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Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
Exercise-induced muscle soreness falls into two categories: Acute and delayed
onset.Acute muscle soreness develops during or after strenuous exercise performed to
the point of muscle exhaustion. This response occurs as a muscle becomes fatigue
during acute exercise because of the lack of adequate blood flow and oxygen (ischemic)
and a temporary buildup of metabolites, such as lactic acid and potassium, in the
exercise muscle. The sensation is characterized as a feeling of burning or aching in the
muscle2.
Study Design: Experimental design. Study Type: Comparative study. Sample Size: 50
students. Sampling Method: Random sampling. Study Duration: 3 Days (72hrs) per
Inclusion Criteria: Both male and female, 18-21 years of age & who are willing to
participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: Subjects with recent fracture of upper
extremity, Subjects with musculoskeletal problem in shoulder or elbow joint or wrist
joint, subjects with any congenital deformity or contracture in upper extremity, regular
Sports persons, subject who are regular to gym& subjects under any resisted exercise
program
PROCEDURE
From subjects written informed consent is obtained and those who satisfied the inclusion
and exclusion criteria were selected randomly and divided into two groups (Group A&
Group B) with 25 participants in each groups. The individuals in both the Groups(A&B)
were made to do eccentric contraction of biceps brachi muscle of non dominant hand to
induce soreness using dumbbells. After 3hours of eccentric contraction of biceps brachii
both the interventions Passive Stretching and Massage was applied on subjects of
respective groups on non dominant arm to prevent the symptoms of delayed onset
muscle soreness. Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, in 24
To induce delayed onset muscle soreness in biceps brachii subjects are instructed to do
10 sets of 6 maximal voluntary eccentric contractions of elbow flexors on the non
dominant side in standing position with the help of the dumbbells Subjects tried with
different dumbbells and10 RM decided, this considered as the weight of the dumbbells
GROUP A INTERVENTION
After 3hrs4 of inducing delayed onset muscle soreness Group A subjects received
passive
stretching of non dominant biceps brachii muscle. Passive Stretching were held for 30
sec of 5 sets.
GROUP B INTERVENTION
After 3hrs4 of inducing delayed onset muscle soreness group B subjects received
massage to non dominant biceps brachii muscle. Subjects were instructed to wear
minimal clothing for the appropriate arm in supine lying position. Pillow was placed
along the side of trunk so that they can rest on it in a degree of slight abduction and
flexion of shoulder. Powder used as a lubricant the10-minute massage given massage
techniques consisted of stroking, effleurage, petrissage(kneading), friction, hacking,
picking up and repeated effleurage of elbow to shoulder.4
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
Symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (Vas)
Goniometeric Measurements& Upper Arm Circumference Outcome measures were
assessed before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, 24 hrs after the
intervention, 48 hrs after the intervention, 72 hrs after the intervention from both the
groups.
Table: 1 Comparison of VAS score pre and post test in Group A and Group B
GROUP A GROUP B
Mean SD Paired t P Mean SD Paired t P
test Value test Value
PRE TEST 4.80 1.354 17.725 0.000 4.36 1.287 16.937 0.000
POST TEST 4 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 ***
***
PRE TEST = Before the intervention, POST TEST1= Immediately after the intervention, POST TEST 2= 24 hrs after the
intervention, POST TEST 3=48 hrs after the intervention, POST TEST 4= 72 hrs after the intervention.
Table 2: Comparison of Arm circumference pre and post test in Group-A & Group B
GROUP A GROUP B
Table 3: Comparison of Elbow Range of Motion pre and post test in Group A & Group
B
GROUP A GROUP B
*** - There is a statistical significance difference between Pre and Post test in the Range of motion for Group A &
Group B at 95% [P < 0.05] PRE TEST = Before the intervention, POST TEST1= Immediately after the intervention,
POST TEST 2= 24 hrs after the intervention, POST TEST 3=48 hrs after the intervention, POST TEST 4= 72 hrs after
the intervention.
*** - There is statistical significance difference between Group A and Group B at 95%[P0.05]NS - Not
statistical significance difference between Group A and Group B at 95%[P0.05]
PRE TEST = Before the intervention, POST TEST1= Immediately after the intervention, POST TEST 2=
24 hrs after the intervention, POST TEST 3=48 hrs after the intervention, POST TEST 4= 72 hrs after the
intervention.
RESULTS
Comparison of VAS score pre and post test in Group A (passive stretching) &Group B
(massage) shows there is a significant difference between pre and post test at
immediately after the intervention, 24,48 and 72 hours at 95%[p0.05].
Comparing the pre and post test of arm circumference in Group A(passive stretching)&
Group B (massage) there is a significant difference between pre and post test at
immediately after the intervention, 24,48 and 72 hours at 95%[p0.05].
Comparing the pre and post test of elbow range of motion in Group A (passive
stretching) & Group B (massage) shows there is a significant difference between pre and
post test at immediately after the intervention, 24,48 and 72 hours at 95%[p0.05].
Comparison of VAS score between Group A and Group B shows there is statistical
significant difference exist in post test1 of Visual analogue scale score between Group
DISCUSSION
On comparing pre and post test of VAS score in passive stretching group P value of
post test is P0.05 hence there is a statistical significant difference between pre and post
test, this implies that passive stretching group has effect on reducing the pain. Similarly
pre and post test of VAS score of massage group shows reduction of pain.
On comparing pre and post test of Elbow range of motion in both the groups each
group shows statistically significance difference between pre and post test, implies both
the interventions has effect on increasing in Range of Motion.
On comparing the VAS score between passive stretching group and massage group P
value is 0.05 hence there is no statistical significance difference in 24hours(post test
2), 48hours(post test 3), 72hours(post test 4), but P value of post test 1 is 0.05 hence
there is a significant difference immediately after the intervention. This proves massage
On comparing the Arm Circumference measures between passive stretching group and
massage group P value of post test is P0.05 hence there is no statistical significance
immediately after the intervention(post test 1), 24hours(post test 2), 48 hours(post test
3), 72hours (post test 4). This means the effects are same on comparing passive
stretching group and massage group.
On comparing the Elbow Range of Motion measures between passive stretching group
and massage group P value of post test are 0.05 hence there is a statistical significant
difference between passive stretching group and massage group.
All the reviews except Weber et al reported that massage had positive effects on
Delayed onset of muscle soreness, this study also found that massage intervention
reduces pain and improve in Range of Motion when compared to the passive stretching
group and indicate passive stretching could not prevent Delayed onset of muscle
26
soreness as it is suggested in reviews.
It is difficult to explain how massage reduces Delayed onset of muscle soreness, because
no authors yet described the effects of massage on cellular events or patho physiologic
changes in the muscle or connective tissue after eccentric exercise. Increasing blood
flow appears to be a major consequence of massage. 17 Increasing in blood and lymph
flow may enhance removal of pain substrates that starts to accumulate in the injured
area, reducing swelling. In this study it has been found that there is reduction of pain
and increase in Range of Motion in massage group when compared with passive
stretching Group as it is discussed in above paragraphs.
CONCLUSION
The result of this study Conclude that Massage decreased the pain and increased the
Range of Motion but did not reduce swelling , thereby massage is effective than passive
stretching on preventing symptoms of delayed onset of muscle soreness.
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