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Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

techniques: Recapitulation in solar
photovoltaic systems

Article in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews February 2016

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.068

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 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques: Recapitulation

in solar photovoltaic systems
Deepak Verma n, Savita Nema, A.M. Shandilya, Soubhagya K. Dash
Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Unlled gap of prolonged energy demand by conventional energy sources and consent of global warming
Received 5 September 2014 as its vulnerable outcome provides a vent to search compatible option. Augmentation in use of solar
Received in revised form energy reveled through last 3 decades portrays its heterogeneous rewards in the prevailing energy
13 February 2015
scenario. Nevertheless solar PV system arises as viable option in the critical power system era its low
Accepted 23 October 2015
efciency energy conversion attribute necessitates an efcient power conversion system. The non-
linearity of IV (currentvoltage) characteristic and its alteration for an assorted insolation and tem-
Keywords: perature values may enable the alteration in terminal voltage. This may deviates maximum power point
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) due to which the available maximum power delivery to load can be differed. Literature of this eld
Solar PV systems
reiterated that the uniform insolation and partial shading condition demands undeniable need of
Partial shading
maximum power point tracking. Nonetheless through investigation in this direction furnishes the
Uniform insolation
availability of a bunch of such techniques; each of them posses its own pros and cones. This ubiquitous
trait of available maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques unfolds the complexity in its precise
selection. To diminish such complexity this paper offers a state of art of various MPPT technique and their
comprehensive comparative analysis based on 110 standard research articles. The focus of this paper is to
offer a better commencement and to furnish valued information for investigators of this eld.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
2. Need of maximum power point tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
2.1. Impact of insolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
2.2. Impact of temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
2.3. Impact of shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
2.4. Operating strategy of MPPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
3. Maximum power point tracking algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
3.1. Constant voltage method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
3.2. Pilot cell method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
3.3. Constant current method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
3.4. Curve tting method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
3.5. Look up table method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
3.6. Perturb and observe (P&O) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
3.6.1. Hill climbing method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
3.6.2. Beta method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
3.6.3. Variable step size incremental resistance (INR) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
3.6.4. Estimated perturbperturb (EPP) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.6.5. Three point weight comparison method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.7. Incremental conductance (INC) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 9893853816.
E-mail addresses: deepakverma16@gmail.com (D. Verma), s_nema@yahoo.com (S. Nema), arunshandilya@yahoo.com (A.M. Shandilya),
soubhagya.skd@gmail.com (S.K. Dash).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.068
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1019

3.8. DC link capacitor droop control or Parasitic capacitance method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

3.9. dP/dV or dP/dI feedback control method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.10. Load current or load voltage maximization method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.11. Current sweep method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.12. One cycle control (OCC) method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.13. Slide control method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
3.14. System oscillation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.15. Ripple correlation control (RCC) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.16. State space based method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.17. Linear current control (LCC)/linearization based method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.18. PV output senseless (POS) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.19. Gradient descent or steepest descent method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.20. Analytic solution based method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
3.21. Variable inductance method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
3.22. Temperature based method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
3.23. Bisect search theorem (BST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
3.24. Fuzzy logic control method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
3.25. Articial neural network (ANN) based method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
3.26. Method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO)/ant colony optimization (ACO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4. Comparison and analysis of MPPT methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.1. Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.1.1. Indirect control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.1.2. Direct control methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.1.3. Soft computing technique based methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.2. Dependency of PV array (DPVA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
4.3. Implementation methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.4. Sensor required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.5. Stages of energy conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.6. Partial shading enabled (PSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.7. Grid interaction (GI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.8. Analog or digital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.9. Tracking efciency (TE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.10. Tracking speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.11. Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.12. Size of the PV array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.13. Product available in market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
4.14. Comparative analysis of the MPPT methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032

1. Introduction
Electricity demand is growing with highest rate of all the
energy consumed worldwide. Thus the mankind is facing a mas-
sive challenge of never ending increase in energy demand as a
result of overall socio economic growth [12]. The declining fossil
fuel resources and tremendous rate of its consumption to battle
the prevailing industrial revolution diverges us on the peak of
consumption of fossil fuel. Incompatibility of conventional sources
to fulll this bottomless valley of energy requirements, energy
security, and especially the sky-rocketing hike of fossil fuels prices
gives a work force direction to invent compatible option [35].
Despite of these unprovoked concerns, the global warming as an
unavoidable outcome of carbon emissions by the conventional
energy sources proves to be a momentous driver for renewable
energy sources deployment. Ubiquitous accessibility of renewable
energies like solar and wind offers a striking solution to comply all
these requirements. Continuous efforts of researchers have shown
an increased efciency in both the conversion and transport of
these energy sources. Thus they arises as an attractive alternative
option to conventional solution [67]. It is a trend which is almost
certain to evolve in upcoming power generation. All-pervading
and copious availability of solar energy has an outstanding
potential to make a signicant contribution to the worlds energy
needs. Two ways to extract the solar energy are solar thermal
plants and solar cells i.e. photovoltaic cells. In prevailing renewable
energy projects the photovoltaic cell (Solar PV) is on the leading
edge as the promising future energy technology option [8]. The
direct conversion of solar radiation to electrical energy by PV cells
has a number of signicant advantages. However its procient
extraction demands accomplishment of some signicant chal-
lenges such as energy uctuation, huge investment low energy
conversion efciency of module, and energy cost [911]. Reducing
energy cost of PV system is a big issue since maintenance
requirement is very low and the only real cost savings to be made
is in efciency enhancement. Recent literature reveals that
research efforts target to enhance the power output of the module
in terms of MPPT. A photovoltaic (PV) module has non-linear IV
(currentvoltage) characteristics and its PV (powervoltage)
characteristics shows that there exist only one point (Pmax) where
the module deliver maximum power as shown in Fig. 1. This point
also varies with the change in insolation and temperature as
shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Thus the mismatch between load and
source characteristics curtails the availability of maximum possi-
ble accessible power delivery to load which causes a signicant
power loss. An electronic circuitry used to match the character-
istics of module with respect to maximum power to avoid this
power loss is called maximum power point tracker (MPPT).
Approximately 40 various methods are reported in literature
to track the maximum power point, some of them are very much
close to other method as to their operating principle. This paper
1020 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

10
Isc Cuurent curve
Power curve

Current (A) / Power (W)

6
Pmax
Im
4

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Vm 0.6 Voc 0.7
Voltage (Volt)

Fig. 1. Solar cell IV and PV characteristic.

10

8 T = 298 K
Current (A) / Power (W)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Voltage (Volt)

Fig. 2. Solar IV and PV characteristic with different insolation and for constant temperature.

discusses 31 commonly used methods and compares them on the 2.2. Impact of temperature
basis of 12 parameters.
Temperature is another factor which shows a momentous inu-
ence on the characteristic of solar cell. With increase in temperature
2. Need of maximum power point tracking open circuit voltage increases proportionally but the short circuit
current decreases logarithmically. Fig. 3 reects this peculiarity of
The concept of MPPT is explain by considering an example of solar cell characteristic for different temperature values.
monocrystalline solar cell Q6LMXP3-G3 made by Q-CELLS. The
simulations are conducted with the cell parameters obtained
from datasheet [12]. Fig. 1 depicts the IV characteristic and 2.3. Impact of shading
power versus voltage curve of a single solar cell. It indicates that
the solar PV can give maximum power only at a single point. For Along with temperature and insolation partial shading also
extracting the maximum power from the cell the operating vol- shows a major inuence on solar cell characteristic. When more
tage or current should be corresponding to the maximum power than one PV module are connected and one of them is partially
point (Pmax) i.e. Vm and Im respectively under a given temperature shaded then the insolation received by both the module are dif-
and insolation [11]. ferent. This mismatch condition is explained by considering an
The characteristics of solar cell are signicantly inuenced by example of two series connected Q6LMXP3-G3 solar cell with their
terminal voltage V1 and V2, total power P and total voltage V as
 Insolation. shown in Fig. 4. It shows the shading condition with bypass diode
 Temperature.
mitigation strategy. Figs. 5 and 6 show the characteristic of solar
 Partial shading condition [1317].
PV for this shading condition.
As explained above it is seen that all these time variant and
The impacts of such environmental factors are explained as
environmental dependent factors shows a major contribution in
follows.
the changes of the operating point or maximum power point
2.1. Impact of insolation (MPP) throughout the day. The function of maximum power
point tracking is to shift this changing operating point to the
The changes in characteristic with variation in insolation are point (Pmax) where the module delivers maximum power. The
shown in Fig. 2. The short circuit current (Isc) of the solar cell is the phenomenon of tracking the maximum power point is same as
function of insolation and reduces proportionally with decrease in impedance matching by tape changing transformer in case of AC
insolation. Fig. 2 reects that the point of maximum power also and in DC a DCDC converter is used to convert output voltage of
varies with respect to changing insolation. solar cell with respect to Pmax by changing duty ratio.
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1021

10
273 K
303 K
8 333 K

Current (A) / Power (W)

Insolation = 1000 w/m2
6

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Voltage (Volt)

Fig. 3. Solar cell characteristic with different working temperature and constant insolation.

10
00
W
/m
2

Solar Cell 1
500

Bypass
W/m

Diode
2

Solar Cell 2
Bypass
Diode

Fig. 4. Operation of solar PV under partial shading condition.

10
Power Curve
Current Curve
8
Current (A) / Power (W)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Voltage (Volt)
Fig. 5. IV and PV Curve under partial shading condition.

2.4. Operating strategy of MPPT
After analyzing impact of environmental issues such as inso-
lation and temperature as well as shading condition on solar cell
characteristic, the operating strategy of MPPT is explained by
considering an example for tracking maximum power with change
in insolation as shown in Fig. 7. It gives the solar cell characte-
ristic for three different insolation for a linear resistive type load,
leading to different maximum power points which are A, B and C
as shown in Fig. 2. As the load is linear, the operating points and
corresponding terminal voltages of the cell are A, B and C and it is
clear from the Fig. 7 and Fig. 2 the power delivered by the solar cell
with respect to point A, B and C is less than the available power.
The maximum power point tracking operating strategy evokes
the concept of holding the terminal voltage corresponding to the
maximum power point i.e. A, B and C instead of operating point
A, B and C. Thus an electronic circuitry used to drag the operating
point of solar cell to the maximum power point is known as
maximum power point tracker.
1022 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

P vs. V1, V2

5
4
3

P
2
1
0
0.6
0.5
0.4 0.6
0.3 0.5
0.3 0.4
V2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 V1
0 0

Fig. 6. Three dimensional curve PV power versus voltages.

10
A'
T = 298 K
8 A
Current (A) / Power (W)

B
B'
6

4 C
C'
2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Voltage (Volt)

Fig. 7. Maximum power point for different insolation.

3. Maximum power point tracking algorithms can be avoided. VREF or voltage corresponding to the MPP can be
calculated by (2):
The noteworthy methods reported in literature are:
V REF K 3  V ocpilot cell 2

3.1. Constant voltage method where K3 Econstant o1.

Constant voltage method is based on the observation that the 3.3. Constant current method
maximum power point occurs between 72% and 78% of the open
circuit voltage Voc, for the standard atmospheric condition. The Constant current method is based on the same phenomenon of
solar PV module always operates at the constant voltage in this the constant voltage method. In the constant voltage method the
range [18,19]. The duty ratio () of the DC to DC convertor ensures PV array operates at the constant voltage and in this method PV
that the PV voltage is equal to: array operates at the constant current. The maximum power point
V REF K 1  V oc 1 arrives between 78% and 92% of the short circuit current Isc [21]
thus the sensed parameter is short circuit current.
where K1 0.720.78
Fig. 8 shows that after VOC is sampled by a sampler, VREF which IREF K2  Isc 3
is calculated by (1) is kept constant during one sampling period by where K2 0.780.92
hold circuit, now duty ratio is adjusted to make VPV VREF . For
next sample again VOC is sampled and the same procedure is
3.4. Curve tting method
repeated for each samples. Fig. 9 depicts the ow chart of this
method.
The characteristic of solar PV is non linear, which can be
The method is simple, fast and easy to implement but shows
modeled mathematically by using a curve tting method. The
limited accuracy, Voc is required to be measured at regular interval
nonlinear characteristic of a solar array can be approximated as:
and used only where lethargic temperature variation is observed.
Based on the same operating principle one more method is P PV K 4 V 3PV K 5 V 2PV K 6 V PV K 7 4
available in the literature named as pilot cell method which is
At maximum power point, dPPV/dVPV 0
described as below;
q
 K 5 K 25 3K 4 K 6
3.2. Pilot cell method VM 5
3K 4
In this method a pilot cell is used to calculate the open circuit where K 4 ; K 5 ; K 6 ; K 7 ; are constant and can be obtained by
voltage instead of the whole PV array [20]. After simple calculation polyt command in MATLAB.
array open circuit voltage i.e. Varray can be directly evaluated, Also it has been shown that PPV is a function of array voltage
which reduces the efforts of measuring Voc at regular interval i.e. and temperature. Ref. [22] gives a modied curve tting method
the problem of disconnection of PV from the load at every sample that predicts the PV characteristic curve of a PV array with a
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1023

Vsmp VREF VREF

Sampler K1 Hold +
+
Circuit

Voc
- -
Saw tooth
Vpv

Fig. 8. Maximum power point tracker using the constant voltage method.

Table 2
Methodology of hill climbing method.
Start
Perturbation in terminal Change in Next perturbation
voltage power

Positive Positive Positive (increment in duty

ratio )
Positive Negative Negative (decrease in duty
Sense Vpv ratio )
Negative Positive Negative (decrease in duty
ratio )
Yes
Negative Negative Positive (increment in duty
ratio )
Vpv = VREF

No
3.6. Perturb and observe (P&O) method

The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is the most com-

No Vpv > VREF Yes
monly used in practice because of its ease of implementation. The
method is basically iterative approach, in which operating point of
solar PV oscillates around the maximum power point.
In Fig. 1 the power versus voltage curve of solar PV shows that,
= + = - change in power with respect to voltage (dP/dV) is positive,
negative and zero for region before maximum power point, after
maximum power point and at maximum power point, respectively
[24].
Fig. 9. Flow chart of the constant voltage method. This method is applied by perturbing the operating voltage at
regular interval and oscillating around the point dP/dV 0 i.e. MPP.
The operation explained in Table 1.
Table 1
The method is easy to implement, shows moderate accuracy,
Methodology of P&O method. operating point oscillate around MPP, the method is slow and not
suitable for fast changing condition, Oscillation can be minimized
Perturbation Change in power Next perturbation by reducing perturbation step size which slow down the MPPT,
Positive Positive Positive
measurement of both voltage and current is required.
Positive Negative Negative Hill climbing, beta method, variable step size INR method,
Negative Positive Negative estimated perturbperturb and three point weight comparison
Negative Negative Positive method uses the same fundamental principle of P&O with slight
change in operating principle [2529] and can be sub-classied
fourth-order polynomial for varying temperatures. as below;

P PV V PV ; T array K 8 T array V 4PV K 9 T array V 3PV K 10 T array V 2PV 3.6.1. Hill climbing method
Hill climbing and P&O method are two different methods with
K 11 T array V PV K 12 T array 6 same fundamental principle. P&O involves perturbation in term-
inal voltage to perform MPPT whereas the hill climbing method
involves perturbation in duty ratio () [3032]. The methodology is
3.5. Look up table method explained in the Table 2 and ow chart given in Fig. 10.

In this method, the measured values of array's voltage and 3.6.2. Beta method
current are compared with previously stored values which har- In this method a coefcient beta () is used, which is given as;
monize the operating point of array with respect to the maximum  
Ipv q
power point. The stored database contains different system con- ln   Vpv 7
Vpv kT 
dition for any insolation and temperature, and corresponding
maximum power point for specic solar PV array [23]. where k is Boltzmann's constant, is diode quality factor, T is
The major disadvantage of this method is the requirement of ambient temperature in Kelvin and q is electric charge.
bulk storage memory. Higher accuracy in tracking increases the Eq. (7) indicates that value of is independent from the inso-
number of operating conditions which requires more storage data. lation but depends on the temperature. In this method the solar
The tracking scheme is specic for array thus the implementation PV operates near to this value rather than the MPP. The method
is complex, also considering all possible system conditions are fetches the operating point close to the value of beta in few
bothersome to store and archive. iterations thereafter P&O methods with ner steps can be used to
1024 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

Fig. 10. Flowchart of P&O method.

variation in maximum power point is small for xed temperature

even as the insolation is varied over a wide range. Despite of that
there is an inverse relationship between the value of and tem-
Start
perature. A range i.e. max to min is given by [33] for specic PV
system where the algorithm gives appropriate solution. However
Beta method can also be used along with another method such as
incremental conductance as reported in literature.

Sense Vpv, Ipv 3.6.3. Variable step size incremental resistance (INR) method
In case of xed step size P&O method, if step size is large
method become faster but oscillations occur around MPP is higher
which reduces the system efciency and similarly smaller step
Calculate =[ln(Ipv/Vpv)] - (q/(kT))Vpv size, increases the system efciency but slows down the tracking
speed. The INR method gives the solution to the problem as:

 dP 
k k 1 7N   \2pt\  tj 8
dV
where N is scaling factor which governs step size in case of the
P&O method (8) becomes
Switch over to Hill Climbing or other methods 
and implement the duty cycle dP 
k k 1 7N   \2pt\  tj 9
d
For obtaining scaling factor [34] introduced a simple method
N o max =jdV
dP
j
Fig. 11. Flowchart of beta method. where max is largest step size, the INR method gives a simple
and effective variable step size angle:
    
track the exact MPP [33]. Fig. 11 shows the ow chart of the dP 
 \2pt\  t   tan ; 900 o o900 10
method.  dI
Since temperature and insolation shows vague dependency, the
value of is calculated for different insolation and temperature for Sk I ref max  sin k o I ref max 11
a particular PV system. is evaluated with maximum and mini- Around MPP sin k becomes lesser thus step size Sk becomes
mum value of temperature and insolation and it is observed that smaller.
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1025

Table 3 Fig. 13 shows the schematic diagram of the method. It shows

Methodology of the INC method. that the output of the boost converter is fed to the inverter across
terminals a and b. Now the operating power of the array can be
Before MPP After MPP At MPP
increased by increasing the amplitude of the line current of ac
dP
40 dI
or dV VI 4 0 dP
o0 dI
or dV VI o 0 dP
0 or dV
dI
VI 0 system. As long as the output power of the PV is less than the Pmax,
dV dV dV
the power increases with the increase in line current and V*link
remains constant. After reaching the maximum power the V*link
3.6.4. Estimated perturbperturb (EPP) method starts decreasing thus the equilibrium condition is disturbed
This method is an advanced version of P&O method [35]. EPP which can be controlled by the change in duty ratio of the boost
method uses two operating modes, mode 1 for estimate process converter. Thus in steady state at the constant V*link the maximum
and mode 2 for perturbation. The name estimated-perturbper- power point can be achieved [39,40].
turb gives all information about the principle of this method.
After two perturbations (mode 2 in which determination of next 3.9. dP/dV or dP/dI feedback control method
PV voltage is done) there is one estimation mode in which con-
troller stops tracking MPP by keeping PV voltage constant and Fig. 1 shows that the power kept on increasing till the MPP and
measures only the power variation or voltage variation due to then decreases thereafter that with respect to voltage or current.
environmental changes for the next control period. In the context of the above this method compares two consecutive
An additional estimated mode is there to improve the perfor- powers, but as compared to conventional methods, magnitude of
mance of MPPT signicantly, with fast changing insolation. the slope is also considered to determine MPP [41]. Three condi-
tions are there:
3.6.5. Three point weight comparison method Before MPP: p2 4 p1
The principle of this method is same as P&O method but in case At MPP: p2 p1
of P&O, method compares only two operating point and corre- After MPP: p2 op1
sponding power while in this method comparison is done reg- The following formula is used to determine the error in track-
ularly by perturbing the solar PV terminal voltage at three points: ing and duty ratio is adjusted accordingly.
A, B and C. Where A is the current operating point, B is next Z  
dP
operating point after perturbation at A and C is doubly perturbed A Kc Kp dt 14
dI
opposite to point B [36].
This method is fast in comparison with P&O also suitable for
fast changing condition. 3.10. Load current or load voltage maximization method

3.7. Incremental conductance (INC) method The method extracts the load parameter i.e. load voltage or
load current to control the MPP instead of input current or voltage,
This method is based on the fact that slop of the PV array Fig. 14 shows the schematic diagram of the method.
power curve is zero at the MPP (Pmax) as shown in Fig. 1, This can MPPT power stage or a matching network has an internal
be expressed as follows: controllable parameter proportional to Vout which controls the
power ow in the network. This matching network may be loss
Power : P V  I free resistor or a transformer.
dP
dV
I V dV
dI The operating principle of this method is based on the single
output parameter extraction, either voltage or current. By
At true MPPT increasing output voltage or current, power output increases until
dP the point of maximum power, thereafter power decreases with
0 further increase in voltage or current. In this way the operating
dV
point will converge to the MPP [42,43].
dI
I V 0
dV 3.11. Current sweep method

dI I
 12 To obtain the IV characteristic of the PV array, this method
dV V
uses sweep waveform for the PV array current which is updated at
where dI/dV: Incremental conductance, a regular time interval. Also for each interval VMPP can then be
I/V: Instantaneous conductance. calculated [4446].
Eq. (12) indicates that MPP can be found by comparing
instantaneous conductance to the incremental conductance. The 3.12. One cycle control (OCC) method
operation of this method can be divided in three zones as shown
in Table 3. The ow chart of the method is given in Fig. 12 [37]. One cycle control is the nonlinear control technique which is
The method is complex and computationally more demanding based on the integration of a variable (voltage or current), to
as compared to P&O [37,38]. convert the variable value equal to some reference value.
OCC based method is applied to grid connected solar PV system
3.8. DC link capacitor droop control or Parasitic capacitance method as shown in Fig. 15 in which single stage inverter perform the
operation of MPPT [4749].
This method is based on the power equilibrium at dc link, the
output of the boost converter is kept constant by changing the 3.13. Slide control method
duty ratio which is given by;
Slide mode control technique is used for nonlinear system, as
V cell
1 13 for MPPT the application of this control technique uses two modes
V link
of operation, one is approaching mode and another one is the
1026 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

Start

V = 0

No Yes

I/V = -I/V ? I = 0 ?

No No

I/V > -I/V ? I > 0 ?

Yes
Yes No
Yes Yes Np

Increase Decrease Increase Decrease

Operating Voltage Operating Voltage Operating Voltage Operating Voltage

Return

Fig. 12. Flowchart of the INC method.

Fig. 13. DC link capacitor droop control.

sliding mode, at MPP change in power with respect to voltage or

Iin Iout current is equal to zero.
+ +
MPPT PV I
Vin Vout LOAD
- Power Stage -
dP
0
dI
Vout Iout
 
dh 2 i d
Photovoltaic array
I R 2I  R I 2 R 0
Control dI dI

This method gives the solution at MPP:

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of load current or load voltage maximization
d
method. 0 2R I R 15
dI
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1027

IL
S1 S3
L
Is + LOAD
+ DC-AC
V1 Vdc Converter
- -
Vs
S4 S2

Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic Current
array Control
array Feedback
Fig. 15. Single phase grid connected inverter with solar PV system.
Fig. 16. Control diagram of POS method.

where is dened as sliding surface [5052]. Now duty ratio

is updated as given in (16) to achieve the MPP. 3.17. Linear current control (LCC)/linearization based method
(
for 4 0 The method graphically identies the intersecting point of two
update 16
for o 0 curves, power curve of PV represented by f P; I 0 and maximum
output power curve represented by dP dI
0. The maximum output
power curve can be represented by a linear line. To identify the
3.14. System oscillation method
intersecting point of above mentioned two curves, a simple analog
circuit is used. The phenomenon is same as to nd the operating
This method is based on the principle of maximum power
point of a transistor amplier for a specic load and the operating
transfer. It compares the ac component (oscillation due to the
point is intersecting point of transistor IV characteristic and load
variation of the duty ratio) to the average value of the input vol-
IV characteristic [56].
tage at the power conversion stage to determine the duty ratio. At
MPP the ratio of oscillation amplitude and average voltage is
constant [53]. In this method only voltage sensor is required and 3.18. PV output senseless (POS) method
methodology is easy to implement.
This method considers only one factor i.e. load current, to nd
3.15. Ripple correlation control (RCC) method MPP but it is applicable only for PV system with single phase DC
AC converter as shown in Fig. 16.
This method takes the advantage of the signal ripple, which is As the duty ratio of DCAC converter increases, the output
automatically present in power converters. The ripple is inter- current of the converter i.e. load current IL increases but the vol-
preted as a perturbation from which an optimization can be rea- tage decreases thus the relation between duty ratio and voltage
lized. Oscillation in power provided through all pass lter which can be obtained.
makes use of ripples to perform MPPT [54]. Method makes use of The concept of POS control method is that, if duty ratio ()
the (17) that at MPP: decreases the output current of power converter or load current
increases i.e. going towards the MPP. After MPP, decrease in duty
dP dV dP dI
 or  0 17 ratio results decrease in current IL i.e. going away from MPP. Thus
dt dt dt dt
using only one parameter load current, MPP is achieved [57].

3.16. State space based method

3.19. Gradient descent or steepest descent method

The method is based on the mathematical modeling of the PV

Gradient descent is the rst order optimization algorithm and it
system with DCDC converter and can be considers as a dynamic
is used to nd a local minimum of a function by tracking steps
system and represented by the state space equation:
proportional to the negative of the gradient. It is also known as
x_ t Axt Bt ut Dt 18 steepest descent method. This method is applied to nd nearest
where: x, state variable vector local MPP while the gradient of the function f V; P dVdP
is given
by:
u, switch duty ratio of DC/DC converter
 
, disturbance due to load variation  dP V V k
V k 1 V k   22
t, independent time variable dV k A
This method gives a control law u to obtain MPP
where k A is the step size corrector which decides the next step
u KT  MT g1 nt 19 size in the direction of gradient. For MPPT operation it is required
where the vector KT, MT and the parameter n are the controller to nd the solution where dVdP
or function become minimum (zero)
parameters that are to be dened during the design process. [5860].
The vector g1 is the reference signal which satisfy the max-
imum power condition. 3.20. Analytic solution based method
 : T
g 1 g t g t g\  t\2:5pt t 20 This method is based on the mean value theorem which is one
  of the most important method of real analysis which provides the
dV o
g t V o io 21 analytic solution of a point which is closer to MPP and inside a
dI o
circle of small radius [61].
Vo and io represent the load voltage and current. Line 1 in Fig. 17 is given by:
This method ensures a globally asymptotically stable system.
IL
This method is also applicable to fast changing environmental i  v IL 23
V oc
condition [55].
1028 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

Line 2
10
Isc
8

Current (A)
6
Im Line 1
4

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Vm 0.6 Voc 0.7
Voltage (Volt)

Fig. 17. Solar cell IV characteristic with parallel lines.

Variable inductor Membership

grade
LV NB NS ZO PS PB
D M1 1
Cin D1 C1
RL

E
0
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04
Vpv Ipv
Photovoltaic array
NB NS ZO PS PB
MPPT 1
Controller

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of variable inductor control of MPPT.

CE
0
where IL is light generated current of the solar cell, and line 2 is -80 -40 0 40 80
parallel to line 1 and tangent to the current curve.


Now 4 vpv ipv Rs  vMPP iMPP Rs
NB NS ZO PS PB
24 1

where vpv ; ipv is intersection of line 2 and near to MPP.

3.21. Variable inductance method 0 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04

This method introduces variable inductor in place of constant Fig. 19. Membership function for input error change in error and duty ratio.
inductor in DCDC buck converter along with MPPT controller
[62], shows the experimental results. This method is robust and
reliable with variation in insolation. This method is easy to implement and required simple cir-
Use of variable inductor in place of xed inductor in DCDC cuitry. Voltage and temperature of PV array are required to be
converter reduces the overall inductor size by 75%. For high measured.
insolation current would be high, inductance of lower value is
sufcient while in case of lower insolation (lower current) 3.23. Bisect search theorem (BST)
increased inductance required.
The minimum inductance is given by (25): It is a mathematical approach to locate the roots of any function
2 1 V pv y f x in an interval a; b. In context of applying BST in MPPT the
Lmin 25 function is VP
in between the interval 0; V oc . As is obvious from
2f s I pv
the characteristic of solar cell, it is a function which becomes zero
Fig. 18 shows the schematic diagram of variable inductor con- _
at MPP. Then the root xrepresents the solution [67].
trol, in which any of the conventional method can be apply with
variable inductance which reduces the overall size of the 3.24. Fuzzy logic control method
inductance.
Fuzzy logic is a set of multiple-valued logic, as compared to
3.22. Temperature based method binary set where variable has only two states true or false value.
Fuzzy logic variable have range between zero to one, which
In this method temperature of solar PV is measured. Variation introduces the concept of partial truth, where the variable value
in MPP with respect to the temperature is obtained in similar way may range between complete true and complete false.
of constant voltage method. Eq. (26) decides the reference tem- In the application of fuzzy logic controller for MPPT error
perature with respect to MPP: (E) and change in error (CE) at Kth iteration is:
V MPP t V MPP T ref T Kvoc T  T ref 26 P PV k  P PV k  1
E k 27
where VMPP is the MPP voltage, T is the working panel tem- iPV k  iPV k  1
perature, TKvoc is the temperature coefcient of VMPP, and Tref is the
CEk Ek  Ek 1 28
standard test conditions temperature [6366].
 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034 1029

Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer

Voc
WI{1,1} WL{2,1} Vmpp(n)

+ +
T(n) b{1} B{2}

2 1
Fig. 20. Feed forward neural network function approximator.

where PPV and iPV are the power and current of the PV array. In 1. Category
case of MPP, E(k) should be zero. 2. Dependency of PV array
For input and output variable Fig. 19 shows the membership 3. Implementation methodology
grades of ve fuzzy subsets. The input variable like voltage and 4. Sensor required
current are expressed in terms of labels (NB: negative big, NS: 5. Stages of energy conversion
negative small, ZO: zero, PS: positive small, PB: positive big). Fuzzy 6. Partial shading enabled
controller is designed in such a way that input variable E has to be 7. Grid interaction
always zero, which is the condition of MPP [6876]. 8. Analog or Digital
9. Tracking efciency
3.25. Articial neural network (ANN) based method 10. Tracking speed
11. Cost
ANN is a soft computing technique inspired by central nervous 12. Product available in market.
system (brain) and these computational models are capable of
machine learning and they are represented as the interconnected Some paper also found in literature which provides compara-
neurons (articial nodes) to form a network similar to biological tive analysis [9497].
neural network.
The block diagram for application of ANN in MPPT is shown in
4.1. Category
Fig. 20.
Two inputs are there Voc(n), the reference cells open circuit
MPPT methods can be classied under Indirect Control (IND),
voltage and time parameter T(n). Training of neurons considers the
connecting weights wI{1,1} and bias b{1}. In training process Direct Control (DIR) and soft computing techniques (SC) on the
connecting weights are modied until best t is achieved i.e. basis of their control strategy.
reference voltage corresponding to MPP [7785].
4.1.1. Indirect control methods
Indirect control methods are typically based on mathematical
3.26. Method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO)/ant col-
relationship obtained from the empirical data which may include
ony optimization (ACO)
the parameters and characteristic of the solar PV panel. Maximum
The PSO is a population based search algorithm, which is based power points are basically predicted ofine using various algo-
on analysis of the social behavior of birds and school of shes. The rithms, empirical data or mathematical equations. These methods
PSO approach can be applied to any optimization problem having are not suitable with fast changing environmental condition and
multivariable function with multiple optimal points. partial shading condition, also the MPP given by the method is not
Application of PSO/ACO in MPPT is basically about the tracking true but it is an approximation based on the database. Example:
in case of partial shading condition where more than one max- Constant voltage, constant current, look up table, curve tting,
imum point are there as shown in Fig. 5. Among all local max- pilot cell methods.
imum there is only one global maximum or MPP. Movement of
PSO agent (swarm) in search space depends on its own previous 4.1.2. Direct control methods
best position and the overall best position for all swarms. For every Direct control methods are search algorithms which locate the
position calculation of power, is done for all agents in this way maximum power points against changing atmospheric conditions
MPP achieved. online. They are generally based on the sampling based control or
The velocity and position for next iteration for ith swarm is modulation based control strategy. Example: Hill Climbing, P&O
given in (29) and (30) respectively: and INC etc.
vki 1 wvki c1 r 1 P besti c2 r 2 g best 29
4.1.3. Soft computing technique based methods
Methods based on the soft computing techniques belong to this
Ski 1 ski vki 1 30
category. Example: methods based on the Genetic algorithm,
where vki 1 is velocity of ith swarm for iteration k 1, w is Articial Neural Network and particle swarm optimization.
learning factor, c1 ; c2 are position constant and r 1; r 2 are random
numbers (their range is 01) [8693].
4.2. Dependency of PV array (DPVA)

4. Comparison and analysis of MPPT methods This category explains the state of dependency (whether
dependent or independent) of MPPT methods on the type and size
Comparison of MPPT methods is done on the basis of following of PV system. Example: constant voltage method is PV system
12 factors: specic.
1030 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034
4.3. Implementation methodology
This category explains the degree of complexity of the circuitry
required for implementation of the method. Example: constant
voltage method is less complex as compared to the P&O method.
4.4. Sensor required
The control parameter or sensed parameter required to nd out
the point of maximum power such as Voltage (V), Current (I),
Temperature (T) or may be combination of these three.
4.5. Stages of energy conversion
In solar PV systems energy conversion stages such as DCDC,
DCAC or both, required to control the output of source with
respect to maximum power.
4.6. Partial shading enabled (PSE)
Under partial shading condition the output of the PV shows
multiple local maxima. This category denes the compatibility of
the method to nd global maximum [98102].
4.7. Grid interaction (GI)
Methods can also be classied on the basis of their mode of
connection with the grid such as grid connected or off grid.
4.8. Analog or digital
Methods can be classied on the basis of the kind of operating
circuitry required such as analog (A), digital (D), combination
of both.
4.9. Tracking efciency (TE)
Tracking efciency basically denes the tracking accuracy of
the tracker. A MPPT tracker can be efcient upto 100% if it delivers
maximum power which is available. The efciency of tracker is
given as;
P Out
T:E:  100
P MPP
In this paper tracking efciency is evaluated in terms of three
different categories such as good, medium and poor.
Example:
 Methods based on the soft computing techniques are more
accurate hence their tracking efciency is good.
 P&O method gives medium efciency.
 Constant current method, constant voltage method and pilot
cell method give poor efciency (as compared to conventional
P&O method).
4.10. Tracking speed
Tracking speed of the MPPT tracker denes the speed of the
tracker to achieve the MPP. Example: in case of P&O method
increase in perturbation size results increase in Tracking Speed but
the accuracy or Tracking efciency becomes poor.
4.11. Cost
This category denes economy of the MPPT tracker in com-
parison with the other trackers. The cost of any tracking scheme is
directly related with sensors required, computational procedure
and the circuitry used to implement the same. The methodology
used to evaluate the cost of tracking scheme is based on above
mentioned parameters. Methods requiring complex circuitry are
more costly. In this paper cost of tracking scheme is separated in
four categories that is inexpensive (INEX), medium (Med.),
expensive (EX) and very expensive (V.EX).
Example:
 Constant voltage method and constant current method require
less computation to reach MPP. Only one sensor is required with
less complex implementation circuitry, hence can be categor-
ized in inexpensive category.
 P&O and INC require two sensors and more computation to
obtain MPP as compared to constant current and constant vol-
tage so these methods are categorized in medium category.
 Soft computing techniques require more complex hardware
thus are very expensive.
4.12. Size of the PV array
Size of the PV array is another important factor and can be split
in three categories as small systems (S) which are less than 1 kW,
medium systems (M) which are in the range of 1 kW to 1 MW and
large systems (L) which are above 1 MW.
Example:
 Less expensive MPPT techniques are preferred for small size
systems as expensive MPPT will result in increased cost of
overall system with a little increment in power.
 For medium system P&O and INC is suitable.
 For large systems accurate method is preferred as the power
increments due to MPPT tracker is signicant and partial
shading effect is a major concern.
4.13. Product available in market
On the basis of the operating principle of the method, available
commercial products in the market are comprised in this category.
A survey on available commercial products is done by means of
product datasheet analysis and conversation with the manu-
facturer for evaluation of this category [103107]. Most of the
manufacturer uses their own MPP methods for example Steca
Elektronic, Germany uses unique MPP tracking for products Steca
Solarix MPPT 1010 and 2010 [108].
Table 4 gives the comparative analysis of the MPPT methods.
4.14. Comparative analysis of the MPPT methods
Table 4 gives the brief comparison of MPPT methods and shows
that all methods have their own advantages and disadvantages.
Some of the methods show very effective results such as soft
computing technique but the methodologies used were compli-
cated. The methods which are simple in implementation such as
constant voltage method, constant current method and pilot cell
method are less accurate. Perturb and observe method is com-
monly used method because its implementation circuitry is not
complex but it shows sluggish response where environmental
conditions changes rapidly. Beta method shows procient results
with fast change in insolation only if variation in temperature is
less. Some methods are based on mathematical optimization
algorithms to solve the non linear problem such as state space
based method, analytic solution based method and steepest des-
cent or gradient descent method, they required more computation
thus the complexity increases and in case of partial shading
tracking efciency goes down. In partial shading condition soft
Table 4
Comparison of the MPPT methods.

S. No. Method Cate- DPVA Implemen-tation ofme- Sensor required Stages of energy PSE GI Analog or TE Track-ing Cost Size Product available in market
gory thodol-ogy convers-ion digital speed
V I T

1 Method A IND Simple DCDC A,D Poor Fast INEX S

2 Method A(i) IND Simple DCDC A,D Poor Fast INEX S
3 Method B IND Simple DCDC A,D Poor Fast INEX S

D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034

4 Method C IND Simple DCDC D Med. Fast INEX S OutBack Power, USA-FLEXmax80,
FLEXmax60
5 Method D IND Simple DCDC D Med. Fast INEX S
6 Method E DIR Simple Both A,D Good Slow Med. S/M Genasun, USA GV Boost charge controller
with MPPT
Blue Chip Energy Solution Pvt. Ltd., India-
Solar MPPT Charge controller
7 Method E(i) DIR Simple Both A,D Good Slow Med. S/M
8 Method E(ii) DIR Complex Both D Good Fast EX M/L
9 Method E(iii) DIR Complex Both D Good Fast EX M
10 Method E(iv) DIR Complex Both A,D Good Med. EX M
11 Method E(v) DIR Complex Both A,D Good Slow EX M
12 Method F DIR Med. Both D Good Med. Med. S/M
13 Method G DIR Complex Both D Good Med. EX M
14 Method H DIR Complex DCDC A,D Good Med. EX M
15 Method I DIR Med. DCAC A Good Slow Med. S/M
16 Method J DIR Complex DCDC D Med. Med. Med. S/M Blue Sky Energy, USA New-Solar Boost 300i,
2512i-HV & 2512ix-HV
Morningstar Corporation, USA TriStar MPPT
& SunSaver MPPT
17 Method K DIR Med. DCAC A,D Good Fast Med. S/M
18 Method L DIR Med. Both D Good Fast EX M
19 Method M DIR Complex DCDC A Good Med. EX M
20 Method N DIR Complex DCDC A Good Fast EX M
21 Method O DIR Complex DCDC D Good Med. EX M
22 Method P DIR Simple DCDC D Good Fast EX M
23 Method Q DIR Simple DCDC D Good Med. EX M
24 Method R DIR Complex DCDC D Good Med. EX M
25 Method S DIR Complex DCDC A,D Good Med. EX M
26 Method T DIR Med. Both A,D Med. Med. EX M
27 Method U SC Med. DCDC A Good Med. EX M
28 Method V SC Complex Both D Good Med. V. EX L
29 Method W SC Complex Both D V. Good Fast V. EX L
30 Method X SC Complex Both D V. Good Fast V. EX L
31 Method Y SC Complex Both D V. Good Fast V. EX L

1031
1032 D. Verma et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 10181034
computing techniques such as ANN based method, GA based
method and PSO based method give conspicuous tracking ef-
ciency but overall system becomes expensive.
5. Conclusion
This review paper presents a summary of 31 MPPT techniques
and their classication on the basis of 13 parameters. Availability of
bulk options as an MPPT makes its unambiguous selection, a
tougher nut to crack. The comparative analysis provided in this
paper may found to be a striking tool which may guide the utility to
select the most constructive and compatible type of MPPT to fulll
the requirements of both operators and consumers. It will avoid the
complicacy in the tiresome job of awless selection of MPPT which
will found to be worthy of complying all the desired attributes of
the system and ecology both. Some MPPT manufacturer names are
also provided along with their commercial products. This infor-
mation may found to an attractive source to assist the researchers in
context with the prevailing industrial scenario.
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