Music Revision Notes

~Music Periods~
Baroque
Classical
Romantic
~20th Century~
Jazz
Neoclassicism
Impressionism
Minimalism

~World Music~
African
Indian
Indonesian
Chinese
Japanese
Latin American

~Set Work~
A Midsummer Nights Dream

DR.SMITH

D = Dynamics
R = Rhythms
S = Structure
M = Melody
I = Instrumentation
T = Texture
H = Harmony

List of Structures:
Binary
Ternary
Ritornello
Ground Bass
Variations
Fugue

Glossary:
Homophonic - Chordal, melody + accompaniment
Heterophonic - Variation of same melody
Polyphonic - Different Individual melody
Monophone - One voice on its own

Baroque:

When: 1600-1750
What:

Large Instrumental Works

- Concerto: Solo or Concerto Grosso (small group of soloists)
- 3 Movements: Slow-Fast-Slow
- Small string orchestra as the accompanying group
- Orchestral Suites: Sets of shorter pieces based on dance form (Handels Firework Music)
Chamber Music
- Sonatas for Keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by basso continue
- 3 Movements: Slow-Fast-Slow
- Trio Sonatas: As above but with two solo instruments
- Suites: As above but for keyboard or solo instrument plus basso continuo
Vocal Music
- Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by
orchestra and basso continuo
- Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses
- Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in
church
- Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria,
Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei.

How:

Baroque style is complicated, elaborate, decorative and showy.

 - Frequently contrasted, as a result
of Terraced
Dynamics (increasing or
D Dynamics decreasing numbers of
performers)
- Dynamics rarely written on the
score
- Often Energetic, moving the
music forward
R Rhythms - French Baroque uses lots of
double dotted rhythms
- Dance Rhythms
- Binary
- Ternary
- Ritornello
- Grand Bass
S Structure - Variations
- Fugue
- Sometime uses dance forms:
Allemande, Sarabande or Gigue
- Long
M Melody - Ornamented
- Often contain sequences
- String section is important
- Wind and Timps added if needed
- Basso Continuo is musical
I Instrumentation
foundation of most pieces
(Harpsichord Chords and Cello
Bass lines)
- Polyphonic
T Texture - Imitative texture like fugue are
popular
- Major/Minor system is established
H Harmony - Dissonance are prepared and
resolved

Who:
 Orchestral Suites, Concerto Grosso,
J.S.Bach Mass, Oratorio, Instrumental Suites, 48
Keyboard Preludes and Fugues,
Solo concertos, sonatas
Vivaldi
Solo concertos, concerti grosso, trio
Corelli sonatas

Opera and musical plays, anthems for

Purcelli
church, string pieces
Opera, string pieces, suites of dances
Lully
Oratorio, opera, orchestral suites,
Handel
sonatas
Example Reasons:
- Because the piece contains a basso continuo line of harpsichord and cello
- Because the piece is highly polyphonic / contrapuntal, or features imitative entries
- Because the melody lines are decorated with lots of ornaments such as trills and turns
- Because the solo line is complex and virtuosic
- Because the melody line is constructed from strings of sequences
- Because the piece is based on a repeated bass line known as a ground bass

Classical:

This period sees a reaction against the elaborate styles of the Baroque and favoured a clear,
lighter style with an emphasis on organization, balance and symmetry.

When: 1750 - 1825

What:

Large Instrumental Work

- Concerto: Solo, 3 movements: Slow-Fast-Slow
- Small string orchestra as the accompanying group
- Symphonies: A 4 movement work for orchestra
1. Fast sonata form
2. Slow
3. Minuet (or Scherzo) and trio
4. Fast sonata or rondo form
Chamber Music
- Sonatas for keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by piano (Slow-Fast-Slow)
- String Quartets (structured like a mini-symphony) and scored for 2 Violins, Viola and Cello
Vocal Music
- Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by
orchestra and basso continuo
- Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses
- Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in
church
- Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria,
Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei

How
 - Contrasted dynamics
D Dynamics - Composers use crescendos and
diminuendos more frequently

R Rhythms - Often Regular and Symmetrical

- Binary
- Ternary
- Sonata Form
S Structure - Rondo
- Structures are fairly strictly
adhered to, and key changes are
often central to structural ideas
- Regularly phrased, often
M Melody organised in Question and
Answer style sub-phrases
- String section still the backbone of
the orchestra but 2 flutes, oboes,
horns and timps become regular
members
- Clarinets are added later in the
era
I Instrumentation - Wind add colour and often double
the string parts rather than having
independent lines (particularly
earlier on in the period)
- Piano takes over from the
harpsichord
- Homophonic textures
predominate earlier in the period,
although later composers
T Texture
reintroduced more polyphony
- Melody plus accompaniment
textures are the most common
- Chords I, IV and V dominate the
harmonies, pieces often end with
H Harmony extended perfect cadences
- Dissonance is limited and treated
very carefully

34 symphonies, concertos (particularly violin,

flute, horn, clarinet and piano), operas, string
Mozart quartets, divertimenti (small chamber pieces
for various ensembles, Requiem mass, piano
sonatas.
104 symphonies, concertos, operas and
Haydn
oratorios, masses, string quartets.
String quartets, overtures, early symphonies.
Early Beethoven (particularly no.s 1-3), piano sonatas.
Who:

Example Reason:
- Because the piece is predominantly melody plus accompaniment homophony, but with some
contrasting section of polyphony
- Because the piece uses a wider range of dynamics, including crescendos and diminuendos
- Because the orchestra consists of a moderate of strings with double woodwind, horns, trumpets
and timpani
- Because the piece uses a limited repertoire of chords, with tonic and dominant as well as
predominant (extended cadence)
- Because the piece is written for piano, not harpsichord, and uses an alberti bass left hand
pattern
- Because the piece has a regular pulse and regular symmetrical rhythm patterns
- Because the melody lines are regularly phased and clear above the accompaniment parts

Romantic:

Renewed interest in expressing intense emotion, and closer links between music and the other
arts, leading to an explosion in Programme Music. A period where composers explored their
national identities and the golden age of the piano.

When: 1835 - 1900

What:

Large Instrumental Works

- Concerto: Solo, 3 movements: Slow-Fast-Slow
- Highly virtuosic solo lines
- Fuller orchestra for accompaniment as instruments and concert halls developed to allow the
soloist to be heard
- Symphonies: A 4 movement work for orchestra 1. Fast sonata form
- Symphonic (or Tone) poems, 2. Slow
3. Minuet (or Scherzo) and trio
programmatic pieces for orchestra
4. Fast sonata or rondo form
Chamber Music
- Sonatas for keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by piano (Slow-Fast-Slow)
- String Quartets (structured like a mini-symphony) and scored for 2 Violins, Viola and Cello
- Lieder: Songs for soloist with piano accompaniment (Piano part often pains the events in song)
- Piano Miniatures: Small piano pieces such as Noctures, Polonaises, Waltzes, Prelude
Large Scale Vocal Music
- Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by
orchestra and basso continuo
- Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses
- Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in
church
 - The extremes of dynamics (pppp or
D Dynamics ffff) are explored
- Nationalist music uses rhythms of
traditional folk dances.
R Rhythms - Rhythms are increasingly
complicated.
- Binary
- Ternary
- Sonata Form
S Structure - Rondo
- Structures are often determined by
the story, or programme.
- Melodies are long and lyrical,
- Often found in all instruments of the
M Melody orchestra, rather than focused on the
first violins.
- The orchestra is augmented with
larger wind, brass and percussion
sections.
- Cor Anglais, piccolo, bass clarinet,
I Instrumentation tuba, trombone, harp are all
frequently found in the orchestra.
- Bigger numbers of existing
instruments.
- Can be homophonic or polyphonic to
suit the needs of the composer
T Texture - but are often dense due to the
number of instruments involved.
- Greater repertoire of chords is in
frequent use
- Increasing amount and severity of
H Harmony dissonance found
- Some compositions were very
chromatic indeed.
- Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria,
Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei.

How:

Romantic style is complicated, intense and emotional.

Who:
 Late symphonies, string quartets, piano
Late Beethoven
sonatas and concertos.
Tchaikovsky Symphonies, ballet music, concertos.
Known primarily for their piano works
Chopin, Liszt
waltzes, noctures, preludes etc.
Symphonies, concertos and tone
poems. A nationalist composer whose
Dvorak
work sounds distinctly Eastern
European.
Schubert and Schumann Lieder (songs for voice and piano)

Example Reasons:
- Because the piece uses a very large orchestra including *whatever you can actually hear*
- Because the piece uses a wide range of dynamics, exploring the extremes of the instrument
- Because the piece uses an extended repertoire of chords, with frequent dissonances and
chromaticisms
- Because the textures are very dense, as a result of the number of instruments involved
- Because the melody lines are on and lyrical
- Because the melody lines are found in various instruments, not just the violins
- Because the piece is played using a lot of rubato

Waltz: Romantic
Boom-Cha-Cha patterns
3/4 time signature
dissonances
upbeat, for dancing

Jazz:

Jazz is a type of music that originated in the southern states of America

during the early 20th century. Over time, many different styles of jazz have
developed, using all sorts of line-ups, from a single piano to a swing band.
The main element that unites most of these styles is improvisation.

Key Features
Syncopation and swung rhythms
Walking bass
Scat singing singing to nonsense syllables instead of words
12-bar blues chord pattern
Blues scale a major scale with flattened 3rd, 5th and 7th degrees
Comping rhythmic chordal accompaniment on the piano
Stabs usually on brass
Glissando a slide from one note to another
Instrumental breaks

Famous musicians Louis Armstrong singer and trumpeter; Duke Ellington

pianist

Example to Listen to:

At The Woodchoppers Ball by the Woody Herman Orchestra
Listen out for:
Harmonic structure based on the 12-bar blues
Line up of trumpets, trombones, saxes and clarinet (the front line) and
guitar, piano, drums and bass (the rhythm section)
Walking bass part (on pizzicato double bass)
Stabs in the brass section
Glissandos in the clarinet solo

Swing Rhythms
Blue notes- found on 3rd, 5th and 7th degree on scale
Syncopation and Triplets
Walking bassline
12 bar blues sequence
7th chords
Ragtime got unpopular after jazz took over
Improvisation is used; melody is played by the frontline instrument

-Blues scale and blue notes

Compared with the major scale, some notes, known as blue notes may be flattened
by a semitone or 'bent' by a smaller interval. Blue notes are often found on the third,
fifth or seventh degree of the scale. In 'All blues' the seventh note is flattened.
Although the key note is G, all the Fs are F naturals.

Neoclassicism:
Particularly popular between the two world wars
like taking a piece of classical music and adding non-classical things to it
e.g. Haydn did not use clarinets
quintuplets were never used
classical notes were more of stepping, and no leaps

Still featuring classical period music features.

The New Classical

- Abrupt Modulation
- Sudden Melodic Twist
- Deliberate Wrong Notes
Polytonality; More than one key simultaneously
Emphasising; Wind and Percussion
- Polyphonic
- Clashing Dissonance
Anti-Romantic, avoiding intense emotions
- Orchestra Limited In size
- Chromatic Melody Creates Unexpected Twists (Altered Notes, sharped, flattened
etc)
- Scalic Motion
- Homorhythmic; melody and chord move at the same time

Composers:
Stravinsky (Example: Pulcinella)
Satie
Respighi

Impressionism:

1. Music that conveys atmosphere and subtle emotion in contrast to the strong emotions
expressed in music of the Romantic Period
2. A departure from traditional major/minor harmonies to include the use of whole tone scales
(always and only going up by 2 semitones), advance chromatic harmonies and dissonances.
3. A departure form traditional music, such as symphony, concerto and sonata, in favour of
shorter musical forms, such as prelude, nocturnes and the song.
4. Great emphasis on orchestra as a form of art in itself (orchestration is the study or practice of
writing music for an orchestra)
5. Rhythm: A strict sense of pulse and time are often absent, making music sound much more
free and explorative
6. Downbeats are no longer accented as is usual is in other period of music, and accenting as a
whole is much more subtle throughout works of impressionist composers

Melodiccharacteristics which vary from short dabs of sound to long, free flowing lines
Harmonic characteristics are primarily homophonic and frequently move in parallel motion
Rhythmic characteristics are usually free and flexible with irregular accents and rhythmic
ostinatos used to give feeling of stasis rather than movement
Modal influences which emphasized primary intervals; octaves, fourths, and fifths in parallel
motion
Whole-tone scale divides the octave into equal major/minor system and leads to obscured
fluidity
Pentatonic scale is sounded when the black keys of the piano are struck
Escaped chords were harmonies that gave the impression of having escaped to another
tonality

Instruments Used During the Impressionistic Period

The Impressionist composers two favorite mediums were the orchestra and the piano.
Within the orchestra flutes and clarinets were used in their dark lower registers. Violins
reached for upper sonorities while trumpets and horns were muted. There was much use of
the harp, celeste, triangle, glockenspiel, and cymbal which was usually brushed with a
drumstick.
Impressionistic musical pieces were performed by pianists, string quartets, symphonies,
and orchestras

The notes vary from short dabs to long, free flowing lines
Avoidance/Free use of traditional music form
Irregular phrases
Dissonance
Static Harmony
Chromaticism and unusual scales- whole tone scales, exotic scales/notes (Indonesian
Gamelan), pentatonic
Chords- frequent dissonance, chords of the 9th, escaped chords (chords from a key
different to the one that it is in)
Rhythmic ostinatos- free flowing lines
Primarily Homophonic
Rich Tone colours- all the different instruments to demonstrate the colours
Programmatic
Tonal ambiguity, rich harmonies, parallel chords
Fluid tempo

COMPOSERS:
-Debussy

Minimalism:

Steve Reich
- Experimented with sound, recorded street sound, cut the sound into small ideas and repeated it
- Layers on top
- Over time, it gradually changes

Example: 8 Lines

Minimalism Features
- Limited musical features
- Small ideas repeated
- Trans-life effect
- Small cells or motif repeated many times
- Gradually Transforms
- Largely Tonal
- Rhythm and Texture more important than melody

(Tonal = Belongs to a key)

Influenced by Gamelan (Indonesian and African Music)

House music = Loops, influenced by minimalism

- Repetition
- Simplicity

Phase Shifting
- Shifting in and out of phase, one shorter than the original, eventually coming back together
- Music is out of sync
- Same pattern same length, one plays faster

Example: In C by Terry Riley

Philip Glass
- More atmospheric
- Film Music
~World Music~
World Music

Latin America: Mexico (Mariachi), Argentina (Tango), Brazil (Samba), Peru (Panpipes)
Asia: India (Raga), China, Japan, Indonesia (Gamelan)
Africa + Arabic Music

Africa:
- Kora (Big dried vegetable, Harp-like)
- Xylophone / Balafon

Arabic:
- Rabab (Bow stringed instrument)
- d (Like a Loot)
- Ny
- Qanun

India:
- Sitar
- Sarangi
- Tabla
- Tambura

Indonesia:
- Gamelan

China:
- Qin / Gu Zheng
- Dizi (Bamboo Flutes)
- Er Hu

Japan:
- Shakuhachi (Single Bamboo Flute)
- Koto (Gu-Zheng Like)
- Sh (Bamboo Flutes)

Latin America:
- Charangi

African:

When you think about african music, connotations of drumming. MASSIVE CONTINENT

- Africa is a huge continent and drumming is not found throughout the continent
- It is most prevalent in the Sub-Saharan countries. It is not found so much in the desert nations of
the north where wood isnt so readily available. (Drums and animals are needed to make drums,
but not available in the desert)
- Music, singing and dance are very important in most african societies. Some african languages
only have one work for the three as they are so 09 linked. (tied so tightly it cannot untied)
- Master drummer gets solo, stands closer than the rest of the drums, improvisation
- Master drummer controls tempo

Background:

- Music is participatory in African society - everyone joins in rather than sitting passively to watch
- The music helps to give each tribe a sense of cultural identity. Tribes often have their own
scales, and instruments that they have created themselves
- Music plays an important role at celebrations and ceremonies
- Music is an oral tradition, not written down buy passed from teacher to student by role - passed
down from father to son, teacher to student

Burundi, famous for drumming tradition, using same drum

Ghana, uses other percussion instruments and using different parts of the drums and different
drums

Rhythm and texture of the extract

- Cross Rhythm (all are the same 4/4 beat)
- Syncopated
- atonal

Ostinato - Patterns that repeat, doesnt change

Musical Feature:

- Rhythm is the most important feature

of african music
- Rhythm are often syncopated
- Layer of different rhythms often
create polyrhythm
- The Master Drummer controls the
tempo signals when to change
rhythm and improvises over the
basic rhythms
- Performances often start with a call
and response intro with the master
Polyrhythmic
drummer giving the call, answered
by the res of the group.
- Pentatonic

Instrumentals:

- The are lots of different types of different sizes an shapes - cylindrical, conical and goblet-
shaped
- Some are played with hands some with beaters
- One of the most widespread is the Djembe (pronounced Zhem-Bay) which is played with the
hands using 3 different strokes: bass, tone and slap

Talking Drum; has strings attached to the drum heads that

increase the tension of the skin when squeezed under the arm.
Most african languages are tonal, and a talking drummer can
imitate words by drumming out the pattern of syllables and
altering the pitch. In this way some drummers are able to
communicate very effectively. In the past it was used as a form of
communication between distant villages
- Use drums in inventive ways, different tones and
sounds created
- dampening skin, denser sound
- playing with sticks, more than one tone?

Mbira (Thumb Piano)

- Other percussion instruments are frequently found
with the drum ensemble, for example various types of
shakers, bells and woodblocks
- African Bells
- Twaning of metal sound
- Ostinato

African language is mostly atonal

Listen to the drums:

http://thisworldmusic.com/gahu-african-drumming-and-dance-from-ghana/

Xylophone <3

Balafon (From Zimbabwe)

- Organic
- Polyphonic
- Polyrhythm (overlapping rhythms)
- Lots of notes in short period, fast pace
- Cant play long note
- Intricate
- Ostinato (Repeated Pattern)

Thumb Piano (Mbina)

- Thin pieces of metal with tongues
- Works similarly as a music box
- Fast pace
- Polyphonic
- Ostinato
- Percussive Rattle (depends on who made it, could be without rattles)

Kora (West Africa)

- Made from enormous vegetable
- Series of strings like a harp, guitar
- Used a lot accompanying singers, Griots
- Can also be solo instrument
- Listen to background, tiny repeated ostinato patterns
- Usually 3 layers of rhythm

African Vocal Music

Call & Response
Pentatonic Scales
Syncopated Rhythms
Sing in Parallel Fourth and Fifths

Is it african vocals with western influences or is it parallel fourth and fifths

South uses western harmonies, triads

North uses parallel fourths and fifths
Arabic:
Found:
- The Middle East
- North Africa
- Turkey

Instrumentation:
- Oud (Pear-shaped guitar, similar to a Lute) [Plucked strings]
- Rabab (Similar to a Er-hu) [Bowed, one string]
- Ny (Flute)
- Qanun (Mini Gu Zheng)

Nay highly ornamented

Key Features:
- Call & Response (Not Question & Answer)
Requires 2 people, with first person introducing an idea and the second person finishing it off by
responding.

- Heterophony
Several musician performs melody together, each may play it sightly different
Different version of the same thing
Melodies highly ornamented

- Maqm
Equivilant to western scale
Different combinations of tones and semi-tones
No absolute fixed pitch (same with African and Indian music)
- Narrow pitch range, 4-5 notes, half a scale, limited pitch range.

- qa
Complex rhythm / Fixed rhythm pattern or cycle
Used to accompany songs and other music
- Equivalent to Tala in Indian music
- Instruments improvise around qa

Role of Music in Islam:

- Music is not banned in Islam, however there are various rules
- Female cannot dance or perform in front of Male
- Music is an essential part of prayer and worship

Indian:

Raga: The Piece and The Scale

Essential Components:
Most Indian pieces are written for a small group of instrumentalists, playing 3 layers of sound
1. Melody
2. Rhythm
3. Drone

Drone:
The drone is provided by a stringed instrument called the Tambura, it sums the tonic and
dominant note of the chosen Indian scale throughout the piece. Beginner plays Drones.

The Melody can be provided by a number of instruments, or voices,

- Sitar
- Sarangi
- Harmonium
- Bamboo Flute

Raga:
Indian musicians base their melodies on scales called raga.
There are lots of different scales, with different number of notes, and sometimes they are different
in their ascending and descending forms
Each raga has a specific mood, event or time of day attached.

The names of the notes in a raga are :

Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa

Sa can be any note the soloist or singing chooses, they choose a pitch that suits them best

There are little rules that goes with each Raga.

Lots of improvisation in Raga Melody Instruments
- Sitar
Structure of a Raga
- Sarang
Alap:
- Flute
- Invocation - Violin
- Slow, Free tempo - Sarod
- Improvisatory - Vocal Raga
- Goes from an upper sa to a lower sa (vice versa)
- Instruments heard: melodic instrument and drone Glissando between notes, common
- No drums
Rhythm:
Jhor:
- Tabla (2 drums, metal circle in middle)
- Strict tempo Plays Tala - repeating rhythm cycle, first note of
- Gat melody Tala is Sam (emphasized). Khali (unemphasized
notes)

Jhalla: dont hear tabla? must be Alap.

- Speeds Up
- tabla plays Drone:
- Fast improvisation on the Gat - Tambula (4 strings tuned to 4 and 5th note of a
- Busy raga, 3 tonic 1 dominant)
- Polar opposite of Alap
Reasons
- Does not follow Western Scales, instead uses Raga scale
- Improvisation used within the piece
- Tempo starts off slow and free, then becomes strict and fast
- Constant drone played by tambura
- Glissando between melody notes

jhor:
-slightly faster
-definite sense of beat
-everything is starting to come together
jhala:
-fastest part out of all three
-improvisation on two levels: rhythmic and melodic
-builds speed and excitement as it builds up
Alap
- The invocation
- Descending from Sa to the lower Sa
- Introduction of the lower octave
- When you reach the highest note, you descend fast to the Sa of the middle octave.
- Between the octaves a closing pattern can be heard.
- Slow tempo, indefinite pulse, melodic + drone
Jhor
- Slightly faster than alap
- Everything comes together, more definite sense of beat
Jhala
- Fastest part of raga in indian music
- Tabla starts
- It has 16 beats that are constantly increasing speed
- More melodic
Improvisation - melodic + rhythmic
Talas Rhythmic Cycles
-Talas are traditional rhythmic patterns/cycles commonly used in indian music.
- Talas are divided into sections called vibhags, each tala has a certain number of beats (matras) per cycle.
-The first beat of any tala is called the sam, and it is the most important point of the rhythmic cycle, and there
is usually emphasis.Matras are beats in the tala.
-Improvisation is widely used in a tala and usually gets stronger when approaching the end of the tala.
-A circle on the tala sheet is a khali vibhag(comparatively contrasting vibhag), and a cross is a clap .There
must be one khali vibhag in each tala.
-There are different types of Ragas, and each Raga has strict rules about which notes may be used. It is
part of Hindustani or North Indian Classical music
-All Ragas are associated with a particular time of day, night, mood or special occasion, and just like the
Western scale, it has an ascending and descending pattern
-Alap is the first section of a typical raga. The main artist explores the notes of the raga slowly, with free
improvisation. The pulse is steady and the notes are introduced one at a time
-Jhor is the middle section of a Raga. It is slightly faster than Alap and also has more of a pulse
-Jhala is the last section of a Raga, in which the tabla player joins in. The musicians improvise in the rhythm
and the melody. This section is usually fast and exciting as the musicians pass rhythmic ideas back and forth
to each other when they are improvising.
Key instruments:
- Melodic instruments- Sarangi is a stringed instrument which is bowed like a violin but held on the ground.
Has 3 main melodic strings followed by lots more sympathetic strings
-Santur is similar to yangqin (chinese), 18 sets of 4 strings, is played by 2 round edged sticks.
- Harmonium is first keyboard instrument. Can be handheld, vibrates by reeds and air-pumped.
Accompaniment
-Tabla has 2 drums, one is bigger, while the other is smaller it can be played in many ways with the addition
of iron fillings in 1 spot. They are tuned to the tonic and dominant respectively.
-Tambura is a stringed instrument with 2 strings, tonic+dominant. Often played by a student.
-Dholak has 2 heads, one is lower pitched and one is higher pitched. Played with a strap around the guy.
Alaap: Unmetered Raga introduction
Alankar: Ornaments
Audava: Pentatonic
Chalan: A systematic Raga expression
Grama: Ancient music scale
Kan: Grace note
Komal: Flat
Laya: Tempo
Pakar: Phrase of Raga
Raga: Modal scale
Saptak: Octave
Shudha: Natural note
Tal: Rhythm cycle
Tanpura/Tambura: String instrument used for drone
Tar: upper octave region
Tivar: Sharp
Varjit: Omitted
- Raga is traditional melodic formula of hindu music. Its main purpose is to convey emotions of different
situation through sound and ultimately music.
- There are 3 vitals method that are used by Indians when they are learning their native music; Listening,
Imitating and Memorising.
- Musicians are to belong to a particular gharana, gharana basically means a group of musicians studying
together at a particular pace and being influenced by a particular guru.
- Indian music has taken up a major role in the hindu society. It has occupied a central place in the
imagination of Indians. A trip to India would allow you to understand the true importance of Indian music.
Majority of the time, Indian music is played at holy ceremonies and areas; areas like places of worship,
ceremony such as weddings.
- Ustad means Master and it is used to refer to a Muslim musician.
Pandit has the equivalent meaning and is used to refer to a Hindu musician.
things that can be asked:
-alap
-jhala

Indonesian:

- Gamelan Consist: Gongs, Metallophones and Drums (Might also consist bamboo flutes (suling),
bowed strings (rebab) and vocalist)
- Different gamelans will have different tuning
- Instruments are kept together as a set
- Music made up of layers and layers of different instrument
- Layers are based on core melodic line Balungan
- Heterophonic
- 3 types of Gamelans: Central Java, Western Java and Bali
- Heard at celebrations and theatre performances, as well as accompanying shadow puppet
plays, poetry and drama
- Passed on through oral tradition, players learn by mastering techniques and memorising the
music
- Characterised by the following:
the lower the pitch, the longer the note values
the highest layer are for the solo instruments, and are played very fast
the lowest gongs are often played by beginners
music is divided into 4 beat groups called Keteg
gongs of different sizes used to mark cycles of music known as Gongan

Glockenspiel is played (Saron)

MUSIC OF JAVA
- Full gamelan adds plucked siter, vertical flute suling and voices
- The rebab and Kendang drums are the main melodic instruments of the ensemble

MUSIC OF BALI
- Different technique and style (Kecak - imitates the sound of monkeys)
- Home to different type of gamelans
- Louder, swifter and more aggressive than Javanese music

SLENDRO
- Older one of the two most common scale of the Gamelan
- Five note scale
- Considered to be an attempt to divide the
octave into five equal intervals
- Tuning of the set of Gamelan instruments varies

PELOG
- Seven note scale which is not equal
- Pelog scales varies

Pelog - 5 letters, opposite 7 note

Slendro - 7 letters, opposite 5 note

KENONG
- Like a gong, but placed on its side and roughly
as tall as it is wide
- Pitch is rather high considering its side
- Usually played with similar padded sticks to
the Bonang, except larger
- Usually are in sets of one for each note

KEMPYANG AND KETUK

- Important beat-keepers in the colotomic structure of the Gamelan
- Kempyang is never played without the Ketuk
- Kempyang is pitched higher
- Both shaped like the Bonang

Balinese Dance Music

Performed by the Gamelan ensemble which consists of metallophones and gongs,
sometimes bamboo flute, and led by a drummer
Drummer signals changes in tempo and from one section to another
The music is subservient to the dance - the musicians follow the dancers. The
tempo and sections are dictated by the development of the story
Either pentatonic (slendro scale) or heptatonic (pelog). The octave is divided
equally between the pitches of the scale - so tuning can sound unusual to Western/
Chinese ears.
Repetitive/cyclic structure
Heterophonic - all parts are versions of the core melody, the Balungan
The balungan is played by the small metallophone, the saron, sometimes doubled
by the bamboo flute for a smoother sound
Large Gong Ageng plays on the final note of each pattern, marking out the structure
of the piece
Gamelan music is used for the accompaniment of religious rituals, dance, and
Wayang Kulit (shadow puppet plays).
Each village has its own set of instruments, tuned either to slendro or pelog.
The set of instruments is considered to be sacred and players must remove their
shoes and avoid stepping over the instruments
This is an oral tradition - passed down from father to son. However, when it is
notated a numerical notation system is used. Children are trained in their
instruments and taught the traditional pieces from a young age.

Chinese:
- Fixed musical scale, inspired by nature
Pentatonic - G, A, C, D, E, G A
12 pitches - Lu

Heterophonic, same melody line but changed slightly

4 time signature nearly always use

- Melodies are highly ornamented with modulations

- Tells a story
- repeated
-

Sheng - Mouth Organ (NOT IN SIBALUBS)

Yun lo - Vertically held glock
Tou Kuan - Bamboo piple with a reed
Ti tzu - Side Blown Flute
Drums
Castanets
Erh Hu - Violin like thing
Dizi - Bamboo Flute

Gu Zheng (Pluck with nails)

Dizi - Bamboo Flute
Erh Hu (Snake Skin Violin
Yang qin (Bamboo Beaters)

Chinese Opera - peking opera about gods and goddesses

if bow string it is Chinese

Japanese:

- Often has a vocal part, nature of instrument is usually reflected in the title
- More emotional
- No Chordal Harmony
- Both Chinese and Japanese are Pentatonic, Programmatic
- Melodic parts seem to start at different times, only coming together at cadences
- Through-Composed, no repeated ideas, keep adding on new ideas
China Japan

Dizi Shakuhachi Bamboo Flute

Gu Zheng Koto Plucked String

Er Hu Sho

(Bow Strings) (Bamboo Flutes)

Chinese flute makes buzzing sound

Koto (Japanese Gu Zheng)

Sho (Mouth Organ)
Shakuhachi (Bamboo Flute)

Gagaku Music = Court Music

Two Types:
1. Komagaku (From Korea and Manchuria)
2. Togaku (From China and India)

Structure of Gagaku
1. Jo - Rhythmic freedom, remains aware of pulse
2. Ha - Structured pulse develops
3. Kyu - More notes are performed to each pulse, so that the musicians are playing at speed

No improvisation, describes scenes, stories and individuals.

Gagaku scales
2 main modes;
1. Ryo
2. Ritsu

Latin American:

Mariachi Music
ORIGINS
-Originally folk music from Mexico
-Blends indigenous styles with Spanish influence
-Migrated to the cities in C19 and C20 with the workers who moved from the
countryside
-Promoted by the government as a symbol of Mexican identity after the Mexican
Revolution at the beginning of C20
-After the Revolution, many of the clubs that employed the musicians closed and
the musicians were forced to become wandering musicians
-This has now become a tradition with bands found all over Mexico playing out in
town squares and wandering from bar to bar
-They are paid to play requests and hope to be hired for events such as weddings
as a result of their public performances.
INSTRUMENTS
-Up to 8 violins
-2 Trumpets
-1 or more guitars
-A vihuela
-A guitarron
THE VIHUELA
-A high pitched, round backed guitar which acts like a rhythm guitar
THE GUITARRON
-A large acoustic bass guitar with a rounded back
MUSICAL FEAUTURES
-There is no lead singer. Singers take turns to sing the verses and all join in for the
choruses
-The lyrics are often very macho. Traditionally, Mariachi musicians are all men
-The melody lines are often heard in 3rds in the trumpet/violin parts. Melody lines
are often repeated
-Lively and upbeat tempo

Argentinian Music
Tango is the national dance in Argentina.
ORIGIN:
-Fusion of musical styles from the European (Spanish) settlers, Native Americans
and African slaves
-Originally a style of music that belonged to the poor people
-Considered street music, that thrived in the bars and brothels of Buenos Aires.
TANGO ENSEMBLES:
The most common line up for a Tango band is a sextet consisting of:
-2 Violins
-Piano
-Double Bass
-2 Bandoneons (Accordion-like instrument)
KEY FEATURES:
-2/4 or 4/4 time signatures
-Syncopated Rhythms
-Begin on a minor key, but modulates to the relative major later in the music
-Simple harmonies, usually using chords I, IV, V7 and VI
-Frequent chromatic notes in the melody line
-Uses common tango syncopation

Peru Music
Panpipes
- Repetitives melody line
- Melody played in 3rd
- Charangi background
- Walking bass-line
- Guitaron playing bassline
- Syncopation

Samba
- Carnival Music
- Happy, Lively, Uptempo
- Guitaron
- Snare Drum
- Toms (Surdo)
- Apito
- Agogos
- Tamborims
- Call & Response
- Leader is playing Caixa Da Guerro (Snare Drum)
- Syncopated Rhythm (Offbeat notes, accents are offbeat)

~Set Work~

Midsummer Nights Dream:

Ragtime
Popular between 1895-1918
Began as dance music in African-American communities in St. Louis and New
Orleans
Fell out of favor in 1917 because jazz took over the publics imagination
Originated from African-American music in the late 19th century, descending from
the jigs and march music written by Black bands
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
It is in a syncopated rhythm
Usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time
Left hand plays beats on strong beats (1 and 3) and chords on the weak beats (2
and 4)
DIFFERENT STYLES:
Cakewalk- popular pre-ragtime dance from popular until 1904. Music is intended to
be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake
Two-step- pre-ragtime dance popular until about 1911. A large number of rags were
two-steps
Coon song- pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude,
racist lyrics often sung by white performers with make up that makes them look
black.
Folk Ragtime- name often used to describe ragtime that originated from small
towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least they sounded as if they did. Often
have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training
Classic rag- word used to describe the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by
people like Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others
Fox-trot- dance fad that started in 1913. It contains dotted-note rhythm different
from normal ragtime, but nonetheless was incorporated into many different rags.
Swing
Term is used to describe the sense of propulsive rhythmic feel or groove created
by the interaction between the performers
Section A: Unprepared Western Repertoire [16 marks]
Extracts from two works which may be instrumental and/or vocal selected

D Dynamics
R Rhythms Regular Rhythms

S Structure Sonata, Concerto & Symphony

Bitonality
Unexpected chord sequences
Devices such as:
M Melody Alberti Bass, Sequence & Imitation

Echoes of earlier composers

Modern instrumentation, Larger Range

I Instrumentation of notes (very high and very low), Bigger
Orchestra

Clear Texture,
T Texture Clarity of sound in Solos

Chromatic Harmony,
Advance Harmony
H Harmony Unexpected Harmonies,
Deliberate wrong notes

from the Baroque, Classical and Romantic periods and the Twentieth
Century. In addition to questions on the areas listed above, candidates may
also be required to identify the period and/or suggest a possible composer.
Assessment in detail
Cambridge IGCSE Music 0410. Syllabus for examination in 2015. 9
Assessment in detail
Section B: World Music [22 marks]
Extracts from three pieces of music. Two of the pieces (6 marks each) will be
selected from Latin American, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian and Japanese
traditions. In addition to questions on the areas listed above, candidates will
also be required to identify the possible continent/country of origin. The third
piece (10 marks) will be taken from the World Focus prescribed each year
from the non-Western music traditions.

Section C: Skeleton Score [16 marks]

A single extract with skeleton score. In addition to questions on the areas
listed above, candidates will be expected to undertake simple rhythmic and/or
melodic dictation. They will also be required to identify the period of the music
and/or to suggest the name of a likely composer.
10 Cambridge IGCSE Music 0410. Syllabus for examination in 2015.
Section D: Set Work [16 marks]
Candidates are expected to have prepared one Set Work.
For their chosen work, candidates will hear two extracts (played twice). A
skeleton score of the extracts will be provided in the question paper.
Candidates will be expected to answer questions on any aspect of the music
in the extract (whether or not it is shown in the skeleton score); there may
also be questions on the music which comes before or after the extract itself.
Set Works for examination in 2015:
EITHER
Mendelssohn: A Midsummer Nights Dream, Overture Op. 21 OR

Chinese
Yang Qin
Dizi
Erhu

Doesnt ask Gu Zheng, if hear instrument sounding like Gu Zheng, then it is

NOT Chinese Music.

Japanese
Shaku-Hachi
Koto
Sho

Hear bowed string, if asked what instrumental that is - It cant be japanese

Shamisen is the bowed instrument of Japanese, and it is not asked.

Revision
Neoclassicism:

When: 20th Century

What:

Large Instrumental Works

-
Chamber Music
-
Vocal Music
-

How:

Neoclassicism style is
Who:

Stravinsky
Hindermith
Prokofiev
Tippett
Poulenc

Neoclassicism in music was a 20th century development, particularly popular in the period
between the two World Wars, in which composers drew inspiration from music of the 1700s

1) Occasional harmony twist that Haydn wouldn't compose

2) Paper would have mentioned From 20th Century, if it sounds like the Classical Period it is
obviously a Neoclassic piece of music

Balanced form and structure and restrained emotional content (From Classical and Baroque Era,
Classical Style)

Modern instrumental techniques and chromatic harmony (From Romantic Era and turn of the
century, Neo means New) - Essentially New-Classical

Neoclassicism can be seen as a reaction against the prevailing trend of 19th century Romanticism
Neoclassicism makes a return to balanced forms and often emotional restrain, as well as 18th
compositional processes and techniques/
Advances in modern instrumental resources such as the full orchestra, which had greatly
expanded since the 18th century, and advanced harmony, makes neoclassical words distinctly
20th century.

Music not describing anything in particular

- Style devoid of emotions
- Bitonality
- Frequent change of key
- Unexpected harmony
- Deliberate wrong notes
- Unexpected chord sequences
- Regular rhythms
- Clear texture
- Classical period devices
- Clarity of sound in solos

Minimalism:

When: 1600-1750
What:

Large Instrumental Works

-
Chamber Music
-
Vocal Music
-
How:

Minimalism style is

D Dynamics

R Rhythms

S Structure

M Melody

I Instrumentation

T Texture

H Harmony

Who:

Example Reasons:
- Because the piece contains a basso continuo line of harpsichord and cello
- Because the piece is highly polyphonic / contrapuntal, or features imitative entries
- Because the melody lines are decorated with lots of ornaments such as trills and turns
- Because the solo line is complex and virtuosic
- Because the melody line is constructed from strings of sequences
- Because the piece is based on a repeated bass line known as a ground bass

Name the cadence,

,ind chords and see?

Saprano (High F)
Alto (Low F)
Tenor (High M)
Bass (Low M)

Sequence - Repetition of melody at a higher or lower pitch with same voice

Imitation - Repetition of melody at a higher or lower pitch with at least 2 dierent

voices

Ostinato - Same as Ris and Loop - Repeated pattern of notes

appoggiatura - Long grace note

acciaccatura - Short grace noteW

Possible Questions

- Type of voice
- Which compositional devices were heard
- Beats in a bar
- Describe melodic shape
- Best describes music of lines~~
- Relationship between two instruments
- Which music period
- Reasons?

- Instrument playing
- Comparing music (1st time, 2nd time)
- Describe accompaniment
- Describe differences in accompaniment
- Features of 20th century music
- Which composer?
- Suitable Italian terms
- Beats in a bar
- Which other instrument has melodic role?
- What ways does music changes (Refer to instruments,
accompaniment, dynamics)

- Instrument playing
- Instrumental effect used
- Describe the music of accompanying instrument
- Second time, how does music change
- From where?
- Reasons
- Key?
- Compositional devices
- Texture of music

- Key
- Compositional Devices?
- How does music change when repeated
- From where?
- Typical features
- Instrument heard?
- As accurately as you can, describe the melodic shape played by
this instrument in this section of extract
- Texture of music after voices start singing
- World instrument?
- Interval between melodic instrument
- Typical features of music
- From where?

- What instrument is playing

- Best describes music
- Complete missing notes
- Intervals
- Key
- Cadence
- Relationship of this key to the tonic key
- Accompaniment changed, how?
- Characteristics of this music
- Music period?
- Reason?
- Composer
- Describe in detail ways the music is different the second time
- Type of piece (structure-wise)

Midsummer Nights Dream

Sonata Form
Exposition
Development (fragmentation occurs)
Recapitulation
Codetta

Transposing Instrument
Clarinets in A - Transpose down a minor 3th
Horns in E - Transpose down a minor 6rd
Trumpets in E - Transpose up a major 3rd
Double Bass - Transpose one octave up

Viola - Transpose from Alto to Treble Clef

ALLEGRO DI MOLTO
- Concert Overture
- Programme Music
Con tutta la forza = with all force

- Tonal
- Use of chromaticism
- Modal Shift between major and minor
- Extended pedal point
- Drone
- Sequential repetition
- Imitation
-
Exposition:
Introduction - E Major
1st Subject - E minor
Transition - E Major
2nd Subject 1st Theme - B Major
2nd Subject 2nd Theme - B Major

Recapitulation:
Introduction - E Major
1st Subject - E minor
Transition - E Major
2nd Subject 1st Theme - E Major
2nd Subject 2nd Theme - E Major

Introduction:
1st chord - Ambiguous, E, G# - not sure if C# minor or E major
Modal shift from E Major to E Minor

1st Subject: Em
To emulate faries:
- Strings
- Fast quavers rhythm
- Staccato
- High pitched
- pp dynamics
Diminish 7th extended chord creates suspense, resolves to
dominant b major chord

Transition: E
Emulates Theseus, Duke of Athens
- ff dynamic, very loud
- Fanfare music for royalty
- Imitation over tonic pedal
- Music played in legato
2nd Subject 1st Theme: B
Pairs of Lover
- Melody starts with Clarinets
- Slurs used
- Tonic pedal
- Fanfare influence from duke
- Repeated accepted pedal note on tonic (C

Lento
Adagio
Andante
Moderato
Allegretto
Allegra
Vivace
Presto