FUTUREPERFECT Begoingtoisrarelyusedtomakethefutureperfect

tense.
Use: Tomsgoingtohavefinishedhislecturebythetimewe
getthere.
Usethefutureperfecttotalkaboutanevent

thatwillbefinishedandcompletebeforea
specifiedtimeinthefuture. FUTUREPERFECTCONTINUOUS
Thistimenextweek,Illwillhavefinishedthisproject. Use:

Phrasesoftenseenwiththisuseofthefuture
Usethefutureperfectcontinuoustotalk
continuousinclude:
aboutaneventthatwillbeinprogressfor
By...,Thistimenextweek...,In__yearstime...;
sometimebeforeaspecifiedtimeinthe
when+presentsimple;bythetime+presentsimple.
future.
Whenyouarrive,Illhavepreparedthedinner.
BythetimeIgethome,mymumwillprobablyhave Janetwillbereallytiredwhenwegethome.Shewill
tidiedthehouse. havebeenlookingafterthechildrenallday!

Thefutureperfectisalsousetomake Itcanbeusedtomakepredictionsabout
predictionsaboutfutureeventsthatwillbe eventthatwillbeinprogressbeforea
completebeforeaspecifiedfuturetime. specifiedtimeinthefuture.

DoyouthinkMelwillhaveeatenallthechocolate
cake?
No,shewonthavedonethat! Joewontmindthatwearelate.Hewonthavebeen
waitinglong.
Form:
Makethefuturecontinuousthisway: Itcanbeusedtopredictwhatwashappening

PositiveandNegative inthepast.

Whatdoyouthinkthemenweredoinginthestore
room?
I willhave
Dontworry.Theywillhavebeenunpackingboxes.
you wonthave
pastparticiple
he/sheit
Boththefixedfuturetimeandthelengthof
we
timeofareoftenmentionedinfutureperfect
they
continuoussentences.
Questions
Bytheendofthisweek,Illhavebeenworkingherefor
fivemonths.
I Fixedfuturetime:theendofthisweek
you Lengthoftime:fivemonths
Will have pastparticiple?
he/sheit Butthisisnotalwaysthecase.
Wont we
Annewillbeinabadmoodatthepartythisevening
they becauseshellhavebeendoinghousework.

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Form: Ifyouregoingtotheshop,canyoubuymesomecola?
PositiveandNegative Ifyouregoingtopayhim,makesureyougetareceipt.

ThepresentperfectmayalsoappearintheIfclause.
Ifyouvefinishedyourwork,youcangohome.
I willhave
you wonthave
been+verbing mixedthird/secondconditional
he/sheit

we Thiscombinationdescribesanimaginedeventinthe
they pastandthepresentresult.
If+pastperfect,would+verb(infinitive)
Ifhe'dtakenthemedicine,hewouldn'tstillbesick.
Questions Hewouldntstillbesickifhedtakenthemedicine.

mixedsecond/thirdconditional
I
you Thiscombinationdescribesasituationwhichisnever
Will have been+verb
he/sheit true,andthepastconsequenceofthissituation.
ing?
Wont we If+pastsimple,wouldhave+verb(infinitive)
they Ifyouwerebetteratspeakinginpublic,the

presentationwouldhavebeenmoresuccessful.

Thepresentationwouldhavebeenmoresuccessfulif

MIXEDCONDITIONALS youwerebetteratspeakinginpublic.

Use:
Mixedconditionalsentencescombinetwodifferent DEFININGRELATIVECLAUSES
conditionalpatterns.
Severalpatternscanbeused: Use:
Usedefiningrelativeclausestogiveinformationabout
mixedfirstconditionalsentences anouninasentence.ThelistenerorreaderNEEDS
thisinformationtounderstandthesentence.
Firstconditionalsentencescanuseavarietyofmodal
Adoctorisapersonwhocuressickpeople.
verbs.
Thegirlwhositsnexttomeatworkhasabagjustlike
If+presentsimple,can/may/might/will/should
yours.
+verb(infinitive)
Ifyougivemesomemoney,Icanbuysomemilk. Form:
IfIfinishmyhomework,mayIgooutwithmyfriends?
Ifyouswitchthephotocopieroffandonagain,it Usewhotogivemoreinformationabouta
shouldwork. person.

Firstconditionalsentencescanalsousegoingto,as Anarchitectisapersonwhodesignsbuildings.
wellaswill.
If+presentsimple,goingto+verb(infinitive) Usewhichorthattogivemoreinformation
Ifyoudontgetreadysoon,weregoingtobelate! aboutathing.

Thepresentcontinuousandgoingtocanalsoappear
intheIfclause

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Acorkscrewisathingwhichyouusetoopenbottles. Relativeclausescandefinethesubjectofthe
Thebookthatyougavemeformybirthdayisreally sentence:
interesting. Miranda,whousedtogotothesameuniversityasme,
ishavingababy.
Usewheretogivemoreinformationabouta
Ortheobjectofasentence:
place.
Wewenttoalovelyrestaurant,wherewebothhad

Thatstheplacewherewegotmarried. steak.

Thetownwheremyunclelivesisafewmilesfrom Orthesentenceasawhole.
here. Shegavemesomemoney,whichwasveryniceofher.

Becausenondefiningrelativeclausesgive
essentialinformation,nocommas(,)are Form:
needed.
Ifthenounwhichtherelativeclause Alwaysputtherelativeclauseascloseas
describes(usuallyatthebeginningofthe possibletothenounthatyouaredescribing.
sentence)istheOBJECTofthesentence, Usewhotogiveinformationabouta
youcandeletewhich,thatorwho. person,whosetointroduceapossession,
andwhichtogiveinformationaboutathing.
Themanwhoiswearingthebluesuitismybrother. Donotusethat.
Themanisthesubjectofthesentence. Usewheretogiveinformationaboutaplace
Youcannotdeletewho. ONLYifyouintroduceanothersubjectafter
Theman(who)Georgeistalkingtoismybrother. where.Otherwise,usewhich.
Georgeisthesubjectofthesentence.
WemetatBristolUniversity,wherewebothstudied
Themanistheobjectofthesentence.
Biology.
(Thesentencecanberewritten:Georgeistalkingtoa
WemetatBristolUniversity,whichisinthewestof
man.Themanismybrother).Soyoucandeletewho.
England.
Thebookyoulentmeisreallygood.
Youisthesubjectofthesentence. Who,which,whereandwhosecannotbe
Thebookistheobjectofthesentence. omittedindefiningrelativeclauses.
(Thesentencecanberewritten:Youlentmeabook. Asnondefiningrelativeclausesarenot
Thebookisreallygood.Which/thatisnotnecessary.) necessarytounderstandingthesentence,
theyarealwaysplacedwithincommas.
Thebookwhichisonthetableisreallygood.
Thebookisthesubjectofthesentence.(Thesentence
Themanwholivesnexttomehasfivemotorbikes.
canberewritten:Thebookisonthetable.Itsreally
Inthissentence,wholivestomeisnecessary.
good.Which/thatisnecessary.)
Withoutit,thesentence(Themanhasfive
motorbikes)ismeaninglessbecauseitisnotclear
whichmanisbeingtalkedabout.Therefore,commas
NONDEFININGRELATIVECLAUSES areNOTnecessary.

Use: Tom,wholivesnexttome,hasfivemotorbikes.
Usenondefiningrelativeclausestogiveextra Inthissentence,wholivestomeisnotnecessary.
informationaboutanouninasentence,orpartofa Withoutit,thesentence(Tomhasfivemotorbikes)
sentence.Thelistenerorreaderdoesnotneedthis
informationtounderstandthesentence.
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B2Grammartopics3

stillhasmeaning.Wholivesnexttomeaddsmore WILL/BEGOINGTOFOR
information,therefore,commasAREnecessary. PREDICTION

Use:
CommonMistakes
SomeStudentsdonotputthenondefiningrelative Bothbegoingtoandwillcanbeusedtopredictfuture
events.Inmanycasestheycanbeused
clauseclosetothenounitdescribes. interchangeably.
Expertsbelievethattherecessionwillcontinue.
Thechemicalsflowintorivers,whichare
Expertsbelievethattherecessionisgoingtocontinue.
toxic.=>Thechemicals,whicharetoxic,flowinto
However,insomecasestheyareuseddifferently:
rivers.
Usegoingtowhenthereisevidenceabout
whatisgoingtohappen.
PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUS
Lookatthetime!Weregoingtobelate!
Use:
Thepastperfectcontinuousisusedwhentellinga
Usewill/wontwhenguessingaboutthe
storyaboutthepast.Itisgenerallyusedalongside
future.
othernarrativetensessuchasthepastsimple.

Thepastperfectcontinuousdescribesaneventwhich IbetRobinwillbelateagain.
wasinprogressforaperiodoftimebeforeanother
WillisoftenusedwithphrasessuchasI
eventinthepast.Weuseitwhenwedonotwantto
think,Iexpect,Idontthink,Ibet,Im
saytheeventsintheordertheyhappened.
sure,Idoubtif/thatwhenmaking
Example: predictions
Asentencewiththeeventsintheorderthey
happened: ItismorecommontouseIdontthink+
Johnwashavingtroublesleeping,sohewenttothe will,notIthink+wont
doctorlate.
Ithinkitwontrain=>Idontthinkitwillrain
AsentenceinwhichtheeventsareNOTinorder:
Johnwenttothedoctorbecausehehadbeen Form:
havingtroublesleeping.
Thecontinuouseventwhichhappenedbeforethe begoingto
otherverbisinthepastperfecttense. Positive
b)Writeanyadverbsbetweenhadandbeen I am/m goingtoverb(infinitiveform)
Theyhadalreadybeenwaitingforhalfanhour.
Hedonlybeenworkingthereaweekbeforehegot you/we/they are/re
fired.
he/she/it is/s
Form:
Negative
I
you I mnot goingtoverb(infinitive
had/d been+verbing form)
he/she/it
you arentORre
we hadnt
not
they

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he/she/isntORs weretrueforalongperiodoftime)orrepeated
it not actions(thingsthathappenedseveraltimes).

IusedtoliveinDenver.(Trueforalong
periodoftime)
Questions IusedtogototheparkeveryFriday.(A

AmI goingto verb(infinitiveform)? repeatedaction)

Writeadverbsbeforeusedto.
Areyou/we/they
Ialwaysusedtocycletoschool.
Is he/she/it Ineverusedtoeatvegetables.

YoucanuseWouldinasimilarwaytoused
to.Itdescribesthingsthatweretrueinthe
ShortAnswers
pastbutarenottruenow.
Iam. No,Imnot.
Yes, WhenIwasachild,mydadwouldreadtome
you/we/they you/we/theyrenot/
everynight.
are. arent
WouldCANNOTbeusedtotalkaboutstates.Itcan
he/she/itis. he/she/itsnot/isnt onlybeusedtotalkaboutrepeatedactions.
Therewouldbeaparkhere.=>Thereusedto
will
beaparkhere.

Writeadverbsafterwould.
Positive/Negative
IwouldalwaystalktomygrandmawhenI
will verb(infinitive hadaproblem.
I/You/He/She/It/We/ form).
wont Form:
They

I/you/he/she/it/we/ verb(infinitive usedto

Willthey/ form)? didntuseto/
I/You/He/ verb(infinitive)
neverusedto
She/It/They/

We would
wouldnt
USEDTO/WOULD
Questions
Use: useto+verb
Did (infinitive)
WesayUsedtototalkaboutsomethingthat you/he/she/
wastrueinthepast,butisnottruenow. Would it/they verb(infinitive)

CommonMistakes:
Thereusedtobeaparkhere,butnowtheres
Manystudentsconfuseusedtodoandbeusedto
ashoppingcentre.
doing.Thisisanotherphrase.Itmeansbefamiliar
Mygrandmotherusedtohavebeautiful
withdoingsomething.
blondehair,butnowherhairisgrey.
Iamusedtolivenear

here.=>Iusedtolivenear
Youcansayusedtototalkaboutstates(thingsthat
here.
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B2Grammartopics5

WISH/IFONLY persons.
IwishIwererich.IfonlyIwererich.
Use:
WishandIfonlycanbeused: Towishthatsomethingwashappeningatthe
a)Towishforanabilitynoworinthefuture. moment.
IwishIcouldplaytheguitar!
IfonlyIcoulddancelikethat! Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+pastcontinuous
Iwishthatthistrafficwasmoving.
IwishIcouldgotoyourweddingnextweek,butI Ifonlythistrafficwas/weremoving!
cant.
IfonlyIcouldseemygrandmothermoreoften,butI Towishthatsomethingkepthappeningagain
cant. andagain,ortowishitcouldstophappening.

b)Towishthatsomethingcouldbetrueatthe Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+would+past
moment. participle
IwishIhadlonghair!IfonlyIweretaller! Iwishyouwouldtidyupmoreoften.

c)Towishthatsomethingwashappeningatthe Often:Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+wouldstop+
moment. verbing
IwishIwaslyingonthebeachrightnow!Ifonly Iwishhewouldstopshouting.
Iwaslyingonthebeachrightnow! Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+wouldntkeep+

d)Towishthatsomethingkepthappeningagainand verbing

again,ortowishitcouldstophappening. Iwishyouwouldntkeephittingme.

Iwishyouwouldntshoutsoloudly.Ifonlyhe
Towishthatsomethinginthepasthad
wouldntshoutsoloudly.
happenedinadifferentway.
e)Towishthatsomethinginthepasthadhappenedin
adifferentway. Iwish(that)/Ifonly+pastperfect
IwishIhadstudiedformyexam!IfonlyI IwishIhadstudiedformyexam!
hadntarguedwithhim! IfonlyIhadntarguedwithhim!

Form:

Towishforanabilitynoworinthefuture.

Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+could+infinitiveverb
IwishthatIcouldsing.
IfonlyIcouldcometoAustraliatoo!

Towishthatsomethingcouldbetrueatthe
moment.

Iwish(that)/Ifonly+subject+pastsimple
IwishIhadapony.
IwishIwasrich.
Whenusingtheverbbe,youcanusewereforall

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