2012 First International Conference on Renewable Energies and Vehicular Technology

A Comparative Study of Harmonic Current Identification for Active

Power Filter

L. MERABET1, S. SAAD2, A. Omeiri3, D. Ould Abdeslam4,

1
Electrical department of Annaba University, Algeria, Email: lei_elt@yahoo.fr
2
Electromechanically department of Annaba University, Algeria, Email: saadsalah2006@yahoo.fr
3
Electrical department of Annaba University, Algeria, Omeiri-amar@univ-annaba.org
4
MIPS laboratoire, Universit de Haute Alsace, 4 rue des frres lumire, 68093 Mulhouse, France,
djaffar.ould-abdeslam@uha.fr

ABSTRACT

Active power filter requires accurate harmonic current identification to compensate harmonics in power system
distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative study of two techniques for harmonics currents
identification based on P-Q theory and Adaline(ADAptiveLINear Element) neural networks.
The harmonic current can be identified from powers or currents. The first method is based on the instantaneous
powers taking advantage from relationship between load currents and power transferred from the supply source to the
loads. The second method concerns the artificial neural networks based on the LMS (least mean square) algorithm.
This approach adjusts the weights by iteration and provides more flexibility to perform the compensation. The
developed architecture is validated by computer simulation proving its effectiveness, capability and robustness.

Key words-- Nonlinear load- Active power filter- conventional PID controllers [5], [8], [10], [11], [12].
Harmonics- Fourier series Adaline, neural This paper presents a comparative study of two
network. techniques for harmonics currents identification. The
first technique is based on instantaneous power theory
1. INTRODUCTION and the second is based on
Adaline(ADAptiveLINearElement)neural network, [9].
The switching action of the rectifying device The developed algorithms are simulated. The obtained
produces non sinusoidal current in the a.c. supply. resultsare compared, and discussed
Therefore, the value of the supply impedance will
differ for each harmonic frequency; hence the voltage 2. PRINCIPLE OF SHUNT APF
in the point of common coupling will contains
harmonic voltage components. The APF is a voltage source inverter connected to the
If other loads or consumers are fed from this point three-phase line through the inductor L Fig.1. This
the system react to each particular frequency. inverter injects an appropriate current into the system
Furthermore, harmonic voltages and currents tocompensate harmonic current that is responsible for
propagate into the supply system, increasing losses, low power factor.
causing measurement errors and interfering with other PCC
consumers. Ld
Currentlyactivepower filters have been widely used,
i
Supply s
studied and presented as a solution to mitigate ih + i L1
harmonics from power network. These filters are ih
classified into shunt active power filter, series active L Rd
power filter, hybrid filters (parallel passive filters and
series active power filter) and finally, Unified Power
Non-linearload
Quality Conditioner UPQC (series active power filter
and shunt active power filter) [1], [2].
Actually, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been
successfully applied to power systems [3], [4], [5] Inverter
especially for harmonic identification [6], [7], [8], [9].
The learning capacities of the ANNs allow on online
adaptation to any change in electrical network
parameters. C
These techniques are also applied to the control of
active filter to improve its performances and replace the Figure 1. Principle of APF

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978-1-4673-1170-0/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 366
 3. INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY (p-q as shown in equation (7).
theory)
p v v i
The instantaneous power theory [1], [2] is defined q = _ v
v i
on the basis of the instantaneous values of voltage and (7)
current waveforms in a three phase system.
The currents can be deduced by:
-axis
1
v v
v b , ib i
i =
p
q
v , i
v v (8)
a-axis
The active and reactive powers as calculated from
va , ia equation (7) and can be split into DC and AC
v c , ic components as illustrated below:
v , i -axis
c-axis p= ~
p+ p
(9)

Figure 2.The instantaneous space vectors q = q~ + q

(10)
Using the Clarke transformation, these three-phase Wherep and q are the DC active and reactive
vectors are transformed to the orthogonal
, , o coordinate system.
power while ~p and q~ are the AC active and
reactive power. Two low-pass filters are needed to
1
extract ~p and q~ , [1]. If the system is designed to
1 1
2 2 2
v 0 v sa compensate harmonic and reactive power drawn by
2 1 1 v
v = 3
1
2

2 sb the load simultaneously, it has to eliminate the two
v v sc components of instantaneous reactive power
3 3 (1)
0 ~ ) as well as the AC component of the
( q and q
2 2
1 1
1 instantaneous real power ( ~
p ).
i0
2
2 2
i sa
2 1 1 i The and reference currents that are needed
i = 3
1 sb
i
2 2
i sc to achieve the required compensation are calculated
3 3
(2)
by the following equations:
0 2 2
1

i ref v v ~ p
Since the load is balanced, and there is no neutral = q~ + q
(11)
line, the system does not have a zero-sequence, v0
i ref v v

and i0 are equal to zero and the system equations are The obtained three-phase harmonics currents that
simplified to: the inverter has to inject into the supply are given by
(12):
1 1 v sa
1
v 2 2 2 v 1 0
v = sb i refa
3 3 3
0 v sc 2 1 3 i ref (12)
2 2 i refb =
1 1 i 3 2 2 i ref
1 i sa
refc
i 2 2 2 i 1 3
i = sb
3 3 3
0 i sc
(3) 2 2 If the system is unbalanced it is necessary to
calculate the direct voltage components. This can be
achieved by a conventional [11], [12] or a neuronal
(4) PLL [6], [9], [10].

The conventional instantaneous power in a three- 4. DIPHASE CURRENTS NEURAL METHOD

phase system p and q in [1], [2] was based on the Diphase currents neuronal method introduced in
following equation: [13] is simple and provides more flexibility with a
linear approach based on the Adaline Neural
p = v i + v i (5)
Networks and presents a less computations
compared to the instantaneous power theory (IPT).
q = v i + v i (6)
This method works in the DQ-space and can be
easily implemented.
Equations (5) and (6) are written in matrix form

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367
 4.1. Adaline neural network algorithm transformation and Park transformation.
The Adaline neural network [4], [5], [13]is a linear The Clarke transformation is applied to achieve
combiner that uses the LMS algorithm for its the components in the stationary reference
operation. Fig. 3, shows the structure of Adaline frames:
where x is an input vector of dimension n. The
output of Adaline can be calculated for any input xi idLa
i t (17)
as follow: i = T32 idLb


idLc
1 w0
x1 1 1
y 1
w1
t 2 2 2
T 32 =
. x2 w2
With : 3 3 3
. 0
2 2
.
In this approch, the zero-sequence components in
xn wn
voltages and currents are neglected. Then, a
Figure 3. Basic architecture of Adaline neural network modified Park transformation is applied to calculate
n
y = i=0
T
x ( i ) w ( i ) = x w (13) the dq components in the synchronous reference
4.2. Learning rules frame from the components.
i D i
Widrow proposed the LMS (least mean square) i = p( t ) i (18)
algorithm, which has been extensively applied in Q
adaptive signal processing and adaptive control [3], With, p ( t ) = cos( t ) sin( t )
[4], [9]. sin( t ) cos( t ) (19)

The LMS algorithm is structured as follows:
1: Initialise the weights and the learning rate
2: Present new inputs and desired output d of the
[] [ ]
iD 3 cos(1) N 3 cos((n1)t )
iQ = i1 sin( ) +
2 1
in n
n=2 2 sin((n1)t n )
(20) [ ]
neuron.
4: Calculate the error: These currents can be decomposed into two
= d y (14) components:
5: Update the weights, at simpling time k according - The continuous components
to the equation below:
iD 3 cos( 1 )
W ( k + 1) = W ( k ) + ( d k yk ) x( k ) , (15)
= i1 (21)

Where d the desired output, and ( 0 1 ) is iQ 2 sin( 1 )
the learning rate. - The alternative components
The weights of the Adaline are enforced to converge
to values which are representative of real harmonic ~
iD N
3 cos(( n 1) t n ) (22)
content of power distribution network. ~ = in
2 sin(( n 1) t n )
iQ n = 5 , 7 ,11,13 ...

4.3. Diphase harmonics currents identification

Two Adalines are used to learn the two linear
The Diphase Current Method works in the DQ-space expression shown in equation (20) and to estimate
and provides a good dynamic response for the the DC components, i D and iQ , of the instantaneous
identification on-line of fluctuating harmonics. If the
system is imbalanced we must calculate the direct DQ -currents.
angle d. This can be achieved by a conventional
The resulting three-phase harmonics currents are
[10], [11] or a neural PLL method [3], [14].
given by (23).
According to the Fourier series, the three-phase load
~
currents can be expressed as: iD = i D i D (23)
~
iLa cos(t 1) 2 N cos(nt n ) 2
iQ = i Q i Q

iiLb = i1 cos(t 12 3) + n=2 in cos(nt n 2 3) (16)
Lc cos(t 1+ 3 cos(nt n + 3
This load current can be written in the DQ-space
with i D and iQ by applying respectively the Clarke
This allows computing the reference currents that
will be injected on opposite phase in the power
system

3
368
 i refa ~ component and requires current and voltage -
iD (24)
i refb = T 32 p ( t ) ~ space transformation.
i iQ The diphase current method needs two Adalines for
refc
harmonics currents extraction and a Parks current
With space vector notation: transformation. The objective can be harmonic
T
i D ( t ) = W D X D ( t ) (25) current compensation, reactive power compensation
iQ (t ) = W Q
T
X Q ( t ) (26) and power factor correction.
And
3
5.2. Simulation results
3 3 3 3
WDT = i1 cos1 i5 cos5 . i5 sin5... iN cos N iN sin N Computer simulations with Matlab /Simulink are
2 2 2 2 2 carried out to validate the performance of the new
(27) approach under industrial operating conditionusing
the system parameters given in table 1. The system
is supplied from a balanced three-phase voltage
XDT = [1 cos(4t) .sin(4t)...cos(N 1)t sin(N 1)t] (28) sources feeding a three-phase diode bridge rectifier
3 3 3 3 3 (29) with inductive load. The parallel APF has the
WQ = i1 sin1 i5 cos5 i5 sin5 .... iN cosN
T
iN sinN structure of a three phase PWM power converter
2 2 2 2 2
connected to the line by an inductance. The DC link
XQT = [1 sin(4t) cos(4t) ....sin(N 1)t cos(N 1)t] (30) storage component is a capacitor.The DC voltage
Currents decomposition and learning are represented controller is a proportional-integral (PI) which
in Fig.4. receives as input the reference Vdc * and the measured

~ dc voltage Vdc , and outputs the reference active filter

w1
1 - iD current.
i Lc iD
i Lb cos( 4 kT )
+ Table.1. System parameter
i La sin( 4 kT ) w3
. Utility source Voltage (line -to-neutral) 230Vrms
. Frequency 50Hz
. .
cos(( N 1 ) t ) wn 1 i
Source resistance 0.25m
Tt 32 D est
Source inductance 19.4H
- Non-linear load Load inductance 3mH
w n

sin(( N 1 ) t )
e Load resistance 6.7
i i Active Power filter APF inductance 3mH
APF capacitance 400F
iD + Control bloc:
Carrier signal magnitude and 10, 10KHz
w1 frequency
1 ~
iQ - + iQ
sin( 4 kT )
p ( d ) w2 The reference current identified by the neuronal
cos( 4 kT ) p ( d )
method called the diphase current as shown in the
w3
. . Fig.7 is similar to the current identified by the
. iQ est
~ conventional p-q theory method based on the
. ~i Q

sin(( N 1 ) t )
wn 1
cos(( N 1 ) t )
wn
iQ
Figure 4. Diphase method current principle
5. COMPARATIVE RESULTS
5.1. Implementation consideration
In order to compare the p-q theory method with
the diphase currents method mentioned in sections 3
and 4, respectively different implementation aspects
have to be considered.
Table 2 gives an idea of the capabilities and the
complexity associated to each method. It can be seen
that the instantaneous power method needs two low
pass filters, a PLL to compute the direct voltage
i
i instantaneous powers. The time response of
irefa reference current for IPT (20 ms) is greater than for
e - irefb neural method (10 ms) Fig.7. The harmonics
T32
currents considered on the inputs of the two
+ irefc Adalines for Diphase Current Method are the 5th, 7th,
11th, 13th, 17th and 19th. The THDI is reduced from
25.73% (Fig.5) to 1.53% (Fig.8.b) for instantaneous
power identification and to 1.48% (Fig.9.b) for
diphase currents method based on neural approach.
Before compensation the phase-shift angle between
the fundamental current and the voltage is (Fig.5.a).
After compensation this angle is compensated. The
resulting power factor is therefore close to unit (Fig.
10).

4
369
At time t=0.06s, the nonlinear current is modified to For 0.01 <<0.03, the proposed neural approach
pass from 80A to 150A Fig.5.The neural method is instantaneously follows the load variation, Fig.6.
efficient and fast for identifying on-line fluctuating Then the learning rate must be tested for obtain the
harmonics than the IPT method under load convergence of this technique. The Adaline neural
fluctuation for learning rate (=0.01), Fig. 7. Fig.6 method can estimate on-line the harmonic terms
individually, and realize a selective compensation.

Table.2. COMPARATIVE METHODS

Identification Direct Referential Harmonics Reactive Valid for Harmonic
Methods components Time response required compensation power tri /single- extraction
required compensation phase system method
P-Q vd ~
p , q~ q Threephase Two LPF
20ms
theory

Diphase _ 10ms 20ms dq ~ ~ iQ Threephase Two

currents (=0.01) (=0.0005) iD , iQ Adalines

200 Figure 7.Harmonic components of load current estimated online

150
a by the Neuronal method (=0.01) and with IPT method.
100

FFT window: 1 of 5 cycles of selected signal

t (A)

50
100
n
rre
dcu

0
50
o
La

-50

-100
0

-150 -50
a
-200
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time (s) -100
0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
FFT window: 2 of 5 cycles of selected signal Time (s)
100 Fundamental (50Hz) = 89.46 , THD= 1.48%
0.7
50
0.6
0
0.5

-50 0.4
Mag

0.3
-100 b
0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
0.2
Time (s)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 86.85 , THD= 25.73% 0.1

20 0
0 5 10 15 20
Mag(%of Fundamental)

Harmonic order
15
b Figure 8. Source current wave form (a) and its harmonic spectrum
10
(b) with diphase current identification

FFT window: 1 of 5 cycles of selected signal

5
100

0 50
0 5 10 15 20
Harmonic order 0 a
Figure 5. Load current (a) and its spectrum (b) -50
80
=0.03
=0.02
-100
60 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
=0.001
=0.01 Time (s)
40 =0.0005
Fundamental (50Hz) = 89.52 , THD= 1.53%
20
0.7
fa(A
)

0
ire

0.6
-20
0.5
-40 b
Mag

0.4
-60
0.3
-80
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.2
t(s)

Figure 6.Harmonic components of load current estimated online 0.1

by the Neuronal method with several rate learning. 0

0 5 10 15 20
Harmonic order

100
Neural method
Figure 9. Source current wave form (a) and its harmonic spectrum (b)
80 IPT method
with instantaneous powers identification
60

ire 40
fa(
20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

5
370
 400

[6] D. OuldAbdeslam, J. Merckl, D. Flieller and

(isa(A))Neural method
300 (isa(A)IPT method)

200
Vsa(V)
Y.-A. Chapuis, A Unified Artificial Neural
100
Network Architecture for Active Power
Filters, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, Vol. 54, No.1, pp. 61-76, 2007.
0

-100

-200 [7] L.A. Moran, J.W. Dixon, R. Wallace, A

-300
-400
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time (s)
0.06
Figure 10. Supply voltage and current in phase each other
6. CONCLUSION
Two harmonics identification methods are studied in
this work. It can be noticed that the results are the
same, but there are some suggestions:
If the system is unbalanced it is necessary
to calculate the direct voltage components
for the p-q theory.
The neural method can estimate on-line the
harmonic terms individually, and realize a
selective compensation.
If the application requires a micro-
controller or a Field-Programmable Gate
Array (FPGA), the neural method is the
most suitable technique, and its Matlab
code of this algorithm can be converter
easily to another programming language,
such as C++ or JAVA.
The learning rate of algorithm must be
tested for obtain the convergence of this
technique.
The simple architecture of Adalines allows the
proposed method to be efficiently inserted in real-
time active filtering strategies.
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