Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lightning Protection
26th-30th November 2007 Foz do Iguau, Brazil
Equipment immunity according to IEC 61000-4-5 is IEC 61000-4-5 specifies different installation classes
determined with a Combination Wave Generator (CWG) based on the installation conditions. Vlass 4 installations
with an internal impedance of 2 , a short circuit current are defined as power installation which can be subjected
of wave form 8/20s and an open-circuit voltage of wave to inteference voltages generated by the installation itself
form 1.2/50s. When testing SPDs Type III, which are or by lightning. The AC-power supply input of
mainly used for the protection of equipment, such a CWG equipment in installation class 4 will be tested with a
is also required according to IEC 61643-1. However, hybrid impulse of the waveshape 1.2/50s (8/20s).
when testing the immunity of equipment, different Whereas partial lightning currents are simulated in a
coupling elements are used. For example, when testing laboratory by means of an energetic current impulse with
low-voltage power supply lines against earth, an the waveform 10/350s according to the primary threat
additional resistor of 10 is connected in series. values, which are part of the lightning current standards
Therefore, SPDs ClassI, often called lightning current
The example in Figure 3 shows that different parameters arresters, are used for this purpose. These are installed
might be obtained from both tests due to this additional where cables enter buildings for protection against
series impedance. In the assumed example a MOV based lightning currents. These SPDs, are tested according to
SPD is tested according to IEC 61643-1 with an open- IEC 61643-1 with this energetic 10/350s test impulse. A
circuit voltage UOC =10kV. In this example, a voltage comparison of the different waveshapes, as given in
protection level of UP=1kV is achieved. An equipment figure 4, shows that a general statement whether
immunity of 2kV was determined according to IEC equipment can be protected by an external SPD also in
61000-4-5. In order to ensure this surge withstand it is case of lightning currents with a long current wave is
assumed that varistor is integrated inside the equipment. sometimes difficult, due to the different current
This MOV is charged with a total energy of 1 Joule when waveforms. As pointed out above, spark-gap-based SPDs
testing immunity according the EMC-standard. However, with a wave-breaking performance reduce the actual
if the SPD and equipment to be protected are tested in stress parameters for the equipment, due to its switching
combination with a 2-CWG of 10kV 1.2/50s, the characteristics. The remaining stress for the equipment
energy produced in the internal MOV of the equipment is then corresponds to the current waveform used to
20 times higher due to the different source impedance. evaluate the test level of the EMC-surge immunity test.
This may result in an energetic overload of this
component although the basic criterion, i.e. the immunity i [kA]
100
level of equipment has to be greater than the maximum
voltage protection level of the SPD, is met in this
example.
~ DC - AC-converter
~ 25 A-DC AC-power-transformer
L1 L1 S1 230 / 400 V 50 Hz
+
~ L2 L2
L3 L3
A N
PEN IAC A
IImpuls + IImpuls -
V
IDC
A
- -
A
DC-Power supply 600 V
Wh
Impuls current
Uprotect
generator 8/20
N L1 L2 L3
A
Multipole surge arrester External Lightning current arrester
Itotal - Class II SPD- for PV system - Class I SPD - for AC-power supply
Figure 6 Circuit diagram lightning current test of a central DC-AC-converter under real operating conditions
4.4 Example II: Lightning and surge protection of electromagnetic field generated by lightning currents. The
electrical systems in nacelle and hub of a windturbine resulting induced impulse currents within the cabling of
The verification of the effectiveness of lightning and the complete system were monitored. The characteristic
surge protection for electrical and electronic systems in values Imax, QStroke and W/R of the lightning currents were
the nacelle and hub of wind turbines by laboratory determined for every test impulse. The functional
testing, will be described on the example of a pitch drive endurance of the pitch drive system during the injection
control system. Pitch systems in the rotor hub are used for of direct lightning currents into the mounting plate was
adjusting the rotor blades. If the wind exceeds a critical monitored in order to verify any influence of conducted
value, the turbine will be moved out of the wind. interference to the control unit caused by effects of close-
by lightning currents. Figure 7 shows the laboratory test
Description of pitch drive control system set-up for this test series.
The examined pitch drive system did include several AC-
motors, AC converter, for communication a serial link
Measurement of Impulse current generator
(Profibus DP) and several multi turn position sensors. All impulse currents 200 kA 10/350
power-supply lines were protected by Class 2 SPDs
according IEC 61643-1. The data lines were protected by
multi-stage data line protectors tested according IEC
61643-21. These type of arresters include in the first stage
a powerful gapped arrester and downstream of the
decoupling element a diode element, ensuring the low Distribution board
including control system
protection level.