2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
A Sliding mode Controller based STATCOM with
Battery storage for Voltage and Frequency
Stabilization in a Micro-Grid
Swagat Pati
Dept of Electrical Engineering, I.T.E.R
SOA, University
Bhubaneswar, India
swagatiter@gmail.com
S.K.Kar
Dept of Electrical Engineering, I.T.E.R
SOA, University
Bhubaneswar, India
sanjeebkar@soauniversity.ac.in.com
Abstract Self excited induction generators are preferred to
be one of the best machines for generation of electricity in remote
and rural areas due to its capability of generating electricity
without any external source. But on the other hand it is also a
challenging task to maintain its voltage and frequency under load
varying condition. In this paper we have considered a micro grid
system with a Self excited induction generator and doubly fed
induction generator as the source of generation connected by a
transmission line. The Self excited induction generator is
employed in a micro-hydro generation system where as the
doubly fed induction generator is used for power conversion in a
wind energy conversion system. A STATCOM with battery
energy storage system is connected to the load bus acting as a
compensator of active and reactive power, maintaining the
voltage and frequency of system constant under different loading
conditions such as linear load, nonlinear load and dynamic load.
Sliding mode controller is used to control the STATCOM in a
purpose to generate desired active and reactive power. The above
system is modeled and simulated in Matlab / Simulink and results
are presented
Keywords-component; Self excited induction generator, doubly
fed induction generator, STATCOM, Battery energy storage system,
microgrid, Sliding mode controller, active and reactive power
compensation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a days Micro-grids have become the most reliable
and feasible solution to confront the power crisis
throughout the globe. Mostly micro-grids rely on the
renewable sources of power such as wind, solar etc.
Most often the sources of renewable energy are present
at remote places where no supply of electricity is
available. In those areas self excited induction generators
978-1-5090-1277-0/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE
K.B.Mohanty
Dept of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, India
kbmohanty@nitrkl.ac.in
Swati Mishra
Dept of Electrical Engineering, I.T.E.R
SOA, University
Bhubaneswar, India
swati.mishra401@gmail.com
prove themselves quite useful as they do not require any
external source of electricity for generating power. But
despite of these advantages self excited induction
generators possess some draw backs such as they operate
in the saturation region of magnetization so they are very
vulnerable to load changes. Their voltage and frequency
vary quite severely due to load active and reactive power
changes. To stabilize the frequency of a SEIG based
generating system an electronic load controller is
implemented in [1]. In [2] the voltage and frequency of a
wind hydro hybrid system is controlled by the grid side
converter of the wind hydro hybrid system is controlled
by the grid side converter of the wind energy generation
system which is equipped with a battery storage system
connected to the dc link of the wind energy generation
system (WECS).STATCOMS are also proved useful in
maintaining the voltage of different systems by reactive
power compensation. In [3] a STATCOM with energy
storage is highlighted which can compensate both active
and reactive power in the system. STATCOMS also can
be used as active power filters which can improve the
current waveform of the system by reducing the
harmonic level in current. In [4] and [5] STATCOMS
have been used for the power quality improvement of
systems having nonlinear loads connected to them. The
frequency and voltage of a SEIG based system are
improved by using a STATCOM with battery storage
system in [6].
The performance of a STATCOM greatly depends upon
the controller used in the system. Generally PI
controllers are used for the control of STATCOM. But
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
PI controllers have stability issues and are much
vulnerable to parameter variations. In [7] an adaptive PI
controller is used to improve the performance of
STATCOM. Other than that robust controllers such as
Fuzzy logic controllers [8] and sliding mode controllers
[9] are now a days extensively used for the control of
different systems.
In this work a micro-grid system is considered which
houses two generation units. The first generating station
is a SEIG based micro hydro generating station and the
second one is a DFIG based wind energy conversion
system. Both the generating units are connected through
a short transmission line. The load bus is equipped with
a STATCOM with battery energy storage to control the
active and reactive power flow so as to control the
frequency and voltage of the system respectively. Sliding
mode controllers are used for the control of the
STATCOM and the performance of the system is
evaluated by subjecting the system to different loads
such as linear RL load, nonlinear load and dynamic load.
The whole simulation is done in Matlab / simulink.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The proposed system consists of a SEIG based wind
energy conversion system which has a STATCOM,
equipped with a energy storage system for active and
reactive power control under various load conditions.
There are two buses in the system bus-1 and bus-2 where
the bus-1 has the SEIG as well as the STATCOM and
load connected to it. Bus-2 has the DFIG based wind
energy conversion system connected to it. .SEIG houses
a 3-phase delta connected capacitor bank which provides
the necessary excitation as shown in Fig.2. The two
buses are connected through a transmission line as
shown in Fig.1.
Fig 1. Block diagram of micro grid system
The loads considered in this work are of three types, i.e.
linear load, dynamic load and nonlinear load. The power
is fed to the load both from the DFIG and SEIG. When
load varies fluctuation of voltage and frequency takes
place. The presence of STATCOM at the terminal of
bus-1 along with a Battery energy storage system
(BESS) controls the sudden change and provides
requisite reactive and active power respectively. IGBT
based back to back voltage source converter (VSC)
controls the power flow of the DFIG wind energy
conversion system. When there is excessive active power
generated by the SEIG and DFIG the battery energy
storage system stores the excessive active power and
when there is deficit active power, the needed active
power is supplied by the battery energy storage
system(BESS).Controllers such as PI and SMC are used
for the control of the system components.
Fig 2. Structure of SEIG
III. CONTROL OF STATCOM
STATCOM is used along with a battery energy storage
system connected at its dc terminal. The STATCOM is
using a decoupled controlled strategy which has two
control loops a active power control loops a active power
control loop and a reactive power control loop. In the
active power control loop the frequency deviation is fed
to a controller which gives the amplitude of the reference
in phase currents. Similarly the voltage error is fed to a
controller which gives the amplitude of the reference
quadrature currents in the reactive power control loop.
Both the in phase and quadrature currents are then added
to generate the three phase reference current. According
to the fluctuation in load STATCOM supplies or
consumes necessary reactive power improving the
voltage and frequency of system. The equation
associated with STATCOM are given below
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]

Fig 3. Control structure of STATCOM

wa = ub / 3 + u c / 3 (1) controller called sliding mode controller (SMC) is found

wb = 3ua / 2 + (ub uc ) / 2 3 _
as more robust and having faster response than PI
(2) controller. It is found that PI controllers possess stability
wc = 3ua / 2 + (ub uc ) / 2 3 (3) issues when the errors in the system are large. But
sliding mode controllers are more robust as compared to
iua = iu max u a PI controllers and are much more stable. One of the
advantages of using SMC controller is that any
iub = iu max ub parameter variation doesnt affect operation of the
iuc = iu max uc (4) sliding mode controller. The sliding surface of SMC is
These are the in phase component of STATCOM defined as
s (e, e) = e + e = 0
i wa = i w max wa Where and are positive constants
i wb = i w max wb (5) Switching function is given as
i wc = i w max wc 1 d 2
s n
2 dt
These are the quadrature component of STATCOM. Control law is given by
u=-k *sgn(s)
ia* = iua + iwa k is a constant. This control law can introduce chattering
in the system so in order to minimize it the control law
ib* = iub + iwb can be written as
ic* = iuc + iwc u=-kz(s)
(6)
where
These are the reference STATCOM current.
1 if s

Structure of smc controller z ( s) = 1 if s
The most widely used control structure is pi controller. s if - < s <

Though pi controller is used in most applications another
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]

By taking different values of we can tune the SMC
manually.
IV.
The system considered in this work is subjected to
three different types of loads i.e. linear R-L load,
dynamic load and nonlinear load.
Linear RL load
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
STATCOM becomes negative. Similarly when the load
reactive power increases at 3 sec the reactive power
supplied by the STATCOM also increases to maintain
the voltage of the system at a constant level.Fig.8 shows
the active and reactive power generated by the DFIG
based wind energy conversion system.
1500
phase a

Threephase voltage of SEIG

1000 phase b
First the system is subjected to a linear R-L load. Step phase c
changes are given in linear load at 2.5 sec and 3 sec. At 500
2.5 sec there is a step change in load active power where
as at 3 sec the load reactive power is increased as can be 0
seen from Fig.4.
4
x 10 -500
3
Active and Reactive power of load

P of linear load
2.5 -1000
Q of linear load 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3
Time in seconds
2
Fig 6.Threephase voltage of SEIG with Linear load
1.5
4
1 x 10
2
Active and Reactive power
0.5
1
of STATCOM
0 P of linear load
2 2.5 3 3.5
Q of linear load
Time in seconds 0

Fig.4.Active and Reactive power of Linear load

-1
Due to the change in load the frequency response is
given in Fig .5.Which shows that the frequency is -2
2 2.5 3 3.5
maintained at quite a constant value during the load Time in seconds
change.
Fig 7.Active and Reactive power of STATCOM with Linear
60 load
Active and Reactive power of DFIG
Frequency of SEIG

55 1000

0
50
-1000
P of linear load
45 -2000 Q of linear load

-3000
40
2 2.5 3 3.5 -4000
Time in seconds
-5000
Fig .5.Frequency of SEIG with Linear load 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
Time in seconds
The line voltage is also maintained at a constant value Fig 8. Active and Reactive power of DFIG with Linear load
which can be seen from Fig .6. Fig .7 shows the active
and reactive power supplied by the STATCOM. From
Nonlinear load
the figure it is clearly seen that at 2.5 sec when the load
draws more active power the extra power is supplied by In this section the system performance is evaluated by
the STATCOM. So the active power response of the subjecting it to nonlinear load. The nonlinear load
considered in this work is a dc load fed through a 3-
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]

phase diode rectifier. Initially the system was subjected 60

to a linear RL load. At 2.5 seconds the nonlinear load is

Frequency of SEIG
switched on. As the nonlinear load is switched on the 55

load current gets distorted as shown in the Fig. 9.

50
40
45

20
40
Load current

2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6

Time in seconds
0
Fig 11.Frequency of SEIG with Nonlinear load

-20
phase a
1000 phase b

Threephase voltage
-40 pahse c
2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6

of SEIG
Time in seconds 500

Fig 9.Load current of SEIG

0
4
x 10
3 -500
Active and Reactive power

2.5 P of nonlinear load 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6

Q of nonlinear laod Time in seconds
2
Fig 12.Threephase voltage of SEIG with Nonlinear load
of load

1.5
40
1
STATCOM current

0.5 20
0
2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6 0
Time in seconds

Fig 10.Active and Reactive power of Nonlinear load -20

Fig .10 shows the active and reactive power consumed -40
by the load. Although there is a large change in the 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6
Time in seconds
active power demand the frequency and voltage are
maintained at a fairly constant level as can be seen from Fig 13.STATCOM current with Nonlinear load
Fig .11 and Fig .12. The required amount of active and
reactive power is supplied by the STATCOM as shown 4
x 10
2.5
in Fig .14. Fig .13 shows the STATCOM current. As the
P of nonlinear load
nonlinear load is switched on the STATCOM behaves 2
Active and Reactive power

Q of nonlinear load
like an active power filter and helps in reducing the 1.5
ofd STATCOM

current harmonics in the SEIG current waveform. The

1
SEIG current waveform is shown in Fig .15.
0.5

-0.5
2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6
Time in seconds

Fig 14.Active and Reactive power of STATCOM with

Nonlinear load
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
4
40 x 10
6 P of dynamic load

Active and Reactive power

20
4 Q of dynamic load

of STATCOM
SEIG current

0 2

0
-20
-2
-40
-4

-60 -6
2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3
Time in seconds Time in seconds

Fig 18.Active and Reactive power of STATCOM with

Fig 15.SEIG current with Nonlinear load Dynamic load
It is clear from the figure that the SEIG current has The required active and reactive power of the load is
less harmonics and is sinusoidal in nature although the supplied by the STATCOM as given in Fig .18. Due to
load current is non sinusoidal. which the voltage and frequency of the system is
Dynamic load maintained at a constant value. Fig.16 and Fig.17. show
In this section the system is subjected to a dynamic the frequency and voltage response of the system due to
load at 4 sec. The dynamic load considered in this work dynamic load.
4
x 10
is an induction motor load of 7.5 kW. The induction

Active and ractive power of load

6
motor load is started at 4 sec. During starting the motor P of dynamic load

draws a large amount of active and reactive power as can 4

Q of dynamic load

be seen in Fig. 19.

60
2

55 0
Frequency of SEIG

50
-2
45
3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3
40 Time in seconds

35 Fig.19.Active and Reactive power of Dynamic load

30
3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Time in seconds V. CONCLUSION
Fig 16.Frequency of SEIG with Dynamic load The voltage profile as well as the frequency of our SEIG based
1500 generation system is maintained constant in this work using a
phase a
Sliding mode controller. The outputs as shown in the previous
Threephase SEIG voltage

1000 phase b
phase c
section represents that the frequency of the SEIG is
500 maintained approximately equal to 50hz with only a small
deviation of 0.6Hz which is well within the 2% settling range
0 .Similarly the reference voltage in this work is set as 586 volts
(peak) and in the output, due to control action the STATCOM
-500
maintains the voltage about 586 volts with an error of 0.5 volt
which is quite acceptable.. So despite of varying load
-1000
3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1 4.15 4.2 conditions i.e. linear, nonlinear and dynamic load condition
Time in seconds
the proposed system has quite a constant voltage and
Fig 17.Threephase SEIG voltage with Dynamic load frequency with acceptable deviations.
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
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