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Document title
CON-TRMC-00530
Applies to: Transmission Department - Carolinas
A. GENERAL
1. Transformer bank differential relays must be accurately verified to have the correct
phase and magnitude of current in each relay winding initially as well as any time
that a change is made to any of the current circuit network. This verification consists
of reading both current phase angles and magnitudes using a proper reference
voltage or current and recording the values on the appropriate form then calculating
the percent mismatch and analyzing the results.
For initial test on bank differential relays, one winding of each relay must be
referenced against a known potential source (normally a-n) to ensure that the relays
have the correct phase currents and are 120 degrees apart. All other readings may
be taken with this same potential reference, or to decrease the final mismatch error
due to changing load currents the readings may be taken with the test equipment
connected to phase currents against currents. Also, the polarity of the test
equipment connections may be varied to simplify the recorded data and make it
more useful in the future. These polarities must be clearly indicated on the interface
document checklist.
B. VERIFYING DIFFERENTIALS
1. Before any actual differential readings are taken, the built in or engineered percent
mismatch should be calculated. Electromechanical type schemes use relays with
discrete taps to compensate for the difference in high-side versus low-side current
magnitudes and delta-wye connected auxiliary CTs to compensate for the 30
degree phase shift on delta-wye transformer banks. Due to the limited number of
choices for relay taps and CT ratios there will be an inherent mismatch in the system
and one can expect to measure some differential current.
4. Place the voltage regulator on the neutral position (if voltage conditions permit) to
reduce reading errors. This applies to T/D stations with a total station regulator in the
differential zone.
5. Check differential relays with inputs from all current sources. Care should be taken
where current sources are paralleled to ensure any potential problems are not
masked due to low current levels from an individual source. One method for dealing
with low current levels on distribution feeders is to line tie the feeders so that all
available load is on one breaker, take differential readings then repeat this operation
for all remaining breakers.
8. Progress Energy standard Delta-Wye transformer connections are such that the
transformer secondary voltage leads primary voltage by 30 degrees in the Eastern
service area and the secondary voltage lags primary voltage by 30 degrees in the
Western service area. Therefore, one should expect 150 degrees between high and
low side current inputs for microprocessor type relays in the Eastern service area
and 210 degrees between high and low side current inputs for microprocessor type
relays in the Western service area.
9. Do not place differential relays in service on T/D transformer banks unless sufficient
load is available to take reliable readings. Take readings at a later date when load is
greater. Transmission transformer banks should not be left in-service with the
differential relay trips disabled.
1. Calculate the percent mismatch for two winding differential relays as shown below. If
the error is greater than 5%, explain the reason for the error. If the error is greater
than 10%, check circuits for wiring errors and do not place differential relays in
service.
2. For SEL relays, a ratio mismatch of less than < 0.10 is acceptable. If the ratio
mismatch is greater than > 0.10; then, differential currents are too high. Check CT
circuits for wiring errors and do not place differential relay Trips in service. SEL
differential error calculation is performed by use of the manufacturers
Commissioning Test Worksheet.
[S]
1. Using the diagram fig. 3 and the formulas below, the built in or engineered
differential mismatch can be calculated. For this example, assume a transformer
loading of 25 MVA, a high-side voltage of 230 kV, and a low-side voltage of 24 kV. A
set of 10/5 (wye/delta) auxiliary CTs are used to further compensate for the
difference between high-side and low-side currents. For field calculations, refer to
the transformer for the actual tap position and correct voltages.
Caution Note:
Typical test circuits illustrated in this procedure may indicate connections, polarities, input
circuit orientations, display layouts, etc. specific to a particular instrument manufacturer.
These metering instruments are typically phase-angle meters, poly-meters, ammeters,
variable voltage sources, etc. and in the past were usually discrete devices. With the
advent of newer technology, the functionality of several instruments may be included in one
programmable device. The validity of these tests, analysis of measurements, and
subsequent value of documentation is dependent on the correct connections to and
programming of the specific instrument being used. Care should be exercised to ensure
that connections are made in accordance with the typical illustrations.
300/5
5
AUXILIARY
CTS
10
I E E I I E I E
23 KV AMMETER PHASE ANGLE METER
CONNECT REF.
TO LEADING
CIRCUIT OF METER
R A
1200/5
TEST POINTS
120/1 PT
300/5
5
AUXILIARY
CTS
10
I E E I I E I E
23 KV AMMETER PHASE ANGLE METER
CONNECT REF.
TO LEADING
CIRCUIT OF METER
R A
1200/5
TEST POINTS
120/1 PT
A B C
1.57 A 87 T 2.18 A
62.8 A
0.67 A
200/5
230 KV
25 MVA
601.8 A
24 KV
1.26 A
OCB 10/5
AUX
1200/5
2.51 A