MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (I)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR

BENDING

Dr. Jung-San Chen

Department of Engineering Science
National Cheng Kung University
INTRODUCTION
Transverse loadings of beams
are classified as concentrated

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loads or distributed loads

Applied loads result in internal

forces consisting of a shear
force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending
couple (from the normal stress
distribution)

J.S. Chen
INTRODUCTION
Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

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My Mc M
x = m = = S: section modulus
I I S

S m
S m

Requires determination of the location and magnitude

of largest bending moment.

J.S. Chen
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM SUPPORTS
Statically Determinate Beams

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Pin: (1) prevents translation in
vertical and horizontal directions.
(2) does not prevent rotation.
Roller: (1)prevents translation in
vertical direction. (2) does not
prevent rotation and translation Fixed support: prevents
in horizontal direction. translation and rotation.
J.S. Chen
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM SUPPORTS
Statically Indeterminate Beams

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J.S. Chen
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

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Determination of maximum
normal and shearing stresses
requires identification of
maximum internal shear
force and bending couple.

J.S. Chen
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENTS
Example I:
Find V and M.

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P (a) a small distance to the left of the
Mo midpoint. (b) a small distance to the
. right of the midpoint.

L/4 L/4

Example II:
Find V(x) and M(x).
qo
q(x)

J.S. Chen
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V and bending

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couples M and M

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RELATIONSHIP AMONG q , V, AND M
Distributed Loads: F vert = 0 : V qdx (V + dV )= 0

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V
q dV
=
q
M M+dM dx
B B
dV =
qdx
V+dV A A
dx
B
x qdx
VB VA =
A

= (area of loading diagram between A and B)

M left = 0 : M qxdx (V + dV )dx + M + dM = 0
dx

q 0
( dx ) (V + dV )dx + dM =
2
0
2
dM B B
=V dM = Vdx
dx A A

Vdx = (area of shear-force diagram between A and B)

B
MB MA =
A
J.S. Chen
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN q , V, AND M
Concentrated Loads:
P F = 0 : V P (V + V1 ) = 0

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vert
V
V1 = P
M M+M1
As we pass from left to right through the point of
V+V1 load application, the shear force decreases by an
dx
amount equal to the magnitude of P.
dx
M left = 0 : M P 2
(V + V1 )dx + M + M 1 = 0
The bending moment does not
Infinitesimally small
P change as we pass through the
M 1 = V V1 dx 0 M 1 = 0
2 point of a concentrated load.
dM
Consider the left-side of the element: =V
dx
Consider the right-side of the element:
dM
=V + V1 =V P
dx At the point of application of a concentrated load P, the
dM rate of change dM dx of the bending moment decreases
constant
dx abruptly by an amount equal to P.
J.S. Chen
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN q , V, AND M
Loads in the Form of Couples:

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Mo
V

M M+M1 F
vert = 0 : V (V + V1 ) = 0
V1 = 0
V+V1
dx

M left = 0 : M + M 0 (V + V1 )dx + M + M 1 = 0
M 1 = M 0
dV dM
Important Concept: = q =V
dx dx
J.S. Chen
EXAMPLE: (V AND M DIAGRAMS)
Concentrated load M = 0 : R L + Pb = 0
B A

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Pb
P b RA =
a L
A B F vert = 0 : R A + RB = P
Pa
x RB = P R A =
L
For 0 < x < a: V = R A = Pb
L
M Pbx
M = Vx =
L
V
For a < x< L: V =RA P = Pa
L
M A= 0 : M Pa Vx= 0
M
Pax
M = Pa + Vx= Pa +
V L
= Pa ( L x ) J.S. Chen
EXAMPLE:(V AND M DIAGRAMS)
Distributed load
q

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qL
symmetric R A = RB =
2
A B
or M A = 0 : RB L qxdx = 0
L

0
x qL2 qL
RB L =0 RB =
2 2
qL
A Fvert = 0 : RA + RB = qL RA = 2
M
V F vert = 0 : R A qx V = 0
M
x
A = 0 : M Vx qxdx = 0 qL
0
V = R A qx = qx
1 2 2
M = Vx + qx
2
qL 1 qL q
= qx x + qx 2 = x x2
2 2 2 2
q 2 L2 qL2
2
q L qL2 qL2
= x Lx + + = x +
2 4 8 2 2 8 8 J.S. Chen
 EXAMPLE:(V AND M DIAGRAMS)
Several concentrated loads
M

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A = 0 : R B L P1 a1 P2 a 2 P3 a3 = 0
a3
P1 a1 + P2 a 2 + P3 a3
a 2 RB =
L
a1 P1 P2 P3
F vert = 0 : R A + RB P1 P2 P3 = 0
R A = P1 + P2 + P3 RB
P1 ( L a1 ) + P2 ( L a 2 ) + P3 ( L a3 )
x =
L
0 < x < a1 V = RA
M = Vx = R A x
M
M1 = M x = a1
= R A a1
V
a1 < x < a 2 V = R A P1
M = Vx + P1 a1 = ( R A P1 ) x + P1 a1
M
= R A x P1 ( x a1 )
V M2 = M = R A a 2 P1 (a 2 a1 )
x = a2 J.S. Chen
EXAMPLE: (CONT.)
a 2 < x < a3 V = RA P1 P2

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M =Vx + Pa
1 1 + P2 a2

= RA x P1 ( x a1 ) P2 ( x a2 )
M M3 = M x = a3

= RA a3 P1 (a3 a1 ) P2 (a3 a2 )
V
a3 < x < L V = R A P1 P2 P3 = RB
M = Vx + P1a1 + P2 a 2 + P3 a3
= R A x P1 ( x a1 ) P2 ( x a 2 ) P3 ( x a3 )
M
Assume
V R A P1 > 0

R A P1 P2 < 0
The local maximum bending moment occurs at the cross section
where the shear force changes from a positive to a negative value.

J.S. Chen
RELATIONS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR, AND
BENDING MOMENT

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J.S. Chen
RELATIONS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR, AND BENDING
MOMENT

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Relationship between load and shear:
Fy = 0 : V (V + V ) w x = 0
V = w x
dV
= w
dx
xD
VD VC = w dx
xC

It is not valid at a point where a concentrated load is

applied J.S. Chen
RELATIONS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR, AND BENDING
MOMENT

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Relationship between shear and bending moment:
x
M C = 0 : (M + M ) M V x + wx = 0
2
M = V x 12 w (x )2

Let x 0
dM
=V
dx
xD

M D M C = V dx
xC

It is not valid at a point where a sudden changing in

bending is applied
J.S. Chen
GENERAL COMMENTS:
The maximum positive and negative bending moment occurs:

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(1) A cross section where a concentrated load is applied and the
shear force changes sign.
(2) A cross section where a vertical force equal to zero.
(3) A point of support where a vertical reaction is present.
(4) A cross section where a couple is applied.

For several loads:

Since shear forces and bending moments are linear functions of the
applied loads, superposition of shear force and bending moment
diagrams is permissible.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q30D30gMumA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLyIO0qXGTY

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:

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Hinge

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES:

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DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR BENDING STRESSES
Design Factors: (1) the type of structure

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(2) materials
(3) loads
(4) environmental conditions
(5) costs
.
For the standpoint of strength, the task is to select a shape and
size of beam such that the actual stressed in the beam do not
exceed the allowable stresses for the material.
M max
Section modulus: S =
allow
Selected section modulus S

If the same S, cross-sectional area weight (cost )J.S. Chen

DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR BENDING STRESSES
Beam of standardized shapes and sizes
(1) Structural-steel beam:

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American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
(2) Aluminum beam:
Aluminum Association
(3) Wood beam:
American Forest and Paper Association

e.g.: W 30 211 e.g.: S 24 100

(W shape, wide-flange shape) (S shape, I-beam)

J.S. Chen
 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR BENDING STRESSES
e.g.: C15 50 e.g.: L8 6 1

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(C shape, channel) (L shape)

Relative efficiency of various beam shapes

M
S= , M = S allow if S , M
allow
Q: How to increase S with a constant cross-sectional area?
A: Increase the amount of the material located far from the neutral
axis. J.S. Chen
 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR BENDING STRESSES
bh3
y I 12 bh 2 Ah

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S= = = = 0.167 Ah
c h 6 6
z h h
2
o If , Buckling may occur
b
Ah h3
= =
S square (suppose= b h)
b 6 6
y d3
Scircle =
32
d2 d
If areas are the same, = h2 h =
z 4 2
o d
3

6
S square 3
h 6 2 0.1160d 3
= = 1.18
d Scircle d 32 3
d 32
3
0.0982d 3

A square cross section is more efficient than a circle beam of the same area.
J.S. Chen
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR BENDING STRESSES
Ideal cross-section shape:

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2
h A

I A y dA
2 2
y 2 2= 0.5 Ah
A/2 S= = =
c c h
h/2 2
z In practice, we need to put part of
h/2 material in the web of the beam
A/2 S < 0.5 Ah

For standard wide-flange beam, S 0.35 Ah (> S square )

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DESIGN OF PRISMATIC BEAMS FOR BENDING

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