Towards a Methodology for 3D Content Models

The Reconstruction of Ancient Vaults for Maintenance and Structural Behaviour

in the logic of BIM management

Daniela Oreni, Raffaella Brumana, Branka Cuca

Department of Building Environment Science and Technology
Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI)
Milan, Italy
{daniela.oreni, raffaella.brumana, branka.cuca}@polimi.it

Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify elements that
can contribute to elaborate a proper methodology for 3D
content model generation: the availability of advanced
surveying technologies (Terrestrial Laser Scanner,
Photogrammetry, Multispectral data integration) can have a
great potential in generating knowledge, especially if
integrated by historical documentation on the ancient
constructive technologies. In this sense the use of technological-
constructive analysis could better orient 3D Informative
Object reconstruction. Such approach has been here applied to
the vault structures: the main contribution was the
investigation of maintenance analysis and of structural
stability, supporting the comprehension of the behaviour of
architectural elements within the overall framework of the
artefact. The logic of Building Information Models (BIM)
approach, such as Object Content Model, has opened
interesting scenarios to be investigated for the future, and that
could become more useful for the sites monitoring and for the
life cycle management within planned conservation processes.
Keywords - 3D Content Model, OrthoImage, Laser Scanner,
BIM, Vault systems, Mainteinance, Structural behaviour, LCM
I. INTRODUCTION
High geometric precision 3D models of ancient vaults
elaborated upon the exact thickness of the walls, the
constructive materials and the arrangement of the elements,
allow to support complex analysis on the state of
maintenance of the buildings and on the stability of their
structures. Section II illustrates the usage of advanced
surveying technologies and data processing, particularly
Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) [1], surface analysis and
automatic 3D matching [2], and Multispectral Image data
integration, addressed to a reconstruction process able to
match geometric and thematic information. The main
objective of the research is to orient the representation and
data processing towards Object reconstruction useful to the
Life Cycle Management (LCM) of the architectural heritage.
The proposed methodology is based on an iterative
knowledge process obtained by connecting the geometric
data coming from the surveys with original drawings and
with technological information provided by ancient manuals
and joining them to better investigate the constructive
technologies: the objective is to orient the modelling
processes to understand the geometric morphology, the
structural behaviour within the overall history of the
transformation of the artefact. Potentials of enhancing 3D
content models are here discussed proposing to shift from a
simple surface logic to a 3D-Informative Object logic,
according to BIM approach [3]. Thus created 4D models
could be managed and really used by professionals in
everyday practice. during the project of restoration, planned
conservation and maintenance programme. Different case
studies have been considered in order to describe the
methodology and the results obtained on similar and
different context. Section III illustrates the objective of
addressing modelling techniques to meet the planned
conservation aims, applied to the case study of the Royal
Villa in Monza (from here on Villa Reale): the development
of a continuous learning virtual site, implemented through
an open source geo-database (GeoDB), has been carried out
in an interdisciplinary framework on behalf of the Lombardy
Region. The Region has promoted and funded this initiative
with an aim to define a multi-scale methodology that could
be applied even to less famous architectural palaces in the
area, diminishing thus the costs and the investigation time.
The section IV explains the methodology of combining data
acquired on field through an accurate three-dimensional
survey of the vault system with historical documentation and
thematic observation. In this manner, it is possible to
generate a geometric model that could derive information on
the different typologies of vault systems, on different
constructional genesis of the vaults and on the constructive
methodologies used in the past. The two different
constructive techniques adopted within Villa Reale have
been reconstructed: the case of brick block masonry cloister-
vault and the case of a wooden vault of the central Dance
hall (barrel vault). The results have been used for learning,
dissemination and touristic promotion within the virtual
museum of the Villa Reale. The section V describes why the
methodology proposed is time and cost scalable to many
objects disseminated across the region, characterized by
similar constructive methods. The process applied within the
teaching programme of Master Science Lab of Restoration
on a small palace (Palazzo Baldi Pallavicino in Cremona).
The case study shows a cross-relation between different data
within a 4D-Object information model that allowed to
enhance the comprehension of the complex result of the

978-1-4673-2565-3/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 475

transformation across the centuries of the Palazzo Soldi. The
case study of the vault system of the Rotonda of Besana in
Milan illustrates how the methodology helps the
investigation of apparently familiar typology.
Potentials and critical aspect regarding the introduction of a
simplified level of 3D item related to different information,
is discussed in the Conclusion: the approach can contribute
to overcome the production of underemployed simplified
models, improving the Life Cycle Management of the
architecture, but it requires a deeper investigation on
complex object management and their assembling within a
BIM logic.
II. FROM SURVEY TO SURFACE AND TOWARDS THE
OBJECT: 3D CONTENT INFORMATION MODEL IN A BIM
LOGIC
The research carried out in the last decade demonstrates a
progressive attention to the geometric content extraction
from Laser Scans and image-based [4] surface measurement
for heritage documentation [5]. The algorithm
implementation [6] to obtain accurate automatic multi-image
matching, 3D reconstruction [7] and Multi Scans correlation
approach [8], are progressively devoted to the Surface
refinement by extracting edge and breaklines for Object
Recognition and Reconstruction (ORR). This approach
highlighting the potentials in representing 3D architectural
surfaces i.e. facades, intrados vault surfaces, mosaic floors,
painted walls. It seems that the context has become mature
enough to increase the generation of informative objects
related one to the other.
The laser scanner used for the surveys carried out upon
the following case studies is LeicaHDS6000 with an
accuracy in the position measurement of 35mm, and in the
distance measurement of 2mm, 025m scan range, 125
micro radians vertical and horizontal angle. The scans has
been accurately geo-referenced on the point networks
through target tape and natural points for the cloud chaining
using Leica Cyclone 7.1.1. The profiles and sections
extraction on the vaults and other elements such as external
faade-walls have been processed within Leica Cloudwork.
Cloudworks, that is progressively addressing the logic of
geospatial modelling, ensures the interoperability with BIM
software such as Autodesk Revit2012. The Digital Surface
Models (DSMs) of the vault systems have been used in the
case of highly decorated surfaces for the generation of
orthoimages, starting from a photogrammetric image block
acquisition (terrain pixel acquisition: 12mm resolution (1/2
of the graphic error at the scale 1:20=2mm).
Cameras used were RolleiFlex6008 with focal length
40mm for the first Noble floor of the central building of the
Villa and Canon D1, 35 and 50mm focal lenses for the
rooms of the Noble floor in South Wing (elaboration on-
going). Automated image block orientation (Photomodeler
Scanner) has been imported for the orthoimage generation:
a 2mm DSM has been processed from the pointclouds
(SocetSet and Photogrammetric Lab Suite , on the rooms
of the central and north wings of the complex).
476
The automatic texture acquisition [9], through Visual
Modelling [10] and Virtual Reality [11], are progressively
focusing on the central role of merging geometric properties
with thematic information by multispectral data. Image
Segmentation, Spin-Images algorithms techniques, and
homogeneous pattern analysis techniques will contribute to
feature extraction methodologies, that need to improve
semantic and qualitative aspects already applied for 3D city
modelling [12]. The 3D vault surface model has been
reconstructed using the laser scanner points (Rapidform
XO64); the 3D model reconstruction on the profiles for
the Object generation has been obtained with AutoCad 3D
functionalities and with Rhino (case studies carried out by
the students), in order to facilitate simplified object
generation process and elaboration within Revit BIM data
management. In particular, 3D texturing techniques through
Multi Photo Matching algorithms [13] are on course of
development in order to test the possibility to extract 3D
Geotiff to be correlated to the 3D Item reconstructed form
the laser scans.
Mapping infrared data on TLS 3D models of faades and
vaults gave a lot of information on the overall object
decoding. The objective was to obtain texturized
architectural object items like facades, vaults, wooden
horizontal structures, staircases within BIM models, in order
to relate phenomena detection and planning purposes using
logic attribute DB (material-degree mapping, disruption,
prevention, structural behaviour, building management in the
time). The research now needs to be better oriented to
experiment and verify the transition from the Surface
towards a concept of an Object representation, able to
support BIM model for different purposes: to enhance the
comprehension of the elements within the general model,
allowing the connection to the different descriptive thematic
database (constructive technologies, abacus of elements) in a
logic of semantic content models. At the same time, some
critical aspect will be represented by the assessment of the
suitability of BIM with respect to the complexity of the
architectural heritage: BIM is based parametric simplified
models [14] that should be further investigated when dealing
with the management of complex objects. Leica CloudWorx
for Revit is a breakthrough plug-in for efficiently using as-
built point cloud data [15]. Point clouds can be directly
imported within Revit for BIM modelling software to better
support retrofitting design, construction and operations, and
lifecycle asset management of buildings.
The acquisition of internal and external multiple scans
geo-referenced through the Ground Control Points (GCPs)
and targets, allows to correlate and to decode the single
features reconstructed (i.e. vault, perimeter walls) and to
relate them to the overall architecture. The reconstruction of
the box elements of the single rooms (the wall surfaces, vault
surfaces, external faade) allows to generate item beginning
from the skin-surface, that can be inherited by hierarchical
aggregation of the 3D object content of geo-database spatial
logic applied to the city modelling [16].
The challenge here is to manage geometric-constructive
3D brick block texturized complex model within BIM Mass
objects, to explore the energetic performance of a complex
stratigraphic context, to implement continuous models [17],
and finite element analysis for a better investigation of the
structural behaviour [18], avoiding the loss of the
informative model obtained by gathering volume and content
information within an item concept.
III. A CONTINUOUS VIRTUAL SITE IN SUPPORT TO THE
PLANNED CONSERVATION: THE CASE STUDY OF VILLA
REALE IN MONZA
The revitalization process of the Villa Reale presents few
complex innovative aspects concerning the objective, the
strategies and the instruments: this example can be
considered a relevant pilot case, within which some main
institutions in Italy were involved. Region Lombardy, as the
owner of the large part of the complex, was the promoter of
conservation initiative, involving Politecnico di Milano for
the technical aspects and Bocconi Univeristy for economic
issues. The problem of the economic feasibility of Villas
restoration, due to the dimension and the state of
degradation, need to elaborate and verify the possibility to
connect the concept of valorisation of the cultural heritage
and the conservation aims. It was necessary to identify the
incoming terms of investment in order to foresee the private
participation both for the investments in valorisation and for
the management and maintenance control of the object in the
future. This approach has changed the approach of the
survey activities, from the design instrument within a limited
temporal arc towards a logic of supporting the LCM.
This study case highlights the innovative potentialities of
the methodology of the Planned Conservation to overcome
the logic of restoration meant as an isolated event in time due
to a damage or extraordinary maintenance, in favour of
actions capable to exploit the economic convenience of the
planned conservation [19]. Thus, the priority identified was
to outline a methodological process by defining an operative
model able to support the identification of sensible data
and useful content models able to support such a process in
the time. The objective is to define a sustainability protocol
for the management and maintenance of the heritage, to
guarantee the conservation, valorisation and control over
time beginning from the survey products. The aim of these
actions was the development of instruments able to support
an innovative virtual site of programmed maintenance to be
managed in the future, through the two technological
modules developed until now, the Sircop module
(Informative System to support Planned Conservation) and
the e-VmV, an open source portal based on geospatial
services, oriented to generate progressively a Spatial Data
Infrastructure (SDI) for the architectural purposes [20].
The aim was to join the two developed Models within a
BIM logic, with an adaptive dynamic approach supported by
the 3D Object development for real time control, alert,
prevention and intervention programming. The results of
survey and documentation were meant to be used to create a
common working space that would allow to correlate the
behaviour of the single objects through the specific analysis
of each room over time (i.e. climate aspects, effective
sustainable rated load, frequencies of vibration, alteration of
the decorative surfaces), allowing to the experts to quantify
477
different phenomena and to exchange information in real
time.
IV. TLS AND IMAGE DATA PROCESSING FOR THE
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTRUCTIVE VAULT SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The radiometric and geometric information generated by
the Laser Scanner and Photogrammetric technologies allow
to cross relate the different information. 3D orthoimages
have been generated from Laser Scanner point clouds of the
vaults system of the main halls (about 75) of the two noble
floors of the Central block and of the first noble floor of the
South block [21]. Such a rich collection of samples (Fig.1) is
now available and it could be very useful to the historians,
and professionals conducting the analysis, planning the
interventions of the maintenance of the decorations, plasters
and stuccos, boiseries and woodwork frames. Metric-
morphologic-geometric models have been reconstructed,
considering the analysis of the constructive-technologies
adopted during the construction phases, with the aim to
overcome the automatic 3D mesh models generated by
simply using the cloud points.
The objective of the research was to reconstruct the
principal different typologies of the vault systems applied at
Villa Reale and to obtain an abacus to be implemented and
verified across the Lombardy Region territory through an
adaptive methodology of decoding the structures considered.
All these data are made available through an SDI [22]
developed using open source tools and published via web in
terms of on line portal. The portal allows to the specialist of
different disciplines to perform a synchronic and diachronic
reading across the centuries, considering each architectural
complex and the territorial characteristics in order to
compare different constructive technologies adopted over
different time periods. Hypothesis have been done also on
the shape of the wooden centrings used for the construction
and on the bricks arrangement, useful to evaluate the
structural behaviour of the vaults, together with the
identification of geometrical anomalies, crushing and
implosion areas, that can be constantly monitored and
updated limiting additional diagnostic tests.
The result of such methodology is the implementation of
an open decoding instrument, respect to the structural
aspects and the decorative apparatus. The definition of the
objectives, methodologies and operational practices and
guidelines requests to overcome a passive spatial reference
and three-dimensional representation and make a shift
towards an intelligent system able to manage a constant flux
of different specific data within dynamic interpretative
models.
The aim of this approach is to generate dynamic
interpretative model, to define control attention threshold,
alert and alarm threshold and to identify the soils of risk
respects to the structural and environmental stresses, in order
to support analysis, simulations and retroactive control. The
objective of the whole process was to develop the generation
of large scale and high resolution models with high Level of
Detail (LOD) in order to support the analysis of historical
constructive model, scenario simulation of the dynamic
behaviour of the object and of the whole architectural
organism.
Figure 1. The abacus of the vault system of the Villa Reale obtained from
the laser scanner and photogrammetric surveys. Its possible to navigate
HR georeferenced orthoimages (terrain pixel, 12mm) within the open
source GeoSpatial Services implemented on the website (WMS,WFS). All
the vault are referred to their different masonry and wooden typologies
(bottom).
To this purpose the shape of each vault has been
reconstructed upon a deeper investigation of the
technological-constructive system genesis, obtained from the
theoretic constructive hypothesized and from analysis of the
coeval manuals and documents. Two different situation of
extrados inspections have been identified at Villa Reale: (1)
when was possible to access and inspect directly the extrados
of the vaults and (2) when the rich decorative stucco surfaces
of vaults (and the impossibility to remove the floors of the
rooms above!), have prevented the assessment of the cross-
sections and the investigation of the materials and their
condition of conservation. Therefore, when possible, the
dimensional and geometrical data on the shape of cloister
vaults were analysed from constructive and structural point
of view, comparing information obtained from the survey
with direct observation of the extrados of the vaults. In those
cases the thicknesses, materials, textures masonry, metal and
wooden tie-beans were accurately investigated to provide an
useful point of comparison for those areas where information
were not directly obtainable.
This method of investigation of the old structures and
their constructive techniques represent a reverse process of
knowledge, starting from the observation of the existing
elements to virtually reconstruct hypothetic phases of
construction, considering not only the geometry and the
thickness of the walls, but also the materials and the real
arrangement of the constructive elements.
Different hypotheses have been verified on the effective
spatial geometry obtained from the first rough Triangulated
Irregular Network (TIN) model generated from the laser
scanner points crossing all the information useful to the 3D
content decoding. Through an accurate three-dimensional
survey of the structures it was possible to obtain all the basic
geometric data to derive information on the constructional
478
genesis of the vaults and on the constructive methodologies
used in the past, consenting hypothesis on the shape of the
wooden centrings used for the construction and for the bricks
arrangement. At the same time, an attempt was done to cross
this technological information with the ones derived from the
analysis of the original drawings of cross-sections used as a
guide to build up the cover structures of the rooms. In order
to reconstruct the story of the process of building we used
the instruction given by ancient manual supposedly known
by the architect Piermarini. In particular, we tried to
understand how the ancient builders have drawn and built
the wooden centrings to obtain the exact shape of the vaults
planned by the original architects drawings, starting from
the plan of the room in and from the height of the vault.
The two typical constructive technologies of vault
covering have been reconstructed: the masonry vaults (Fig.
2) and the wooden hanging vaults (Fig.3). The first one
regards many pavilion vaults that have been built up along
the XVIII and XIX century within the Villa Reale. They
were generated by crossing of two barrel vaults, with a
central plane ceiling in some cases. The model was
developed beginning from the provisional centring, and the
wooden planking on which the brick block has been
superimposed along the masonry rows, thus reconstructing
the warping and 3D brick blocks model texturing [23].
Considering the extrados inspections, the typologies
illustrated on the different manual of the XVIII-XIX
centuries [24], and the bibliographic references on the
technological construction [25], with the geometric analysis
beginning from the elliptical vertical section generated and
extracted from the cloud points the 3D constructive model
has been generated. Such geometric thematic information
could be used for the structural analysis of the vault elements
within the whole complex. In particular the reconstruction of
the precise geometry of the cloister vault, started from the
drawings of longitudinal and transversal sections of the
square room (obtained from the laser scanner point clouds),
has allowed to compare the real shape with the ideal one.
This possibility could be extremely useful to the experts in
the identification of the anomalies in the shape of the vaults
respect to the ideal shape of the original drawings, useful
also for subsequent diagnostic analysis and observation of
structural behaviour.
The example of Villa Reale represents one of the first
experiments of a virtual working space for multidisciplinary
scientific community involved within the planned
conservation process. The availability of simultaneous
information, maps, surveys, virtual models, ancient
documents, allows a breakthrough towards a dynamic model
for a continuous learning system and iterative adaptive
system, guaranteeing the use of the architectural organism
over time, ensuring thus the valorisation of cultural heritage
for the generations to come.

Figure 2. From cloud points to the geometric and tecnological constructive
analysis of the masonry vault system and the 3D brick block model texture.
Figure 3. The 3D constructive model of the so called wooden vault
system made by wooden arcs integrated by a light weight structure, that
allows to cover large areas (Ball Room,Villa Reale, Monza).
The second type regards the main hall of the first Noble
Floor, the Ball Room. The vaults of the hall have been
analysed and surveyed to reconstruct its shape in relation to
the other common constructive models. The cover was built
as a wooden vaults, defined false vault, a typology used to
cover rooms of large dimensions using a light structure. The
wooden centring, as visible from the pictures of the
inspections within the extrados, are not removable in this
case, but they are hanging to oblique fixed support as shown
in Fig.3.
A kind of modern logical-virtual stereotomy, in its
ancient meaning of the art of cutting stones in the 3Dspace,
(from the Greek etymology stereos-space, temno-cut),
has been experimented to construct the vaulted elements,
keystone and complex objects [26] rediscovering the ancient
design and providing an excellent space control [27].
479
V. CROSSRELATIONS TO RECONSTRUCT 3D OBJECT
MODEL
The survey case study of the Palazzo Soldi in Cremona
carried out within the Master of Science Course of
Restoration (thought by Proff. A. Grimoldi, R. Brumana, D.
Del Curto), represents the application of the methodology
described in section II. It has underlined the importance in
generating virtual dynamic model space to be implemented
by the different correlated information. It can be the starting
point when constructing a 3D content BIM, enhanced to
connect the Single Object within the overall Building
organism. The geometric and thematic surveys have
highlighted the importance of diachronic 3D representation
[28], to detect different construction phases of the palace
during the centuries, as the result of progressive
incorporation of a separated block belonging to different
properties (Fig.4). The laser scanner and photogrammetric
multispectral surveys registered the merging process of
different blocks through the faade of the internal court built
to give prestige to the property unification. The enlargement
of the roof in height and along the transversal length to host
the added faade with a new groin vaults porch, probably
caused the out of plumb movements and the arc relaxed in
the central part of the faade due to a loose binding of the
new faade to the existing block, performed only by using
the two end-nodes. This hypothesis is supported by the later
addition of the tie beam to the trusses, not coeval to them, to
contain the forces and thrust. Such thrust have been
increased by the replacement of the ancient precious
wooden floor structure (XIV-XV cen.) with the new vault
cover system, due to the style of that period, while . Some of
those vaults are accessible at the extrados level of the roof,
many are covered by countertops superimposed hiding the
vaults, while some are simply viewable from the intrados
only. Where possible thermal images of the intrados or
extrados surface have been acquired and integrated within
the geometric analysis, in order to define the two different
mortar pavilion vault system with the different brick block
texturing, and the wooden false vaults, here also present.
One of the reconstructed vault models is here illustrated:
from the analysed structures, recursive typologies have been
highlighted, allowing to simplify the analysis of the different
vault systems, once the constructive methodology was
comprehended. The case study is the vault facing the court
that was originally covering the larger representative room,
and is now subdivided in three rooms and hidden by a
ceiling: the surveyed extrados model has been reconstructed
in order to analyse the interesting herringbone texture of the
brick block obtained to cover such important dimensions,
beginning from the coeval manual analysis and from the
extrados images (Figg.5,6). Once modelled such vault
Objects (within RHINO), their integration was verified
within Revit in order to relate thematic information (the
chronological phase of construction, typology of
construction, brick block pavilion vault or wooden vault, the
height, the weight, the principle forces and behaviour). This
could be a base to generate an object content model of the
wall related to the behaviour of the building and of the
 Figure 4. The integration of laser scanning survey with the
technological constructive analysis of the faade texturing (IR
FLIR images) and of the vault system, allowed to reconstruct
the state of the art as a result of the different chronological soil

single elements related one to the other (vault systems, roof

beams, facade).
Each surface has been connected one to the other,
generating 3D-Obiect with a deeper informative content
about the geometry, technological construction information, Figure 5. The reconstruction of the 3D Object vault model from the
the sequence and phases of the construction. extrados surveys and the interesting herringbone of the brick block
texturing. The model object is made by the brick elements with the
different disposition.

480

Figure 6. The 3D Object model and its derived typology from the so called
volta a schifo (cut cloister vault) with harringhbone texture of the brick
block with a disposition of flat brick and brick on the edge to lighten the
weight of the structure. The model is on course to be integrated within
Revit with the DB.
481
Figure 7. The methodologic path to obtain the constructive geometry of the
vault module inscribed within the trapezium.
Figure 8. The 3D model generation obtained from the laser scanner vertical
and horizontal slices and the hyphotesized texture of the brick block to be
verified through InfraRed Image campaign.
The case study of the vault system of the 'Rotonda of
Besana' in Milan (once a church dedicated to Saint Michele,
XIX cent.) illustrates that the described methodology helps
the investigation of apparently easy cases and discovering
unexpected pieces of history, not examined by the literature
until now. The case of spherical vault built along the four
principal and secondary exedras of the famous complex of
Rotonda seemed apparently related to a simple spherical
implant, cut by the inscribed trapezium, as usually
represented in historical documents, Fig.7. The analysis of
the horizontal, transversal diagonal and longitudinal slices
extracted from point clouds have shown an ovoid shape, with
different directions of the brick block arrangement along the
same constructive ring, Fig.8. The impossibility to access to
the extrados requires deeper investigation of texture (ring or
herringbone): the Object model was generated on the
hypothesis of the most probable brick block texture. Further
investigation with IR images using thermal camera are
planned during the next months in order to enable matching
of thus obtain thermal orthoimages with 3D scans [29].
VI. CONCLUSION
The progress and implementation of 3D Object Content
Models opens stimulating possibilities in the development of
4D virtual workspace for management and maintenance of
heritage in time. Hence the need to explore the potential of
these models, based on the box-systems and surveyed using
lasers and photogrammetry, to obtain systems of continuous
learning in which dynamic behaviour of architecture heritage
could be monitored. Providing the context to data of different
types is no longer the final phase of heterogeneous
information synthesis, but it is becoming a working tool that
recognises the construction of geometric and technological
manufacturing models as valid support for the monitoring of
degradation and of structural behaviour. Methods and
simplified techniques used to generate BIM oriented
modelling need further investigation in terms of
interoperability and sustainability. BIM applied to the Built
Heritage, Laser BIM based surveying, Energy Efficiency
simulations, structural behaviour, finite element analysis
modelling, thermal dispersion modelling are only few topics
that represent new fields of investigation. 3D models and the
knowledge of technological constructive geometries can
provide an essential contribution to better understanding of
theses topic, generating adaptive iterative finite elements
where generation of vault content models described here
could be an excellent starting point.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our special acknowledgment goes to the Lombardy
Region for supporting the surveys and methodological
approach. To Proff. A. Grimoldi and L. Binda for their
scientific knowledge of technological and constructive
analysis during survey, and to the Master courses students
for testing the methodology in such a didactic path.
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