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Pnnted in Great Britam 0 1988 Pergamon Press plc
(First received 3 March 1987; in revisedform 1 September 1987; acceptedfor publication 11 November 1987)
1419
1420 Shorter Communications
Along the top, above the expanded bed surface: Reynolds number. In the general case when both gas viscosity
and gas inertia are important, the more general gas to particle
Y = H, ? = ffreeboard (5g) interaction or drag term involves the Reynolds number and
The parameters will be nondimensional&d as d,/L as two independent parameters.
The resulting list of dimensionless parameters given in eq.
+z-V,QLLV,f=UD, (11) valid for the viscous limit is a more compact form of that
0 L given previously, Glicksman (1984) where it was not recog-
nized that Re and d,/L can be combined into a single
where the lerlgth scale is non-dimensionalized with respect to
parameter in the viscous limit. Both eq. (11) and the
the bed dimension, L. The proceeding continuity and momen-
previously derived parameter list apply to the viscous limits;
tum equations along with the boundary conditions can now
however, eq. (11) is less restrictive for modelling purposes
be written in non-dimensional form as because of the reduction by one of the number of independent
div (EU) = 0 (5) dimensionless parameters. It has been recognized previously
that proper non-dimensionalization of the governing equa-
div [ (1 - ~)t)] = 0 (6) tions can sometimes yield a more compact list of independent
7 dimensionless parameters (Kline, 1965).
(1 -c) g + (~.V)~ +$(I PL
-&)-PIUo(U-v) = 0 (7) Equation (11) can be written in a slightly different but
L I equivalent form, when it is noted in the viscous limit that V,,
du : LP, 57L is proportional to gp,d:/p so that eq. (10) can be rewritten as
Pf z + (Id. V)u
I 1 P. u.
(12)
+v -$ +~(d-d) = 0 (8)
( s 0 > P. %
The governing dimensionless parameters in the viscous limit
at x, = 0 and 1 [eq. (1 l)], can be equivalently written as
ON = 0 (9a) v_z u, L L,
u = 0 (9b) gLU,,D L2
_*+&($)(+)
P (9f) v, -urn,- J&v.? - Umi)o (15)
p,u,2 AU.2
u mf= JmU;r (16)
at y = H,fD
L& = 0 (%) where the superscript o refers to the scale model bed.
Combining eqs (14) and (16) results in
u = 1 Ph)
~P = (17)
Pfraboard/Ps:~ (99
P.4
where g is added to both sides to nondimensionalize the
In the viscous dominated region, at small Reynolds Numbers, results.
terms in the fluid equation with coefficients of p//p. are Combining eqs (15) and (16):
negligible and the governing parameters are gL/V,f,
@L/p,V,,, L, jD and L, /L,, where L, , L, etc. are the relevant v v D
physical dimensions of the system. Note. U,/U,r which
appears in the pressure boundary condition [eq. (Sf)] will be
2=
v mf ( >
P
v mf .
shown below to be expressed in terms of the other governing The parameters given in eqs (14), (17) and (18) are identical to
parametkrs, it is not an additional independent parameter. those derived from the governing equations and given in eq.
From the Ergun equation, or equivalent, for the viscous (13).
dominated region: It must be borne in mind that eq. (13) is valid only when
fluid inertial effects are negligibre, i.e. they are a subset of the
W 150(1 -#pL lSO(1 -#L general relationships. In Glicksman (1984) the criteria for the
p= (10)
&sps&P,d; = E3ARed,
viscous limit is obtained when the ratio of the viscous forces
P34?
to fluid inertia forces in the Ergun equation is 10 or larger.
where Re is the Reynolds number based on d,. From Table 1 of that reference, for a bed of glass or sand
Therefore, in the viscous region, the independent governing fluidized with air at standard conditions, with Vo/Vmi of 3,
parameters can be expressed as the viscous limit occurs when particles are less than 200
microns. Horio et al. carried out their experiments with
Uz/gL, L/cd, Re), L/D, L, /L2, particle sphericity, particle
particles of mean diameter varying between 100 and 180
size distribution. (11)
microns.
Note in this case that d,/ L only appears in the parameter list The agreement that Horio found between geometrically
combined with the Reynolds number. This is a consequence similar beds serves to verify the viscous limit of the scaling law
of neglecting the gas inertia when gas viscosity dominates. for the range of conditions they considered. It further
The particle diameter is absent in the ratio of particle inertia indicates that surface forces due to electrostatic forces,
force to particle gravity force since both forces are pro- adhesion etc. are not important in this region since if they were
portional to the particle volume. The ratio of particle important, dynamic similarity would not be observed be-
diameter to bed dimension only appears in the ratio of tween particles with different ratios of surface area to volume.
particle inertia to gas velocity forces, i.e. combined with the Note that Horios scaling relationships are not equivalent
Shorter Communications 1421
Chevnicol Engk~ermg Science. Vol. 43, NO. 6. pp. 1421-1424. 1988. 0009-2509;88 53.00 + 0.00
Printed in Grear Brium. C 1988 Pcrgamon Press pt
The method of Wei and Prater [l] IS an elegant method for For the simplest reaction system we considered the tri-
transforming highly coupled complex systems of monomol- angular network
ecular and pseudo-monomolecular reaction systems into
completely uncoupled hypothetical systems amenable to easy
solution. In this communication this method is extended to
apply to the determination of rate constants of complex
reaction systems obeying non-linear kinetics. This extension
is based upon the principle of the concentration-controlled
recycle reactor [2]. It enables the experimentalist to maintain (3)
the concentrations of selected components constant over a
whole reaction path. The selection must be made in such a
way that pseudo-linear kinetics results for each step of the
reaction network. The procedure just outlined was tested by
simulating appropriate experimental runs.
The experiments were evaluated by means of the
relationship and supposed that the rates are proportional to both the mole
fractions of Ai, ai, and the mole fraction of a homogenous
C? C9
a=X+- __
1__*XI+f_ji2X3+ . (1) (gaseous) catalyst B, us. For example, the rate of reaction
A, -+ AZ is
valid for a gradientless reactor, where a is the vector of the
mole fraction of the components, X is the characteristic vector
r, = k,,a,.a,. (4)
matrix, / is the exit molar flow rate per unit reaction volume WeiCPrater experiments were then performed by simu-
(or unit catalyst mass)> and C = X- f[fo is the vector of lation in aconcentmtion-controlled recycle reactor, where the
inlet molar flow rates per unit reaction volume (or unit mole fraction ofthe homogenouscatalyst B was held constant
catalyst mass)]. throughout the experiments. The steady-state mass balances
The matrix of eigenvectors, X, can be found in the usual for this system are
manner, i.e. by locating the straight-line reaction paths in the
simplex. The ratio of the characteristic roots, Al /AZ, can be jai-j:= 5f vikrk, i=l,...,4 (5a)
found from a curved reaction path using the relationship *=
(2)
(5b)
where b= X-la.