LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LABORATORY
PAPER CODE: EC-209

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, DELHI-110042

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Write a MATLAB code to generate different types of Signals.

2. Write a MATLAB code to perform an Arithmetic operation on signals
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.
3. Write a MATLAB code to perform signal processing operations: Time
shifting, Time scaling, and Time inversion.
4. Write a MATLAB code to perform Convolution of two signals.
5. Write a MATLAB code to determine response of LTI system for a given
input signal.
6. Write a MATLAB code to determine Fourier transform of a given input
signal and plot its Magnitude and Phase spectra.

7. Write a MATLAB code to generate Frequency Spectrum of a Periodic

signal.
Write a MATLAB code to generate Inverse Fourier transform of a signal.
8.
9. Write a MATLAB code to determine Frequency response of FIR system.
10. Write a MATLAB code to determine Frequency response of Infinite Impulse
Response system.
11. Write a MATLAB code to determine Z-transform and plot its poles and
zeros location in z-plane.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 EXPERIMENT NO.:-1

OBJECTIVE: - Write a Matlab code to generate different types of basic Signals.

HARDWARE /SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-

1) MATLAB 7.6 Version

2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:-
Basic idea of different types of basic signals i.e.
i. Unit impulse function

0;t0

ii. Unit step function

0; t<0

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 III Ramp function

IV exponential function
0 ; t<0
There can be different cases in which a value differences.

a can be real (i) real (ii) negative

a can be a purely imaginary
a can be complex with both real and imaginary part.

Program Code:

t = -20:20;
t1 = -5:0.01:5;
t2 = -5:5;
unit_imp = [zeros(1,20),1,zeros(1,20)];
unit_step = [zeros(1,20),ones(1,21)];
i=1;
for k=-20:20
if k>0
ramp(i) = k;
else
ramp(i) = 0;
end
i = i+1;
end
expo = exp(-t2);
sinu = sin(t1);
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(t,unit_imp);

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Unit Impulse signal');
grid on;

subplot(3,2,2);
stem(t,unit_step);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Unit Step signal');
grid on;

subplot(3,2,3);
stem(t,ramp);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Ramp signal');
grid on;

subplot(3,2,4);
stem(t2,expo);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Exponential signal')
grid on;
Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 EXPERIMENT NO.:-2

OBJECTIVE:-Write a Matlab code to perform arithmetic operations for a signal such as

addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-
1) MATLAB version7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:- The theoretical results of various arithmetic operations such as addition,
multiplications, subtraction of two signals (say sine wave and ramp signal).
Let us consider two signals
x(t)=sin(wt)
y(t)-cos(wt)
Signal processing operation on dependent variable is of the following types:-
1) Addition
z(t)=x(t)+y(t)
=sin(wt)+cos(wt)
2)Subtraction
z(t) =x(t)-y(t)
=sin(wt)-cos(wt)
3) Multiplication
z(t)=x(t)*y(t)
=sin(wt)*cos(wt)
4) Division
z(t)=x(t)/y(t);y(t)0
=sin(wt)/cos(wt)
Program Code:
t = -5:0.1:5;
x = sin(t);
y= cos(t);
x_addition = x+y;
x_division = x./y;
x_multiplication = x.*y;
x_subtraction = x-y;
grid on;

subplot(2,3,1);
plot(t,x);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Original Signal');
subplot(2,3,2);
plot(t,x_addition);

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Added Signal');

subplot(2,3,3);
plot(t,x_division);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Divided Signal');

subplot(2,3,4);
plot(t,x_multiplication);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Multiplied Signal');
subplot(2,3,5);
plot(t,x_subtraction);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('subtracted Signal');

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 EXPERIMENT NO.:-3

OBJECTIVE: -Write a MATLAB code to perform signal processing operations time scaling
time shifting time inversion.
Hardware/Software required:-
1) MATLAB version7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:-
Various signal processing operation that can be performed on a signal are:-
x(t)=

0 3

Time inversion: -if x (t) is the original signal then x (-t) is the time inverted signal.

-3 0
Time scaling: - if x (t) is a given signal then x(t) is time scaled by a is given below;

0 1
Time shifting:- if x(t) is a given signal then x(t) is time shifted by t 0 can be obtained
Delayed x(t-t0 )

0 t0 3-to

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Advanced x(t+t0)

t0+2 0 1

Program Code: (Example)

f = input('Enter frequency of the signal -> ');
w = 2*pi*f;
t = 0:1/(1000*f):1/f;
X = sin(w*t);

%Time Scaling
k = input('Enter the value by which you want to scale the signal (compress or elongate) -> ');
Xsc = sin(k*w*t);
%Time Shifting
t1 = input('Enter the value of time by which you want to advance (enter positive value) OR delay
(enter negative value) the signal ->');
Xsh = sin(w*(t-t1));
%Time Inversion
Xin = sin(-w*t);

%Plotting the transformed and original signals

hold on;
plot(t,X,'-k','Linewidth',2); grid on;
plot(t,Xsc,':r','Linewidth',2); grid on;
plot(t,Xsh,'-g','Linewidth',2); grid on;
plot(t,Xin,'-.b','Linewidth',2); grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment NO.:-4

OBJECTIVE:- Write a program to find the Convolution of two signals.

Hardware/Software required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:-
The below equation defines the integral convolution of 2 time signals x (t) and h (t) denoted by

Or

Program Code:

a=[1 2 3];
b=[4 5 6];
i=length(a);
j=length(b);
A=[a,zeros(1,i)];
B=[b,zeros(1,j)];
for k=1:i+j-1
y(k)=0;
for l=1:i
if (k-l+1>0)
y(k)=y(k)+A(l)*B(k-l+1);
else
end
end
end;
stem (y);

ylabel('Y[k]');
xlabel('----->n');
title('convolution of two signals');

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment NO.:-5

OBJECTIVE:-Write a matlab code to determine the LTI response of a given Input signal.

Hardware/Software required:-

1) Matlab version 7.6

2) Computer

3) Printer

Theory: - LTI system or linear time invariant system

LTI response of the signal y(t)

i.e convolution of two signal x(t) and h(t) is given as

m=length (x); n=length (h) the vector y is of length m+n-1, where kth element is

Program Code: (Example)

t = 0:0.01:10;
x = exp(-t);
h = [ones(1,1001)];
Lx = length(x);
Lh = length(h);
Ly = Lx + Lh -1;
for p=1:Ly
sum=0;
for k=1:p
if(k<=Lx && k>=(p+1-Lh))
sum = sum + x(k).*h(p+1-k);

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 end
end
y(p) = sum;
end
t1 = 0:0.01:(Ly-1)*0.01;

%Input Signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Input Signal');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');

%Impulse Response
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,h);
title('Impulse Response');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');

%Output of the LTI System

subplot(2,2,[3:4]);
plot(t1,y);
title('Output of the LTI System');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No:-6

OBJECTIVE:- Write a matlab code to generate Fourier transform of a given Input signal and
plot its Magnitude and Phase spectra.
Hardware required/software required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:-Fourier transform is divided into 2 parts
Continuous time Fourier transform
This is applicable for aperiodic function and periodic functions

And the corresponding function is

X(t)= Fourier transform of a signal can be obtained by using FFT function in matlab.
The plot of X(W) vs w is called as magnitude spectra
And angle of X(W) vs w is known as phase spectra.
Discrete time Fourier transform
It is divided for periodic function.

Program Code: (Example)

x =[1,1,1,1,zeros(1,4)];
n=8;
X= fft(x,n);
magx= abs(X);
phase=angle(X)*180/pi;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x,'k');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Signal');
title('Input signal');

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

subplot(2,2,2);
plot(magx);
grid;
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Magnitude plot');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(phase);
grid;
xlabel('n');
ylabel('degrees');
title('Phase plot')

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No:-7

OBJECTIVE: - Write a matlab code to generate frequency spectrum of a periodic signal.

Hardware/Software required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:-A continuous time signal x(t) to be periodic if there is a positive non zero value of t for
which

All t ----- (1)

The fundamental period T0 of x (t) is the smallest positive value of T for which equation (1) is
not satisfied and 1/t0=f0 is referred as fundamental frequency.
Two basic example of periodic signal are the real sinusoidal signal

The complex exponential Fourier series representation of a periodic signal x(t) with To as
fundamental period

wo=2/To
Where are the complex Fourier Coefficients

Program Code: (Example)

t = 0:0.01:10;
%Train of Pulses
x = [ones(1,201),zeros(1,99),ones(1,201),zeros(1,99),ones(1,201),zeros(1,99),ones(1,101)];
T = 3;
w = 2*pi/T;

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

dtau = 0.01; %Difference between two time intervals as taken in matlab;
for k=-10:10
sum = 0;
i=1;
for tau=0:dtau:T

exp_part = exp(-j*w*k*tau)*dtau;
sum = sum + exp_part.*x(i);
i=i+1;
end
a(k+11) = sum;
end

for i=1:21
mag(i) = abs(a(i));
phase(i) = angle(a(i));
end
k=-10:10;

%Original Signal
subplot(2,2,[1:2]);
plot(t,x);
title('Input Signal (A Pulse Train)');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');
%Magnitude Spectra
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(k,mag);
title('Magnitude Spectra');
xlabel('k \rightarrow');
ylabel('Magnitude');
%Phase Spectra
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(k,phase,'Linewidth',1.2)
title('Phase spectra');
xlabel('k \rightarrow');
ylabel('Phase');

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No.: 8

OBJECTIVE:-Write a matlab code to generate inverse Fourier transform of a signal.

Hardware/Software Requirements:
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer/Laptop
2) Printer
Theory:- Inverse Fourier transform is used to convert a signal in frequency domain to a signal in
time domain.
If X(w) is the Fourier transform of a signal then, the original signal x(t) or inverse Fourier
transform of X(w) is given by:-

In MATLAB, we can use a direct command to evaluate the inverse Fourier transform i.e.
d=ifft(x);
Program Code: (Example)
w=-100:.1:100;
X = 1./(1+w.^2)
dw = 0.1;
m=1;
for t=0:0.01:10
i=1;
sum=0;
for w=-100:dw:100
sum = sum + X(i)*exp(j*w*t)*dw;
i=i+1;
end
x(m) = sum;
m=m+1;
end
w=-100:.1:100;
t=0:.01:10;

%given signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w,X);
title('Given signal in Frequency domain');
xlabel('Frequency \rightarrow');
ylabel('X(w)');
grid on;

%signal in time domain

subplot(2,1,2);

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

plot(t,x);
title('Signal obtained via Inverse FT');
xlabel('Time \rightarrow');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No.:-9

OBJECTIVE:-Write a Matlab code to perform and plot the Frequency response and Phase
response of FIR system.
Hardware/Software Required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:- [h,p]=-freqz(ba,a,w) returns the frequency response vector h and the corresponding
angular frequency vector for the digital filter whose transfer function is determined by the (real
or complex) numerator and denominator polynomial represented by the vector b and a
respectively. The vector h and p are both of length w has values ranging from 0 to pi per sample.

Freqz generally uses an fft algorithm to compute the frequency response.

Program Code: (Example)
h=[1,2,3,4];
a=[1 2 3 4];
b=[1];
w=-pi:.01:pi;
H=freqz(b,a,h);
% plot of the impulse response of the system
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(h);
grid on;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('h[n]');
title('Impulse Response');
% plot of the magnitude of frequency response of the system
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,abs(H));
grid on;
title('plot of the magnitude response ');
xlabel('w');
ylabel('|H[w]|');

% plot of the phase of frequency response of the system

subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,angle(H));
grid on;
title('plot of the magnitude response ');
xlabel('w');

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

ylabel('<H[w]');

Observation/Plot

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No.:-10

OBJECTIVE:-Write a Matlab code to perform and plot the frequency response and phase
response of IIR system.
Hardware/Software Required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
Theory:- a system whose impulse response or no. of non zero values of the output is infinite is
called infinite impulse response IIR system.
Let x (t) be the input signal. Let h(t) be the impulse response &Let y(t) be the response of the
system.
Taking Fourier transform, of the three. We get X (w), Y(w) &h(w)
Y (t)=x(t)*h(t)
Taking Fourier transform
Y(w)=X(w)H(w)
H (w)=Y(w)/X(w)
H (w) is called frequency response of system.
Program Code: (Example)
h1=(0.5)^n;
a=[1,-0.5];
b=[1];
w=-pi:.01:pi;
[h,p]=freqz(b,a,h);

% plot of the magnitude of frequency response of the system

subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w,h);
grid on;
title('plot of the magnitude response ');
xlabel('w');
ylabel('|H[w]|');

% plot of the phase of frequency response of the system

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(p);
grid on;
title('Phase response ');
xlabel('w');
ylabel('<H[w]');

Observation/Plot

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

 Experiment No.:-11

OBJECTIVE:-Write a Matlab code to plot poles &zeros of the given Z transform of signal.
Hardware/Software Required:-
1) MATLAB version 7.6
2) Computer
3) Printer
THEORY:- A pole-zero plot shows the location in the complex plane of the poles and zeros of
the transfer function of a dynamic system, such as a controller, compensator, sensor, equalizer,
filter, or communications channel. By convention, the poles of the system are indicated in the
plot by an X while the zeroes are indicated by a circle or O.A pole-zero plot can represent either
a continuous-time (CT) or a discrete-time (DT) system. For a CT system, the plane in which the
poles and zeros appear is the s plane of the Laplace transform. In this context, the
parameter s represents the complex angular frequency, which is the domain of the CT transfer
function. For a DT system, the plane is the z plane, where z represents the domain of the Z-
transform. This function displays the poles and zeros of discrete-time systems.
zplane(b,a) where b and a are row vectors, first uses roots to find the zeros and poles of the
transfer function represented by numerator coefficients b and denominator coefficients a. The
transfer function is defined in terms of z-1:

Zplane (b,a) plots the zeros specified in column vector b and the poles specified in column vector
a in the current figure window. The symbol 'o' represents a zero and the symbol 'x' represents a
pole. The plot includes the unit circle for reference. If z and p are arrays, zplane plots the poles
and zeros in the columns of z and p in different colors.
Program Code: (Example)
b= [1 0 0 -8];
a= [1 0 -1];
Zplane (b, a);
Observation/Plot

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209

Result:-Practical result is closely matched with experimental result.

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LABORATORY EC-209