of the process of reection and refrac-
tion of the wave packets. Generally, the relation
between the LTS of the centre of gravity of the
electromagnetic eld and the change of the normal
component of the intrinsic angular momentum of
the eld at reection and refraction has been ob-
tained in Ref. [20] on the basis of conservation
laws. 1 The calculations of the LTS(S) of the cen-
1
To avoid possible confusion, it should be noted that, in
Ref. [20], the angular momentum of the centre of gravity of the
electromagnetic eld of the wave packet was designated as its
OAM. Unlike the intrinsic OAM, as dened, for example, in
Ref. [1], such an OAM may by regarded as the extrinsic one. A
similar remark is also concerned the denition of the OAM in
some other previous papers devoted to the investigations of the
LTS(S) and of the attendant phenomena. In this paper, we
imply the OAM to be the intrinsic one, while, throughout this Fig. 1. Geometry of the beam reection and refraction showing
paper, the concept of the extrinsic OAM will not be used. various coordinate systems.
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 11
the unit normal to the interface directed from the refracted beams. The basis of the former is given
r
rst (incident) medium to the second one. The by three unit vectors x^s , x^0 Kr 0k1 =2p and
r r
coordinate origin is chosen to be the point of in- x^p x^s x^0 . The latter is considered in the case
tersection of the axis of the incident beam, which of partial reection, and in this case its basis is
t
will be dened later, with the interface. given by three unit vectors x^s , x^0 Kt 0k1 =
The media in the upper half space N b ; x < 0 t t
2pn and x^p x^s x^0 .
b
and in the lower half space N ; x > 0 have the We dene the angles of incidence, reection and
indices of refraction n1 and n2 . The relative refraction of the beams hi , hr and ht as those of
a b
index of refraction of the second and of the rst the central plane waves: ha cos 1 ^ x0 ; N (see
media n n2 =n1 . Fig. 1).
We shall use the upper indices i, r and t to Suppose that the incident beam is s- or p-
designate the wave vectors, the eld vectors and polarized. Also, suppose that the characteristic
other quantities of the incident, reected and re- dimensions of the incident beam in x^s and x^i p di-
fracted beams, respectively; the quantities, char- rections, Ds and Dp , are large enough
acteristics of an arbitrary beam, will be designated
by the upper index a, we mean that in this case Ds k1 ; Dp k1 : 3
a i, r or t.
The incident beam is assumed to consist of a Let us denote as Eaa x; s, where a s or p, the
superposition of plane waves. Let us x the central electrical eld vector of an arbitrary beam at point
plane wave of the beam which will be dened later x and at instant of time s. Keeping in mind that
(see Eq. (8)). The wave vector of this wave is de- the incident and the reected beams are dened
noted as Ki 0. in the upper half space while the refracted beam in
The propagation direction of the central wave is the lower one, the vector Eaa x; s may be ap-
i
characterized by the unit vector x^0 Ki 0k1 = proximately written as
1
2p, where k k=n1 is the wavelength in the Z
rst medium, and k is the vacuum wavelength. 1
Eaa x; s 2p x^a
a Re e i2p=ks
dk Ea
a k
Two unit vectors N b and x^i
0 determine the space
orientation of the incidence plane, the transverse a
e iK kx ; 4
direction is dened by the unit vector x^s perpen-
dicular to this plane, x^s N b x^i b ^i
0 =j N x 0 j.
i
Three unit vectors x^s , x^0 and x^i
p x
i
^s x^0 give where x^sa x^s . Eaa k is the complex amplitude
the basis of the incident wave beam (see Fig. 1). of the plane wave of the wave vector Ka k. As
An arbitrary plane wave of the incident beam for the incident beam, we assume that the am-
has the wave vector plitudes Eia k are arbitrary, with the restriction
that their magnitudes are negligible if jks j Ds 1
Ki k 2p=k1
2
k2
1=2 i
x^0 k; 1 or jkp j Dp 1 . The amplitudes of reected and of
refracted plane waves are described in terms of
Ei
a k as
where
Ear;t k qr;t i
a kEa k; 5
k ks x^s kp x^i
p 2
where qr t
a k and qa k are the familiar Fresnel's
is a variable 2-D vector lying in the plane per- eld reection and refraction coecients of the a-
i
pendicular to x^0 . The wave vector of every re- polarized plane wave of the wave vector Ki k
a
ected or refracted plane wave Kr k or Kt k is [21]. The x^0 component of the electric eld vector
connected with Ki k by Snell's laws [20]. Ea x; s, being of the order of k1 jks j or of k1 jkp j,
a
On the analogy with the incident beam, one can is omitted in Eq. (4). A unit system, in which the
also dene the basis of the reected and of the light velocity in vacuum equals to unity, is used.
12 V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918
The magnetic eld vector of the arbitrary wave 3. The centre of gravity and the TS of a beam
beam Ha x; s is obtained from Eq. (4) by means
of Maxwell equations. 3.1. Denition of the TS and the scheme of the
Now, let us consider the energy distribution calculation of the LTS and of the ATS
inside the beams. The electromagnetic energy den-
sity of an arbitrary beam at point x is written as Let us select a section of the arbitrary beam
follows: restricted by two planes that are dened by the
a a
equations x0 X0 u=2, e.g. the darker-shaded
1 2 2
wa
a x 8p na Eaa x; s section in Fig. 1. Suppose that the section is small
(u Dp ) and suciently far from the interface,
2
Ha x; s ;
a
jX0 j Dp j tan ha j; 9
where the following notations are used: ni
nr n1 and nt n2 . Let us substitute Eq. (4) so the electromagnetic eld inside it is practically
and the respective expression for Ha x; s ob- unperturbed by the latter. We dene the transverse
tained by means of Maxwell equations in the coordinate of the centre of gravity of an arbitrary
equation above, expressing, in the result, the vec- a
beam at the distance jX0 j as that of the electro-
tor x in the basis of the arbitrary wave beam, i.e. as magnetic eld conned in the selected section. This
a a
x x0 x^0 xs x^s xpa x^pa . Then, if one neglects a
quantity may depend on jX0 j as well as on the
the terms oscillating with the frequency p=k, one polarization, and further on it will be denoted as
gets in the rst-order approximation with respect a
Xsa X0 ; a. Inside the selected section, the de-
to parameters kDs 1 and kDp 1 a
pendence of waa x on x0 can be ignored, so
a
a Xsa X0 ; a can be introduced as dened by rela-
wa a
a xs ; xp ; x0
Z Z tion
0 a
2p 2 dk dk0 wa a k; k ; x0 R1 R a
a 1
dxs dxa a a
p xs wa xs ; xp ; X0
Xsa X0 ; a R1 R a a :
exp i ks0 ks xs Kpa k0 Kpa kxa
p ; a a
dxs dxp wa xs ; xp ; X0
1
6 10
where
One of the limits of the integration over xpa in the
a 1 2
right-hand side of Eq. (10) is 1 (for a i; r) or
0 a a 0
wa a
a k; k ; x0 8p n Ea kEa k
a
1 (for a t), the other one equals X0 = tan ha ,
a a a
exp iK0 k0 K0 kx0 : but, if the condition (9) is satised, the latter may
be approximately substituted by 1 (for a i; r)
7 or by 1 (for a t).
r;t i
For the path length X0 X0 the TS of the
In Eqs. (6), (7) and further on, the following no- centre of gravity of the reected or of the refracted
a a
tation is used: Kb k ^xb ; Ka k for arbitrary beam is introduced as dened by relation
lower index b.
Let us assume that r;t
hr;t X0
r;t
; a Xsr;t X0 ; a
i
Xsi X0 : 11
Z
dk kwi k; k; 0 0: 8 (Obviously, the quantity Xsi does not depend on
the polarization of the beam.)
Eq. (8) is the denition of the central plane wave of Substituting Eq. (6) into the right-hand side of
the incident beam, and, as a consequence, it de- Eq. (10) and, in the result, carrying out the inte-
nes the space orientation of the incidence plane of gration over the variables xs and xa
p from 1 to
the beam as well. 1, one gets
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 13
a
Xsa X0 ; a
Z Z
a
i dk dk0 waa k; k0 ; X0 dKpa k0 Kpa k
Z Z
d=dks dks0 ks dk dk0 waa
a
k; k0 ; X0 dKpa k0 Kpa kdks0 ks ;
the two shifts. Indeed, the classical expression for hr;t a as well as for ur;t a, presented here,
for the GoosH anchen shift looks as follows: are not valid. In this hi domain the special ana-
Da 0 in the case of partial reection, while in lyses of the predicted shifts are needed. But, some
the case of total reection its magnitude may be speculations about the behaviour of the shifts in
written as jDaj jCar jk1 =p provided the fac- this domain can be made. First, let us discuss the
tor Car is determined by Eq. (18) in the hi > hiC LTS phenomenon. In this discussion, for the sake
domain (see, for example, Ref. [15, p. 322]). It is of simplicity, we restrict ourselves with the case
not surprising that the values Da as well as hr a when the incident beam has the well-dened non-
are proportional to the same factor jCar j, as the zero OAM, the beam's diameter being D. Consider
origin of both compared shifts is the dependence the value of the LTS of the reected beam as de-
of qa k on kp . 3 It is obvious that in the vicinity of ned by Eqs. (18) and (22). If d k1 =D, the
1=2
factor n2 sin2 hi in the denominator in the
3
right-hand side of Eq. (18) is of the order of
But, it should be noted that there is a signicant dierence k1 =D1=2 , hence, Car D=k1 1=2 . Using this
between the deformations of the reected beam, that lead the
LTS of its centre of gravity, and to the GoosHanchen shift,
relation in Eq. (22), one gets that, when d k1 =D,
this problem is out the framework of this paper and will be hr a Dk1 1=2 . The last relation can be viewed
considered in a forthcoming paper. as a change of the scale of hr a in the vicinity of
V.G. Fedoseyev / Optics Communications 193 (2001) 918 17
hiC relative the scale in the regular region. As the associate the process of the reection and of the re-
1=2
value Dk1 is still small in comparison with fraction of the vector or spinor wave beams (the
the beam's diameter D, one can conclude that the latter case has been considered in Ref. [26]). The
deformation of the reected beam in this hi do- new LTS, unlike the LTS(S), and like the Goos
main leading to the LTS of the centre of gravity of Hancheh shift, can also be applied to the scalar
the beam, can still be considered as a small cor- wave beams. So, the application of the new LTS is
rection, though, here, the deformation is larger expected to be wider than that of the LTS(S).
than in the regular region. Next, speculating about Above all, we point out that the LTS, similar to
the behaviour of the LTS of the reected beam, it the one predicted in this communication, should
is convenient to take into account a similarity of take place in the case of the partial reection and
this eect with the GoosH anchen shift and to use of the refraction of the sound beam in liquid. Such
the results of the theoretical investigations of the an application of the novel LTS seems to be of
latter in the vicinity of hiC (see, for example, Ref. signicant interest, as the GoosHanchen shift is
[25]). Such a reasoning, one can infer that the well known in acoustics, a great number of pub-
previous estimation of the magnitude of hr a as lications have been devoted to this phenomenon
well as the above conclusions about the ``trans- (see, for example, Refs. [27,28]). As for the gen-
verse'' deformation of the reected beam are ex- eralization of the novel LTS and ATS in case of an
pected to be valid when d k1 =D as well as when arbitrary polarization of the incident light beam, it
jdj k1 =D. The conclusion will be quite dierent is, if one takes the relations (10) and (11) as a basis,
if, in a similar manner, but, basing on Eqs. (19), straightforward. For instance, when the incident
(20) and (23), one speculates about the ``trans- LaguerreGaussian beam is, as before, linearly
verse'' deformation of the refracted beam. Indeed, polarized, but, its polarization vector is oblique to
if d k1 =D, the denominator in the right-hand the plane of incidence, the LTS of the centre of
side of Eq. (20) k1 =D, hence, Cat D=k1 . gravity of the partially reected or of the refracted
Using the last relation in Eq. (23) and taking into beam is the weighted average of hr s and ht p.
account that jCat j jAj, one gets that ht a D In case of elliptical polarization, the total LTS of
in this case, what means that, in the vicinity of the centre of gravity of such a beam is the sum of
hiC , the ``transverse'' deformation of the refracted the previous one and of the LTS(S). As for the
eld, unlike of the reected one, becomes so sig- latter, see Refs. [16,17] and references therein.
nicant that it can no longer be considered as a
small correction. Similarly, one can speculate
about the behaviour of the ATS of the reected Acknowledgements
and refracted beams in the case when jdj K k1 =Dp .
But, for the ATS phenomenon, the analysis is This work was supported by Estonian Science
somewhat more complicated, as one has to con- Foundation under Grants ETF-1204 and ETF-
sider the incident beam, inside which the energy 3864.
distribution is of no axial symmetry. In general,
the conclusions will be the same as for the LTS.
Namely, when hi is very close to hiC , the ``trans-
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