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AbstractIn this paper, compensation of the dc-side voltage The configuration in [5] uses a two-winding nine-phase
harmonics of a medium-voltage (MV) 12-pulse ac/dc converter front-end transformer feeding an 18-pulse diode rectifier. Con-
is achieved using a series active power filter (APF). The output ventional passive filters are used to suppress harmonic distor-
voltage harmonics are dependent on the converter firing delay
angles and, consequently, on the specific power locus followed tion. However, passive filters have limitations [6].
by the ac/dc converter. This power locus ensures minimum fifth In [7] and [8], the output voltage RF is improved by using
and seventh harmonics (total rms) in the input current which a pulse multiplication technique, where higher pulse operation
provides minimum input current total harmonic distortion when is obtained based on a six-pulse converter, with additional
the reactive power is less than 0.5 p.u. The series APF is connected circuitry. This adds auxiliary thyristors, two transformers, and
between the load and the converter output via a magnetic amplifier
to eliminate the dc current from the APF inverter, thus reducing passive elements to the main circuit. The addition of a complex
inverter losses. Voltage harmonic compensation using a series APF, active injection circuit in the converter dc side [8], [9] reduces
with and without a magnetic amplifier, is examined with both resis- the harmonic distortion in both the ac and dc sides. Other
tive and inductive loads. The simulation results for compensating a harmonic current injection methods are based on injecting
3.3-kV MV 12-pulse converter system are experimentally verified ripple into the converter dc side [10], [11], but the RF improve-
using a scaled prototype 12-pulse converter with a series APF.
ment is limited and does not guarantee compensation if used
Index TermsActive power filters (APFs), dc-side compensa- with controlled rectifiers. For higher voltage applications, the
tion, magnetic amplifiers, medium-voltage (MV) rectifiers, series passive elements of these circuits must be designed to withstand
APF, 12-pulse converters.
the maximum voltage. Because of power quality issues, more
importance is now being given to compensation using active
I. I NTRODUCTION power filters (APFs), made possible because of semiconductor
improvements, such as increased switching frequency, ratings,
C ONTROLLED ac/dc converters provide high reliabil-
ity, low complexity, and low power loss and minimize
the number of series-connected switches for high-voltage or
and cost, and also the availability of microelectronics and
measurement sensors [12], [13]. The APF overcomes classical
medium-voltage (MV) applications [1], [2]. One drawback of passive filters drawbacks; moreover, it can be durable and
these converters is the generation of voltage harmonics which reliable [14]. AC-side compensation using a shunt APF has
affects the power quality on the dc side [3], [4]. Controlling the been investigated and well documented, with recent publi-
converter phase angle impacts on the output voltage harmonics, cations dealing with performance improvement and control
which are assessed by using individual harmonic distortion design [15][22]. However, dc-side compensation has received
and the ripple factor (RF) [2]. Methods have been used to less attention even though the output voltage waveform has
minimize the output voltage waveform distortion, and a mul- a direct impact on the load. A series APF could be a candi-
tipulse configuration can be used in MV systems to improve date for dc-side compensation. When a series APF is used to
the power quality. Converters utilize a front-end phase-shifting compensate the output voltage harmonics [23], [24], the APF
transformer feeding a number of six-pulse converters connected inverter switches have to conduct the full-load current including
in parallel for high-current applications or in series for high- the principal dc component. The shunt APF is used to inject
voltage applications [3]. the compensating current necessary to cancel the output current
harmonics, therefore improving its RF [25][27]. To overcome
the problem of the APF inverter switches conducting the dc
load current, the series APF is connected into the converter dc
side via a magnetic amplifier coupled circuit which also isolates
Manuscript received August 9, 2012; revised November 19, 2012 and
the series APF from the power circuit. This allows lowering of
January 5, 2013; accepted February 13, 2013. Date of publication February 22, the APF switch ratings and voltage matching and minimizes
2013; date of current version July 18, 2013. inverter losses.
M. S. Hamad is with the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime
Transport, Alexandria 21532, Egypt (e-mail: eng_mostafa99@yahoo.com).
The objective of this paper is to compensate the 12-pulse
M. I. Masoud is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineer- controlled converter output harmonics using a series APF
ing, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman, and connected via a magnetic amplifier. This converter follows
also with the Electrical Engineering Department, The Faculty of Engineering,
Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt (e-mail: m.masoud@ieee.org).
a specific power locus [28][30]. The insertion of the series
B. W. Williams is with the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, APF improves the RF, consequently minimizing the necessary
U.K. (e-mail: barry.williams@eee.strath.ac.uk). smoothing inductance.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. The remainder of this paper is organized into five sections
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2013.2248337 and the conclusion. Section II gives a brief introduction to the
P = Pmax (cos 1 + cos 2 ) where Vo1 is the output voltage of the upper six-pulse converter
Q = Pmax (sin 1 + sin 2 ) (2) and Vo2 is the output voltage of the lower converter. Hence, the
output voltage Fourier series is the sum of the Fourier series of
where each output, which are given by (6), shown at the bottom of the
3Io Vmax page, where
Pmax = . (3)
cos(6n+1) 1
cos(6n1)1
6n+1 6n1
If 2Pmax is considered the base power, the active and reactive 6n(1) = n+tan1
sin(6n+1)1 sin(6n1)1
powers can be represented in terms of per-unit values as
6n1
6n+1
3Vmax
1 1 2 cos 21
vo1 = cos 1 + + sin(6nt + 6n(1) )
n=1
(6n 1)2 (6n + 1)2 (6n 1)(6n + 1)
3Vmax
1 1 2 cos 22
vo2 = cos 2 + + sin 6(nt /6) + 6n(2) . (6)
n=1
(6n 1)2 (6n + 1)2 (6n 1)(6n + 1)
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF 45
Fig. 7. Twelve-pulse converter follows the proposed power locus with the series APF inserted into the dc side via a magnetic amplifier.
guarantee that the control winding current Ich tracks the ref- the converter load current may represent the dc-link current of
erence current. Based on the transformer configuration and an invertermotor set. The power given to the motor can be
winding arrangement for the converter-side winding and the controlled by controlling the inverter modulation index while
control winding (11), this current prevents the magnetic am- maintaining a constant dc-link current or by controlling the dc-
plifier from saturating. Since power flow in this application is link current while the inverter operates at a constant modulation
unidirectional, a single-quadrant dc chopper is used with the index. Both possibilities are catered for with the system block
magnetic amplifier as an LV high-current controlled current diagram shown in Fig. 7. The average load current is used in the
source which circulates the chopper output current in the low- two controlling loops, namely, a control winding current loop
resistance control winding. This load resistance determines and a constant-load-current control loop. In the load current
the maximum steady-state chopper current when 1. The control loop, irrespective of the load type, the actual load
switching frequency fch is 10 kHz, and a smoothing inductance current should track a given reference, and the proposed power
Lch of 10 mH is used to ensure continuous Ich with low ripple locus algorithm is applied to generate the required firing angles
current [35]. Also, this inductance presents high impedance to change the converter output voltage and keep the load current
(required of a current source) to current changes in the other constant. Hence, varying the reference load current changes
two windings. The current source response, determined by the the converter firing angles, in compliance with the proposed
dc source and inductance and time constant Lch /Rch , should be power locus, and proportionally changes the control winding
better than the dc current response required of the main ac/dc current.
converter. DC-side compensation of the 12-pulse converter using the
series APF with a magnetic amplifier is initially investigated
using MATLAB. The system has a static inductive load of
VI. O UTPUT VOLTAGE C OMPENSATION OF A 12-P ULSE
100 mH and a variable resistance. The reference load current
C ONVERTER U SING A S ERIES APF W ITH
Idc is 100 A. The turn ratio of the series APF transformer Nm1 :
A M AGNETIC A MPLIFIER
Nm2 : Nm3 is 2 : 1 : 2. The chopper (< 5% of the 12-pulse
The series APF with a magnetic amplifier is used to com- converter voltampere rating) is controlled to achieve a con-
pensate the 12-pulse converter output voltage harmonics. The trol winding current Ich of 100 A. For a supply voltage of
steady-state performance of the dc-side-compensated converter 3.3 kV, the dc-bus voltage of the series APF inverter Vdc(s)
is investigated while the converter tracks the power locus in is 1000 V (half the maximum peak of the converter harmonic
Fig. 1. This power locus is based on a constant and ripple- voltage). The magnetic amplifier reduces the series APF in-
free load current for the required active power range. The verter current by eliminating the dc component. This allows
load may be either static or dynamic. A dynamic load may an increased switching frequency fsw(s) limit for the same
draw either constant or variable dc current. As an example, inverter dc-side voltage and consequently improves the filtering
48 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 61, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
TABLE I
O UTPUT VOLTAGE AND L OAD VOLTAGE H ARMONIC P ROFILE
Fig. 9. DC-side compensation of a 12-pulse converter using a series APF with a unit step load change. (a) Converter output voltage Vo , (b) compensated load
voltage VL , and (c) load current.
VIII. C ONCLUSION
VII. R ESULTS , D ISCUSSION , AND O BSERVATIONS
Thyristor ac/dc converters generate output voltage harmonics
The existence and the size of the dc-link smoothing inductor inversely dependent on the firing delay angle. Compensation of
Ldc in the ac/dc converter output and the load current are both the output voltage harmonics of a 12-pulse converter following
50 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 61, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
Fig. 10. Performance parameters before and after compensation using a series APF: (a) Four dominant harmonic factors and (b) voltage RF. (----) Before
compensation and () after compensation.
the proposed power locus has been investigated with a series RFs, allowing the use of a smaller converter dc-link inductance.
APF inserted into the converter dc side. The series APF is The series APF can be connected either directly or through a
controlled to inject a compensation voltage that cancels the transformer. In the case of APF direct connection, the full-load
voltage harmonics in the converter dc side, thereby indirectly current flows in the APF inverter switches, which increases the
compensating load current harmonics. This improves the load power losses and requires switches of high current rating. The
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF 51
Fig. 12. Configuration #2: Coupling the series APF with a magnetic amplifier.
A PPENDIX
See Fig. 13.
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Feb. 2011. respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engi-
[17] M. Odavic, V. Biagini, P. Zanchetta, M. Sumner, and M. Gegano, One- neering from the Faculty of Engineering, University
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implementation for high performance shunt active filters in aircraft power Alexandria, Egypt, in 1974. He received the B.Sc.
grids, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 36043613, (top of class with honors) and M.Sc. degrees from
Sep. 2012. The Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria Univer-
[22] Z. Chen, Y. Luo, and M. Chen, Control and performance of a cascaded sity, Alexandria, in 1996 and 1999, respectively,
shunt active power filter for aircraft electric power system, IEEE Trans. and the Ph.D. degree from HeriotWatt University,
Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 36143623, Sep. 2012. Edinburgh, U.K., in 2003.
[23] E. H. Watanabe, P. G. Barbosa, and J. A. Santisteban, Shunt-series active From 2003 to 2007, he was a Lecturer with the
power filter for rectifiers AC and DC sides, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.Elect. Electrical Engineering Department, The Faculty of
Power Appl., vol. 145, no. 6, pp. 577584, Nov. 1998. Engineering, Alexandria University. From February
[24] E. H. Watanabe and L. A. S. Pilotto, Series active power filter for the DC 2007 to August 2009, he was a Research Fellow
side of an HVDC transmission systems, in Proc. IPEC, Tokyo, Japan, with the Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Group, Department of
1990, pp. 10241030. Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
[25] Y. Wang, G. Joos, and H. Jin, DC-side shunt-active power filter for phase- U.K. Since June 2009, he has been an Associate Professor with the Electrical
controlled magnet-load power supplies, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Engineering Department, The Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 765771, Sep. 1997. From 2009 to 2011, he was with Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
[26] P. Hao, W. Zanji, and C. Jianye, Study on the control of shunt active He is currently with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
DC filter for HVDC systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 1, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. His research
pp. 396401, Jan. 2008. interests include renewable energy systems, power electronics applications, and
[27] Z. Dongyuan, C. Jianye, W. Zanji, and Y. Wang, The active DC filter electrical machine drives.
in HVDC resolved by the multiple PWM inverters, in Proc. 35th IEEE
PESC, Jun. 2025, 2004, vol. 5, pp. 38893893.
[28] M. S. Hamad, M. I. Masoud, S. J. Finney, and B. W. Williams, Medium
voltage series connected 12-pulse compensated current source controlled
rectifier with novel front end transformer configuration, in Proc. 4th IET
Int. Conf. PEMD, York, U.K., Apr. 24, 2008, pp. 2732.
[29] M. S. Hamad, M. I. Masoud, S. J. Finney, and B. W. Williams, A new Barry W. Williams received the M.Eng.Sc. de-
power locus for the pq operation of series connected 12-pulse current gree from The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
source controlled converter, in Proc. 39th IEEE PESC, Rhodes, Greece, Australia, in 1978 and the Ph.D. degree from the
Jun. 1519, 2008, pp. 22642270. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., in 1980.
[30] M. S. Hamad, M. I. Masoud, B. W. Williams, and S. Finney, Medium After seven years as a Lecturer with Imperial Col-
voltage 12-pulse converter: AC side compensation using a shunt active lege London, University of London, London, U.K.,
power filter in a novel front end transformer configuration, IET Power he was appointed Chair of Electrical Engineering
Electron., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 13151323, Sep. 2012. with HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh, U.K., in
[31] High precision current transducers: LEM solutions for high precision 1986. He is currently a Professor with the University
current measurements, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.lem.com/ of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., where he is also the
docs/marketing/LDK%20leaflet%20complete%20web.pdf Head of the Power Electronics and Energy Conver-
[32] W. Enright, J. Arrillaga, A. R. Wood, and F. P. Hidalgo, The smoothing sion Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. His teaching
transformer, a new concept in DC side harmonic reduction of HVDC covers power electronics (on which topic he has authored a textbook) and
schemes, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 19411947, drive systems. His research activities include power semiconductor modeling
Oct. 1996. and protection, converter topologies, soft-switching techniques, and application
[33] C. W. Lufcy, A survey of magnetic amplifiers, Proc. IRE, vol. 43, no. 4, of application-specified integrated circuits and microprocessors to industrial
pp. 404413, Apr. 1955. electronics.