In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an

applied torque. Torsion is expressed in newton per squared meter (Pa) or pound p
er squared inch (psi) while torque is expressed in newton metres (Nm) or foot-pou
nd force (ftlbf). In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant she
ar stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius.
For shafts of uniform cross-section the torsion is:
{\displaystyle T={\frac {J_{T}}{r}}\tau ={\frac {J_{T}}{\ell }}G\varphi } {\disp
laystyle T={\frac {J_{T}}{r}}\tau ={\frac {J_{T}}{\ell }}G\varphi }
where:
T is the applied torque or moment of torsion in Nm.
{\displaystyle \tau } \tau is the maximum shear stress at the outer surface
JT is the torsion constant for the section. It is almost equal to the second mom
ent of area Jz = Iz for twisting about axis z. For more accuracy, finite element
analysis (FEA) is the best method. Other calculation methods include membrane a
nalogy and shear flow approximation. [1]
r is the distance between the rotational axis and the farthest point in the sect
ion (at the outer surface).
l is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
f is the angle of twist in radians.
G is the shear modulus, also called the modulus of rigidity, and is usually give
n in gigapascals (GPa), lbf/in2 (psi), or lbf/ft2.
The product JT G is called the torsional rigidity wT.