Self-Complementary Antennas
self-complementary antennas are summarized, placing particular
Yasuto Mushiake
2-18 Akebono-cho,
Aobaku,
Sendai, Miyagi, 981
Japan
1. Introduction
n antenna with a self-complementary structure has a constant
A input impedance, independent o f the source frequency and o f
the shape o f the structure. The origin o f such a structure was
accomplished, and the principle for this marvelous property o f con
stant impedance was discovered, in 1948, by the present author
[l]-[3 ]. Furthermore, various other types o f self-complementary
structures were also developed, successively [4]-[9], during a fairly
long period o f time, until quite recently.
This remarkable principle o f self-complementary antennas was
introduced into the investigation o f the extremely broad-band
antennas, or frequency-independent antennas, proposed by V. H.
Rumsey [10, 11], and it lead to the development o f the log-periodic
antenna [12] and the log-periodic dipole array [13]. However, in
this connection it should be noted that the log-periodic structure
itself does not assure frequency-independent characteristics for
antennas, as understood from the description in the IEEE Standard
Dictionary o f Electrical and Electronics Terms, while the
self-complementary structures or their modifications ensure the
constant-impedance property o f an antenna. This means that the
broad-band characteristics o f the log-periodic antenna have their
origin not in the log-periodic shape, but in the aspects o f the shape
which are derived from the self-complementary antenna.1
However, since the self-complementary property o f an
antenna prescribes nothing about the broad-band nature o f its
radiation properties, information about the radiation characteristics
o f other existing antennas must be introduced, for the purpose o f
developing practical broad-band antennas. Besides, the self-com
plementary antennas have infinitely-extended structures, and the
reduction o f the effects o f truncation is very important in practice.
Therefore, mostly-experimental hard studies are usually needed
for this purpose.
Also, properly-arranged log-periodic structures have various
well-known merits as extremely broad-band antennas, but this is not
true for improperly-arranged log-periodic structures. The reduction
o f truncation effects, mentioned above, is satisfactory in log-
periodic structures, as it is in other cases o f teeth-type array
structures, in general. [Editors comment: readers not familiar with
the role o f self-complementary antennas in the development o f log-
periodic antennas, and/or with the importance o f the effects o f trun
cation on both classes o f structures, can find a discussion o f this in
Reference 11.]
It was confirmed that an antenna with a log-periodic structure
arranged in an anti-complementary manner has a log-periodic input
impedance which varies distinctly with respect to the source
frequency [6], This fact suggests that the log-periodic dipole array,
excited by a feed line without transposition, does not have good
broad-band characteristics.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992
In the present article, a series o f studies o f
emphasis on the results o f the original work performed by the pre
sent author.
2. Electrom agnetic fields for a pair o f dual structures
A pair o f structures, shown in Figures la and lb are consid
ered, where two planar sheets o f perfect electric and magnetic con
ductors, S, and S2, make up an infinite plane. The electric-current
sources are placed as in la and the magnetic current sources are
placed as in lb. The geometrical shapes o f these two structures are
exactly identical, but the electric properties and the magnetic prop
erties are interchanged with each other, as shown in the figures.
In this article, such a pair o f structures will be called mutually-
dual structures. Furthermore, in Figure 1 it is assumed that the
electric currents, J 0 = N , in (a) are symmetrical, and the magnetic
currents, J 0m = + N , in (b) are anti-symmetrical, with respect to
the conducting plane S| + S2. Then, Maxwell's equations for the
electromagnetic fields E j.H , in (a), and E2,H 2 in (b), and for the
electric- and magnetic-current sources, are given as follows:
V x E t + ycu/tH] = 0 , 1
V x H j - O c a e + o J E ^ J 0 = N ,J
0)
V x E 2 + ./ cdjuH 2 = - J 0m = + N ,l
V x H2 - (y 'c o E + o) E 2 = 0 , J
(2)
where the signs correspond to the right and the left sides o f the
conducting sheets in Figure 1. At the same time, the electromag
netic fields must satisfy the boundary conditions for the perfect
electric conductor (PEC) and for the perfect magnetic conductor
(PMC) as follows:
E, x n = H] n = 0, on Sj
H] x n = E] n = 0, on S2
E2 x n = H 2 n = 0, on S2
H 2 x n = E 2 n = 0, on Sj
where n is the unit normal on the surfaces Sj and S2.
Now, let the vectors E2 and H2 in equations (2) and (4) be
replaced by the vectors E] and H b using the relations
E 2 = + H i> H 2 = ) E ; (5)
where
y = (jwe + o )ljw n (6)
Then, we find that equations (2) and (4) actually transform to
equations (1) and (3), respectively, by interchanging the order. This
means that the two electromagnetic fields E bHj and E2,H 2, for
mutually-dual structures, are related as given by equations (5).
Accordingly, if the electromagnetic fields that satisfy Maxwell's
equations and the boundary conditions can be solved for either one
o f these mutually-dual structures, then the electromagnetic fields
for another structure will be determined immediately by the rela
tions (5).
23

Figure 1. A pair o f infinite planar sheets o f com pound perfect
conductors.
3. Input im pedances for com plem entary structures
In general, it can be easily verified that symmetrical electric
currents, such as those in Figures la, induce electrically-symmetrical
electromagnetic fields, and anti-symmetrical magnetic currents,
such as those in Figure lb, induce magnetically anti-symmetrical
ones. Hence, w e have
Ei n = H i x n = 0, on Si + S2
H 2 x n = E2 n = 0, on S] + S2
These relations show that the boundary conditions for PMCs are
automatically satisfied on the symmetry planes. This means that the
PMC sheets on S2 in Figure la and on Sj in Figure lb can be taken
away, without causing any variation in the original electromagnetic
24 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992
T
E ,,H ,
la]
Figure 2. Excitation o f m utually-com plem entary planar struc
tures.
fields. Therefore, we can conclude that the relations (5) are also
true for a pair o f complementary PEC structures, which are derived
from Figures la and lb by eliminating the fictitious PMC sheets. By
the way, in the present theory, the PMC sheets are assumed at first,
but such a technique is quite helpful for developing the theory for
more complicated cases. This is because the introduction o f the
PMC sheets, as in Figure 1, divides the whole space into two per
fectly-shielded independent half spaces.
N ow , a pair o f arbitrarily-shaped complementary PEC struc
tures, shown in Figures 2a and 2b, are considered, where Figure 2b
is equivalent to Figure 2c. The electric-current source in Figure 2a
can be divided into two symmetrical current sources, and the mag
netic-current source in Figure 2b can be considered to be an
anti-symmetrical one. Hence, the relations (5) hold for E ^ H i and
E2,H 2 in Figure 2.
Let the input impedance o f a plate antenna as in Figure 2a be
Z], and that o f a hole antenna as in Figure 2b or 2c be Z2. Then,
these impedances can be expressed by the ratios o f the input volt
ages to the input currents at their feeding terminals, respectively, as
follows:
Zi = fd
21
Jc
( 8)
where cA denotes the line element, and the integrations are per
formed in the vicinity o f the input terminals, which are assumed to
be sufficiently small compared to the wavelength. The line integrals
for the magnetic fields should be performed wholly around the fed
currents, but they are expressed in equations (8) by two times the
integrations on one side o f the conducting sheets, as they are
anti-symmetrical with respect to the conducting sheets.
By taking a product o f Z1 and Z2 as given by equations (8),
and introducing the relations (5) into the integrands, a relation can
be derived as follows:
where Z0 is the intrinsic impedance o f the medium. The expression
(9) had been shown, by several other authors [e.g., 14], as the rela
tion between the input impedance o f a slot antenna and that o f a
complementary wire antenna. However, it should be stressed here
that the relation (9) in this article was derived with no restriction,
such as slot or wire, to the shapes o f the antennas and, hence, this is
quite an innovative and generalized relation for a pair o f arbitrarily-
shaped complementary planar structures [1-3],

4. Self-com plem entary structures and their constant-

im pedance properties

For the purpose o f giving some adequate examples o f appli

cations which show the distinctive features o f the innovative rela
tion (9), intensive investigations were carried out. As a result o f
those studies, self-complementary planar structures were originated
by the present author [1-3]. Here, the term self-complementary pla Figure 3b. An exam ple o f an unbalanced type o f self-com ple
nar structure means a planar structure the shape o f which is identi m entary planar antenna (Z = 60n2).
cal to that o f a complementary one, as shown in Figures 3a and b.
For such a structure, the original input impedance, Z\, must be
equal to Z2 for the complementary structure, and a common value
Z= Z] = Z2 can be determined [1-3] from the relation (9) as

Z = Z0 / 2 = 1 / / (jcoe + o)' ( 10)

and, in free space, this reduces to

Z = 60/r = 188i. (11)

The relations (10) and (11) mean that the input impedance o f a
self-complementary planar structure is always constant, independ
ent o f its shape and the source frequency, and equation (10) is
known as Mushiake's relation [11],

Figure 4. An exam ple of a four-terminal self-com plem entary

planar turnstile antenna (Z = 3 0 W 2 i l ) .

5. M ulti-term inal self-com plem entary planar antennas

One o f the simplest examples o f a multi-terminal

self-complementary planar antenna is shown in Figure 4, where four
terminals are excited by four phased electric sources in a star con
nection (this is really a turnstile antenna, but the input impedances
for two-phase electric sources in the ordinary turnstile excitation
are twice as large as those for the four-phase sources here). By
examining the directions o f the magnetic-field vectors at the feed
points, w e find that these electric sources are equivalent to mag
netic-current sources in a ring connection, respectively, on the front
and the reverse sides o f the planar structure. Therefore, the electric-
current sources in the complementary structure are in a ring con
nection, although the shapes o f the original and the complementary
structures are identical.

Figure 3a. A n exam ple o f a balanced type o f self-com plem en- Let the input impedance at each terminal o f Figure 4 be Zh
tary planar antenna (Z = 6 0 /d i). and let the impedance for each electric-source current in the ring

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992 25
connection for the complementary structure be Z2. Then, these two
impedances are given by the same expressions as equations (8), and
the relation (9) is also true, for this case. In the meantime, Z1 for
the star connection, and Z2 for the ring connection, are related by
2Z j = Z 2 (12)
From equations (9) and (12) w e have (4,6]
Z ,= Z 0 / 2 V 2 = 3 ( W 2 n (13)
In general, the input impedance, Zmn, for an -terminal
self-complementary antenna excited by -phase electric sources in a
star connection with rth-order rotation can be written as
Zm = Z 0 /4 sin (m n /n ) (j4)
A more-detailed discussion is given by G. A. Deschamps [15].
6. Three-dim ensional self-com plem entary antennas
An example o f a three-dimensional self-complementary
antenna, shown in Figure 5, will be discussed. Here, the vertical and
the horizontal portions are mutually-complementary PEC planar
sheets.
At first, PMC planar sheets are assumed to be introduced in
Figure 5, so as to constitute a cross o f vertical and horizontal infi
nite planes formed o f PEC and PMC sheets. Then, the whole space
is divided into four perfectly-shielded partial spaces, with a wedge
angle o f tt/2, where one-fourth o f the electric-source current is
assumed to be included. From the symmetry o f this structure, it is
understood that the introduction or elimination o f the PMC sheets
does not disturb the original electromagnetic fields.
Next, by considering another structure in a dual relationship,
and following similar steps to the theoretical treatments in Sections
2 and 3, w e have
Zpi = zP2 = i / r =Zq, (is)
where Zpi and Zp2 are input impedances for mutually-complemen
tary structures in each partial space. In this case, they have a com
mon value, ZP , and they are given by
Figure 5. An exam ple o f a three-dim ensional self-com plem en
tary antenna ( = 2, Z s 307t S2).
26 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992
Consequently, the total input impedance, Z, for Figure 5 can be
determined to be
Z = Zp / 4 = Zq / 4 = 30ni2 (jy)
In general, the input impedance o f a three-dimensional
self-complementary antenna with 2 wings and a wedge angle o f
itIn is given by [5,6,8]
Z = Z0 / 2 m = 6 0 n ln 2 (jg )
7. Stacked self-com plem entary antennas
For the purpose o f increasing the power gain o f
self-complementary antennas, several types o f stacked antennas
were proposed [7-9,31], Some o f them are discussed in this section.
A simple way o f stacking is a periodic co-planar arrangement,
shown in Figure 6. The input impedance at each feed point, Z, can
be obtained by the same treatments as used for Figure 3, and w e
have Z = Z0/2. This means that each input impedance is always
constant, including the effects o f mutual coupling among the
antenna elements.
Another type o f stacked self-complementary antenna is illus
trated in Figure 7, where the antennas are arranged periodically on
equally-spaced parallel planes. Various kinds o f geometrically
self-complementary structures are conceivable for this type o f
arrangement, but they are not always truly self-complementary
when the feeding arrangements o f the electric sources are taken into
account, and the constant-impedance property can not always be
proven for them. This nature comes from the plus-and-minus signs
in the relations (5) for mutually-complementary planar structures.
In Figure 7, the antenna elements are alternately reversed in
their periodic arrangement, and they are excited so as to give in-
phase radiation. This antenna can be dealt with using theoretical
Figure 6. The principle o f the co-planar stacked self-com ple
m entary antenna (Z = 60n 2 each).
 were made to the theoretically-derived antenna structures. Several
o f the methods for these approximations and modifications are
briefly explained below, and the published papers and reports which
describe the results o f the related studies are referenced.

8.1 Approximation by truncation. In principle,

self-complementary antennas have infinitely- extended geometrical
structures. For this reason, some adequate truncation for their
structure is always necessary in practice [16-32], but the largest
dimensions o f the truncated antenna determines the low- frequency
Figure 7. An exam ple o f a side-by-side stacked self-com plem en
limit.
tary antenna (Z = 6 0 n 2 each).

8.2 Approximation by conducting rods. In general, a strip o f

conducting sheet can be replaced with an equivalent conducting rod
for antenna structures. By means o f such approximations, several
types o f self-complementary antennas were fabricated with
conducting rods [28,30,31],

8.3 Modification with a ground plane. To improve the radia

tion characteristics o f antennas, it is often effective to use a ground
plane. In principle, this disturbs the self-complementary configura
tion, but sometimes the broad-band characteristics o f the input
impedance are preserved, to some extent [19,25,32],

8.4 Modification by deformation. The broad-band character

istics o f self-complementary antennas are well preserved, even
when their planar structures are deformed by bending or folding
[21,29,31,32], although the original values o f their input imped
ances transform to different values. In practice, their radiation char
acteristics can be improved by such deformations.

Figure 8. The principle o f a com pound-stacked self-com ple

m entary antenna (Z = 60 n C2 each).

procedures similar to those in Sections 2-4, where PMC sheets are

introduced and another dual structure is considered. In the course
o f treatment o f such antennas, the symmetries o f the configurations,
including the whole arrangement o f the electric- and magnetic-
source currents, were carefully examined, and it was confirmed that
the introduction and the elimination o f the fictitious PMC sheets
was possible without disturbing the electromagnetic fields.

Finally, it was found that the input impedance for Figure 7 is

Zq/2 at each feed point, including the effect o f mutual coupling
among the antenna elements. Many other kinds o f stacked
self-complementary antennas were studied, but they are omitted
here, except for the one example shown in Figure 8,2 where the
antenna elements are compound-stacked in a two-dimensional way,
and the input impedance is also Z/2 at each feed point [8,9],

8. Developm ental studies o f self-com plem entary antennas

For the purpose o f developing broad-band antennas, intensive

experimental studies o f self-complementary antennas were carried
out at Tohoku University and related institutions [16-32], In the
course o f these studies, various approximations and modifications

Japanese Patent No. 1594525, Compoundly stacked Figure 9. An exam ple o f a m onopole-slot antenna: (a) Struc
self-complementary antenna, Y. Mushiake, December 27, 1990. ture; (b) M easured input im pedance (normalized to SO 1).

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992 27
 8.5 Modification by partial excision. During studies o f 12. R. H. Duhamel and D. E. Isbell, Broadband logarithmically
three-dimensional self-complementary antennas, it was found that
the lower half o f the vertical portion in Figure 5 can be excised, Record, pt. 1, pp. 119-128, March, 1957.
without loosing the constant-impedance property. An example o f
such an antenna is shown in Figure 9 [17,26,27], The simplest case
o f this antenna reduces to a unipole-slot (or monopole-slot)
antenna, whose input impedance was obtained theoretically as Z =
Zq/2, by T. Ishizone [30],
9. Conclusion
A series o f studies o f self-complementary antennas, from their
origin to the developmental investigations for practical purposes,
have been summarized, placing emphasis on the results obtained by
the present author.
The theory o f this antenna provides a firm foundation and
effective technological guidance principles to investigations for
extremely-broad-band antennas [33], and the author earnestly
expects further developments o f this theory and its extensive appli
cation, in practice.
References
1. Y. Mushiake, The input impedance o f a slit antenna, in Joint
Convention Record o f Tohoku Sections o f IEE and IECE o f Japan,
pp. 25-26, June, 1948.
2. Y. Mushiake, The input impedances o f slit antennas, J. IEE
Japan, 69, 3, pp. 87-88, March, 1949.
3. S. Uda and Y. Mushiake, The input impedances o f slit anten
nas, Tech. Rep. o f Tohoku Univ., 14, 1, pp. 46-59, September,
1949.
4. Y. Mushiake, Multiterminal constant impedance antenna, 1959
National Convention Record o f IECE o f Japan, p. 89, October
1959.
5. Y. Mushiake and H. Saito, Three-dimensional
self-complementary antenna, Joint Convention Record o f Four
Japanese Institutes Related to Electrical Engineering, pt. 15, No.
1212, April, 1963.
6. Y. Mushiake, Constant impedance antennas, J. IECE Japan,
48, 4, pp. 580-584, April, 1965.
7. Y. Mushiake, Self-complementary stacked antennas, 1982
Optical and Radio Division National Convention Record o f IECE
o f Japan, p. 90, August, 1982.
8. Y. Mushiake, Self-complementary Antennas, Researches on
Elect. Comm., Record o f Elect. Comm. Eng. Conversazione,
Commemorative Issue, RIEC, Tohoku University, pp. 109-116,
September, 1985.
9. Y. Mushiake, Compoundly stacked self-complementary anten
nas, Memoirs o f Tohoku Institute o f Technology, 10, pp. 73-76,
March, 1990.
10. V. H. Rumsey, Frequency Independent Antennas, 1957 IRE
National Convention Record, pt. 1, pp. 114-118, March, 1957.
11. V. H. Rumsey, Frequency Independent Antennas, N ew York,
Academic Press, 1966.
28 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992
periodic antenna structure, 1957 IRE National Convention
13. D. E. Isbell, Log periodic dipole arrays, IRE Trans. Ant.
Prop., AP-8, No. 3, pp. 260-267, May, 1960.
14. H. G. Booker, Slot aerials and their relation to complementary
wire aerials, Proc. IEE, pt. IIIA, 90, 4, pp. 620-629, April, 1946.
15. G. A. Deschamps, Impedance properties o f complementary
multiterminal planar structures, IRE Trans. Ant. Prop., AP-7
(Special Supplement), p. S371, December, 1959.
16. T. Ishizone and Y. Mushiake, A self-complementary antenna
composed o f unipole and notch antennas, 1977 International
IEEE AP-S Symposium Digest, pp. 8-1, June, 1977.
17. T. Ishizone, T. Kasahara, and Y. Mushiake, Modified two
planes self-complementary antenna," 1978 International Symposium
on Antennas and Propagation Summaries o f Papers, paper A-9-3,
pp. 145-148, August, 1978.
18. N. Inagaki, Y. Isogai, and Y. Mushiake, Ichimatsu moyou
antenna-Self-complementary antenna with periodic feeding points,
Trans. IECE Japan, 62-B, 4, pp. 388-395, April, 1979.
19. T. Ishizone and Y. Mushiake, Unipole-notch array antennas,
1981 International IEEE AP-S Symposium Digest, S23-6, June,
1981.
20. K. Yamamoto, K. Sawaya, T. Ishizone, and Y. Mushiake,
Self-complementary monopole-notch array antennas, Trans.
IECE Japan, J65-B, 1, pp. 70-77, January, 1982.
21. T. Kasahara and Y. Mushiake, Monopole-slot array antennas
arranged on a conical surface, 1982 National Convention Record
o f IECE o f Japan, p. 620, March, 1982.
22. T. Kasahara and Y. Mushiake, Axially symmetric and equally
spaced self-complementary array antenna, Trans. IECE Japan,
J65-B, 3, pp. 338-339, March, 1982.
23. S. Nishimura, T. Ishizone, and Y. Mushiake, Input impedance
o f a monopole-notch antenna formed on a printed circuit sub
strate, Joint Convention Record o f Tohoku Sections o f Institutes
Related to Electrical Engineering, 2B14, August, 1982.
24. T. Kasahara and Y. Mushiake, Four-terminal circularly polar
ized self-complementary antenna, Trans. IECE Japan, J65-B, 8,
pp. 981-988, August, 1982
25. T. Kasahara and Y. Mushiake, Self-complementary
ground-plane antennas in three dimensions, Trans. ICEE Japan,
J65-B, 9, pp. 1109-1116, September, 1982.
26. T. Kasahara, K. Sawaya, and Y. Mushiake, Modified
three-dimensional self-complementary array antenna over a finite
ground plane, Trans. IECE Japan, J66-B, 1, pp. 40-47, January,
1983.
27. T. Ishizone, Y. Yokoyama, S. Nishimura, and Y. Mushiake,
Unipole-slot array antenna, Trans. IECE Japan, J66-B, 3, PP-
281-288, March, 1983.
28. T. Ishizone, H. Ishikawa, S. Horiguchi, and Y. Mushiake,
Dipole array with log periodic parasitic elements, 1983 National
Convention Record o f IECE o f Japan, p. 716, April, 1983.
29. T. Kasahara and Y. Mushiake, Equally spaced
monopole-notch array antenna for circularly polarized wave, IEEE
Trans. Ant. Prop., AP-31, 5, pp. 812-814. September, 1983.
30. T. Ishizone, Report o f the studies on high gain and broadband
antennas derived from modified self-complementary antennas,
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Ministry o f Education, Japan,
Project No. 00555131 (1980-1982), 62 pages, March, 1982.
31. Y. Mushiake, Report o f the studies on self-complementary
antennas with modifications and approximations, Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research, Ministry o f Education, Japan, Project No.
56890010(1981-1983), 127 pages, March, 1983.
32. T. Kasahara, Studies on self-complementary broadband anten
nas, Doctorate thesis submitted to Tohoku University, 172 pages,
October, 1984.
33. P. E. Mayes, Frequency-independent antennas and broad-band
derivatives thereof, Proc. IEEE, 80, pp. 103-112, January, 1992.
Introducing Feature Article Author
Yasuto Mushiake
URSI General Assembly Information Available
The First Announcement and Call for Participation for the
XXIVth General Assembly o f the International Radio Science
Union (URSI), to be held August 25-September 2, 1993, in Kyoto,
Japan, is now available. The announcement is in the form o f a fifty-
page booklet, and includes information on all invited and contrib
uted papers for all ten URSI Commissions, as well as all joint ses
sions. A nyone interested in contributing a paper or attending
the G eneral Assem bly is strongly urged to obtain this booklet as
quickly as possible. It contains all calls for papers, as well as
information necessary for the submission o f abstracts and for mak
ing travel plans. There are substantial changes in the format o f
abstracts, and in the additional information which must be submit
ted with an abstract, compared to prior General Assemblies.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 6, December 1992
Yasuto M ushiake was bom in Okayama-ken, Japan, on
March 28, 1921. He received the BEng degree in electrical com
munications, Graduate Course Certificate, and the DrEng degree by
presenting a thesis on antennas with parasitic elements, all from
Tohoku (formerly, Imperial) University, Sendai, Japan, in 1944,
1949, and 1954, respectively.
From 1949 to 1960, he was an Assistant Professor at Tohoku
University, and from 1954 to 1956, he was a Visiting Research
Associate at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. In 1960,
he became Professor at Tohoku University, taking over the chair o f
Prof. S. Uda (previously held by Prof. H. Yagi). Prof. Mushiake
worked there until 1984, when he moved to Tohoku Institute o f
Technology, Sendai, as President. Since his retirement from this in
1989, he has been Advisor to the same Institute, and also to
Matsushita Communication Sendai R&D Labs.
At first, his research was concerned with the Yagi-Uda
antenna, including related linear antennas and slot antennas. Then
these studies were extended to those o f self-complementary anten
nas and antennas in plasma. His research has covered electromag
netic wave theory, radio propagation, millimeter- and optical-wave
transmission. He is the author or co-author o f numerous papers and
nine books. He was also the editor o f Antenna Engineering Hand
book (1EICE, in Japanese) and co-editor o f other handbooks.
Dr. Mushiake was the organizer and Chairman o f the IEEE
AP-S Tokyo Chapter, and Chairman o f the Organizing Committee
and Executive Committee for the 1978 International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation, Japan. He served as Vice President o f
IEICE, and as chairman o f related committees. He was Visiting
Research Officer at the Communications Research Lab (formerly,
RRL), and a member o f several important technical committees o f
the Japanese government.
He received the Second Order o f Merit with the Sacred
Treasure (1991), Medal o f Honor with Purple Ribbon (1985),
Medal o f Honor o f IEICE (1982), and seven other awards. He is
Professor Emeritus at Tohoku University, and also at Tohoku Insti
tute o f Technology. H e is and Honorary Member o f IEICE and ITE
o f Japan, a Life Member o f the IEE o f Japan, and a Member o f the
Engineering Academy o f Japan. He is a Life Fellow o f the IEEE.
Abstracts submitted without the additional information required will
be automatically rejected. The deadline for receipt o f all abstracts at
the General Assembly secretariat is January 15, 1993. The booklet
can be obtained from
Prof. I. Kimura
Secretariat, URSI-GA Kyoto
c/o Center for Academic Societies, Osaka
14th floor, Senri Life Science Center Bldg.
1-4-2 Shinsenri Higashi-machi
Toyonaka, OSAKA 565
JAPAN
Tel: +81-6-873-2301
Fax: +81-6-873-2300
29