ADVANCED CHEMISTRY PROJECT

The application & property

MORPHINE
PIYAPA TANTISIRIVAT

CLASS SECTION 1108

Mahidol University International

Demonstration School
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Application & Purpose
Morphine is known as the opioid, which sometimes can be called narcotic. It is first
introduced in 1950s in the form oral morphine. It is primarily used in the medical purpose
as a medicine to treat the pain which can be ranged from the moderate to severe pain as it
changes the way you respond to the pain as it has the influence over the brain. It is not
recommended to treat the short-term pain like after the surgery unless patient already
received morphine before the surgery. (Morphine SULFATE, n.d.) Another medical
purpose for using morphine is to suppress the severe cough and some severe diarrhea.
However, most of the physicians recommend to use another medicine and other types of
opioids first since those are more appropriate for the symptoms as well as less addictive
compared to morphine. (Mandal, 2013) According to World Health Organizations first
choice of the usage of the strong opioids, morphine commonly uses to treat the pain which
can be ranged from moderate to extreme in people with cancer in the United Kingdom and
many other European countries and use for some serve non-malignant pain in the United
States of America. (Desai, Bennett, Brook, 2017)
The application of morphine has been seen throughout the history. It was firstly
used during Mesopotamian for the medical properties. At that time, people called it the
plant of joy since it made people feel quite relax after used it. Later, during the Golden Age,
it was used by Arab doctors to make drug that contained it to cure diseases like epilepsy,
normal cold, insanityand eye fatigue. Around the same time, in the odyssey, it was used to
make wine that mitigated pain and alleviated the sadness It remained the important
apothecarys item through the present which can be seen from the middle age and
renaissance period that people used opium to synthesis morphine to produce the medicine.
(Desai, Bennett & Brook, 2017)
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Application & Purpose
Now, morphine can be applied through several ways. First is oral morphine. There
are several
What's oral medicine that contains morphine such as Kadian, Morphabond, MS Contin,
inside?
Roxanol, andfrom
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the appear in many different form like Tablet, capsule, powder for
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suspension, solution
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of the syrup. It is mostly used to treated patient for a long period of time
as itTeam-building
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physical and mental dependence on the drug. However, this can be
solved by decreasing the dose over a period of time instead of stopping it immediately. For
the safety of taking morphine via oral route, it is vital to follow the direction of doctor
strictly and check for possible allergy and drug interaction as it can cause the negative
effects. It is important to check the progress and the reaction of the body to the drug as it
can cause the side effect that sometimes can be very dangerous like slow heartbeat. For
capsule and tablet, the patients who take it should be used by the patient how was already
used opioids to treated pain as they are tolerance to this. (Mayoclinic, n.d.) Another way is
via injection. There are three main brands for this which are Astramorph PF, Duramorph
and Infumorph. Unlike the morphine that is taken via oral route, this type of morphine may
also use before and or during with anesthetic to put patient into the sleep during the
operation. Another different is that this type of morphine requires either nurse or trained
health professional will give to patient in a hospital. This may be given in a form of shot
under the skin like normal vaccine or through intravenous tube of patient. Physician will
give only a few dosages of this medicine to improve the condition and then change into the
oral form. (Mayoclinic, n.d.) Other than two route mentioned, some people used this via
smoking. However, this is mostly used for the drug abuse and considered illegal in various
countries across the globe.

Oral Injection Smoking

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Physical property

Morphine can be found in the white crystalline powder and has bitter taste. (Desai,
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Bennett, Brook, 2017) It is sometime can be found in in small rhombic prism or needle-like
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from dilute alcohol. It is odorless which means that it does not contain any scents. It boils at
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190 degrees Celsius while melting at 255 degrees Celsius. Its density is around 1.32 at 20
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degrees Celsius and weighs around 285.343 gram per mole. It is around 1.8X10-10 mm Hg
at 25 degrees Celsius.
For its solubility, it is soluble in water around 149 mg/L at 20 C. It also dissolves in
methanol, pyridine, alkali and alkaline earth hydroxide as well as phenol and cresols.
Furthermore, it is also fairly soluble in the chloroform with alcohol whereas merely
dissolve in ammonia, benzene and ethanol. Nevertheless, it is insoluble in diethyl ether and
acetone.
When morphine is exposed to the air, morphine sulfate will gradually lose water
which sometimes can cause the color to become darken after the opening up to the air.
Also, by heating up the morphine to the state of decomposition, it will release the
poisonous fume of nitrous oxide. (Morphine, n.d.)
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Chemical property

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For the chemical structure of morphine, it is the organic compound that consists of
three functional groups which are ether, alcohol and amine. It is the alkaloid that is
extracted from the plant known as opium. It is soluble in acid while precipitated when
reacted with ammonia. The morphine itself is weak base in which its pH is around 8.5 and
pKa is 8.25 at room temperature. Its molecular structure consists of a morphinan alkaloid
which is an alkaloid substance consisting of four rings system. It is found to be arranged in
five chiral center which can ne notated as 5R,6S,9R,13S and 14R. A chiral center is a carbon
atom surrounding by four other atoms in which each one has to be different elements.
(Desai, Bennett & Brook, 2017) Morphine can accept four hydrogen bonds while can only
donate two hydrogen bonds. It does not contain any rotatable bond counts. It does not
contain any formal charge and contains only one covalent bond per each. It also does
contain any isotope atoms (Morphine, n.d.)
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Marvin Chem Sketch

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