Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF ENERGY
Conclusion
2.2. PHOTOVOLTAICS
For the north plains of Texas in the winter, PV power can be used to
melt ice for livestock tanks, which frees a rancher from going out to
the tank with an axe to break the surface ice so that the cows can
drink the water.
The PV module provides power to a small compressor on the tank
bottom that generates air bubbles underwater, which rise to the
surface of the tank.
This movement of the water with the air bubbles melts the tanks
surface ice.
Commercially available units are recommended for tanks 3-4 m in
diameter or greater, and can also be used with ponds.
Performance is the best for tanks that are sheltered and insulated.
Installation is not recommended for small, unsheltered tanks in
extremely cold and windy sites
2.2.1. SOLAR PV POWER PLANT
- THE NEED OF THE DAY
Common Photovoltaic Applications
Commercial Lighting
Reactor
Reactor of the gasification system is a cylindrical structure.
The inside of this is insulated with fire bricks lining.
Grate
A Grate is provided at the bottom of gasifier for material
support and ash removal.
Grate agitator
A grate agitator was provided to move to and fro on the
channel guide with the help of the handle. Due to the
movement of the agitator, combing action on surface of the
grate takes place, to remove the ash accumulated on it.
4.3. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DRAFT
GASIFIER FOR STEAM GENERATION
Natural Draft Gasifier System Description
Air inlet
Air inlet pipe is provided below the grate. The air pipe is having
valve to control the air supply to the gasifier.
Ash removal port
An ash removal door is provided below the grate for removal of ash
and for firing of biomass while starting the gasifier.
Biomass feeding hopper
Biomass feeding to the gasifier is done from the side of the reactor.
A hopper attached to the reactor is tapered and biomass is fed
through the pipe to the reactor.
Sealing of biomass
A water seal at the opening of the biomass feeding hopper is
provided.
4.3. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DRAFT
GASIFIER FOR STEAM GENERATION
Natural Draft Gasifier System Description
Gas outlet
The gas generated in the reactor moves upward
through a perforated plate having holes on the plate.
Burner
The gas burner is an integral part of the gasifier fitted
just above the reactor. The producer gas burner is of
aspirated and air swirling type. The swirl was noticed
during the burning of the gases. The control of the air
to the burner was provided using the valve fitted for
the air supply.
4.3. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DRAFT
GASIFIER FOR STEAM GENERATION
Gasifier Efficiency Calculations
Temperature Profile of the Reactor
The temperature profile of the gasifier is measured using
chromel-alumel thermocouples at 4 different locations i.e.
at the 20 mm, 120 mm, 320 mm and 720 mm above the
grate. The digital temperature indicator measures the
temperature inside the gasifier.
Flame Temperature
The flame temperature of the gas burning in the developed
burner is measured using thermocouple (chromel-alumel)
with temperature indicator. While measuring the
temperature; air drift to the burner can be avoided. The
maximum temperature of the flame is measured by shifting
the thermocouple to different locations of the flame.
4.3. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DRAFT
GASIFIER FOR STEAM GENERATION
Gasifier Efficiency Calculations
The Hot Rock Energy system works with two closed circulation loops
The subsurface loop
This loop circulates water down an injection borehole where it
passes through the underground "heat exchanger" and is
heated. The superheated water is then recovered by one or
more production boreholes which return it under pressure to
the surface.
By keeping the water under pressure and preventing it turning to
steam, any materials dissolved from the underground rock mass
(such as silica or carbonates) are kept in solution and can be
returned to the ground.
At the surface, the superheated water is passed through a metal
heat exchanger where most of the heat is removed. The now
cooled water is then returned to the injection borehole where it
is sent down again to recover more heat.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy
2. Deep wells are meant for production and injection of water. The
wells are drilled with conventional rotary drilling technology
similar to that used for drilling deep oil and gas wells. The total
number of wells and the ratio of production wells to injection
wells may vary.
Experimental HDR systems to date have typically involved one
injection well and one production well. The earliest commercial
HDR systems will likely include a triplet, two introduction wells
for each injection well.
A triplet of deep wells will support about 5 MW of power plant
capacity, assuming adequate flow rates and fluid temperature. It
is possible that other well configurations, such as a quadruplet
(3 production wells per injection well) or a quintuplet (4
production wells per injection well) could be used.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The Major Components of a HDR System
The process does not produce any waste dumps and has a
low noise impact. The construction of a HDR geothermal
power plant leaves only a small environmental footprint.
Site disturbance is limited to drill holes and pipelines, and a
building to house the power plant.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Disadvantages
Alain Despla
There are two main difficulties in drilling a geothermal well;
the first is to find the best site within the chosen area, and
the second is to prevent corrosion of the tubing. For the
first point, maps are available to help choose the optimum
location for a well, using the geothermal inventory made by
the BRGM at the beginning of the 1980s. These maps were
produced from oil prospecting data in sedimentary basins.
If we drill far enough, we will find either oil or hot water.
A failure for oil companies is a success for us! Like oil,
geothermal water does not exist in a reservoir in a free
state.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
How do you choose the site for a geothermal well ?
Fuel Cell
ENERGY OF FUTURE HYDROGEN
Storage of Hydrogen
Hydrogen Safety
Some experts think that hydrogen will form the basic energy
infrastructure that will power future societies, replacing todays
natural gas, oil, coal, and electricity infrastructures. They see a
new hydrogen economy to replace our current energy
economies, although that vision probably wont happen until far
in the future.
ENERGY OF FUTURE HYDROGEN
Applications
Some experts think that hydrogen will form the basic energy
infrastructure that will power future societies, replacing todays
natural gas, oil, coal, and electricity infrastructures. They see a
new hydrogen economy to replace our current energy
economies, although that vision probably wont happen until far
in the future.
10. FUEL CELL-MOST EFFICIENT AND
CLEAN SOURCE OF POWER
FUEL CELL-MOST EFFICIENT AND
CLEAN SOURCE OF POWER
Working of Fuel Cell
FUEL CELL-MOST EFFICIENT AND
CLEAN SOURCE OF POWER
Working of Fuel Cell
The fuel cell stack is the basic component of a fuel cell power
plant. Stacks are combined into modules, and the number of
modules determines plant capacity. The individual modules
can go from ideal to full load in minutes.
Fuel cells are one of the most reliable power generation
technologies.
Fuel cell power plants are reliable and safe, and can be sited
in environmentally sensitive areas.
Fuel cell needs hydrogen, which can be generated internally
from natural gas, coal, methanol, landfill gas or other fuels
containing hydrocarbons. Fuel cell technology meets public
demand for clean, quite and efficient power.
FUEL CELL-MOST EFFICIENT AND
CLEAN SOURCE OF POWER
Conclusion
The fuel cell technology can free India from its dependence
on foreign oil, while providing it with permanent self-
sufficiency. It can relive our electric boards from long
running issues of procuring waste coal in thermal plants,
fighting power thefts and billing discrepancies.
Air pollution will dramatically reduce. Fuel cells can help in
remote electrification projects.
Installation of these machines in rural areas will act as a
strong booster for rural economy.
FUEL CELL-MOST EFFICIENT AND
CLEAN SOURCE OF POWER
Conclusion
Its a simple process. In the fuel cell the electric current flows
from the anode to the cathode. An electrolyte separating the
anode and the cathode acts as a one-way door, allowing
protons to travel across the electrolyte while forcing the
electrons to travel through the external circuit, producing
electricity.
FUEL CELL
The Technology
Various types of fuel cells use different electrolytes, with
different electrochemical reactions occurring, but the overall
reaction is the same: hydrogen and oxygen combine to form
water and release energy.
Many scientists believe that pure hydrogen, the most common
element on earth, is destined to be the vehicle fuel of the future.
Hydrogen can be extracted from thousands of compounds,
including natural gas, water, sugar and many petroleum
products. The extraction of hydrogen requires energy, making
hydrogen an energy carrier rather than an energy source.
In transportation, and for many other applications, fuel cell
technology is opening new doors of opportunity for hydrogen.
Governments and industry around the world, including in
Canada, are investing heavily in research and development into
hydrogen fuel cells.
FUEL CELL
Types fuel cell
Fuel cells are generally (but not always) given names that refer
to the electrolyte:
AFC: Alkaline Fuel Cell
PAFC: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
MCFC: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
PEMFC: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (or Polymer
Electrolyte Fuel Cell)
DMFC: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (here is exception to the
name giving rule)
FUEL CELL
Types fuel cell
FUEL CELL
Types fuel cell
FUEL CELL
Types fuel cell
MCFC can be made with relatively big units. Cells, which are 2 m,
have been made. They give up to 2 kW. The efficiency is around
60 %
The lifespan is the biggest problem with the cells, its just around
5 000 hours.
FUEL CELL
Advantages and disadvantages with MCFC
FUEL CELL
Advantages and disadvantages with MCFC
The PEM fuel can only be powered with air (oxygen) and
hydrogen. That makes it necessary either to have hydrogen
supply infrastructure or to use an onboard gas generator system
with reformer producing hydrogen from any hydrogen rich liquid
such as methanol. Options are divided about the choice of
methanol or hydrogen in fuel cells vehicles.
FUEL CELL
Fuel cells for stationary electric production