J. Coat. Technol. Res.
DOI 10.1007/s11998-013-9506-2
Analytical prediction of roll coating with counter-rotating
deformable rolls
Bettina Willinger, Antonio Delgado
 American Coatings Association & Oil and Colour Chemists Association 2013
Abstract Roll coating is a common technique for
applying thin coating films on continuous substrates,
e.g., papers and foils. Key advantages are the compar-
atively simple technology and the possibility of coating
thin films using highly viscous fluids. Since roll coating
is a self-metered process, the prediction of film
thicknesses is of fundamental interest for industrial
process control. In the present work, a new analytical
approach for the prediction of the film thickness in roll
coating with deformable rolls and negative gaps is
developed. This method is based on the fluid dynamic
theory of lubrication approximation. The film thickness
is calculated depending on the geometry of the rolls
(including the elasticity of the rubber), the fluid
properties of the applied film and the roll velocities.
This is gained by using boundary conditions for
pressure andin contrast to former literaturefor
force. The quality of the predicted results is validated
with experimental data from literature. The compari-
son shows good agreement and thus the derived
analytical model offers new possibilities for predicting
film thickness and understanding of the associated
influence parameters.
Keywords Roll coating, Deformable roll, Negative
gap, Analytical prediction
This paper was presented at the 16th International Science and
Technology Symposium, September 912, 2012, in Atlanta, GA
(USA).
B. Willinger (&), A. Delgado
Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich Alexander
University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 4,
91058 Erlangen, Germany
e-mail: bettina.willinger@lstm.uni-erlangen.de
Introduction
Roll coating is a common technique for continuous
coating of all kinds of papers and foils. In contrast to
premetered coating techniques, like slot or curtain
coating, where a dosimetric pump predefines the
application weight, in roll coating processes, various
parameters influence the final strength of the coating.
Hence, the process is also called self-metered. The final
coating thickness is of primary interest in many coating
applications, since it defines essential properties of the
product, for example, peel adhesion. As a result, a
great deal of effort has been made to describe the roll
coating process and its influence parameters.
At first, the flow between two counter-rotating rigid
cylinders was analyzed analytically and numerically.
The work of Greener and Middleman1 provides a good
overview of former literature and they validated their
calculations experimentally based on the lubrication
theory. Depending on the applied boundary condi-
tions, Savage2 used two different models also based on
lubrication approximation, namely separation model
and Reynolds model, for describing the flow. While
several authors concentrated on rolls rotating with
equal speed, Benkreira et al.3,4 investigated in several
works roll pairs with unequal speeds, as well as for
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and gave a film
splitting model. More recently, mostly numerical cal-
culations solving the complete NavierStokes equa-
tions have been performed and improved, especially
for the description of the involved free surfaces.5
Furthermore, complex rheological behavior was in-
cluded in the investigations.6
Following the demand for lower application weights,
roll coaters with deformable rolls are widespread.
Different than roll coating using two rigid steel rolls, in
deformable roll coating a pair consisting of a steel roll
and a roll with a rigid core and a wrapped deformable
layer is utilized. Generally, the use of deformable rolls
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
stabilizes the coating process and delays the onset of
ribbing instability.7,8
Coyle9 was among the first researchers to give
theoretical model for forward roll coating with deform-
able rolls. He investigated a 1D elastohydrodynamic
model for positive gaps, i.e., no contact or intersection
of rolls, and negative gaps, i.e., only deformation of a
rubber-like layer of the roll prevents it from intersect-
ing. For modeling the elastic behavior, the validity of
Hookes law for the solid and infinitesimal strains was
assumed. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential
equation was solved by numerical methods and so,
among others, pressure distribution and gap passing
flow rate could be predicted. Based on Coyles calcu-
lations, Carvalho and Scriven extended the analysis
with a 1D neo-Hookean model and a 2D Hookean
plain-strain model for the solid body. The fluid flow
was in both cases modeled similar to Coyle with the
lubrication approximation. The work showed a
remarkable difference between 1D and 2D models
while the latter seemed to be more accurate to the
authors. They also stated that their theories are not
able to calculate the coating weight on each roll as the
theory does not cover film splitting.10
Later, the same authors compared a spring and
plain-strain model using the 2D NavierStokes equa-
tions for both. The obtained results are mostly similar.
Major differences appeared only for the velocity
distribution along the deformable roll.11 Further mod-
ifications of the calculation procedure involve the
consideration of viscoelastic behavior of the material.12
Unlike Carvalho and Scriven, Gostling et al. 13 used
a finite-strip model for the solid coupled with lubrica-
tion theory to especially treat the case of incompress-
ible compliant layers. A comparison with experimental
results of Cohu and Magnin14 for the resulting film
thickness shows a difference of a factor of two, but it
was assumed that viscoelastic effects of the deformable
cover might have caused the difference.12
Recently, the effect of fluid absorption during
forward roll coating process with deformable rolls has
been studied.15
Since many of the fluids being coated show non-
Newtonian flow behavior, efforts are made to describe
the performance of these fluids also in the case of
deformable roll coating. For the description of the
rheological behavior different models are used. Research
work considering power-law fluids,16 Carreau and Car-
reauGillespie fluids,17 or fluids with elastic behavior
described with a Boger18 approach has been performed.
The fluid rheology also influences the occurrence of flow
instabilities like ribbing.19 Today, available high speed
video systems also allow a level of knowledge concerning
misting in deformable roll coating.20
The understanding of the self-metered roll coating
and its influence factors is high and, based on analysis
of the experimental and numerical data, various
correlations for the influence factors of application
weight exist.911,14 Nevertheless, according to the
authors, no analytical description for the resulting
volume flow rate through a negative gap of a forward
roll coater with deformable rolls exists to date. So, the
present work aims at predicting the application weight
by analytical methods based on lubrication theory and
using a Hookean model for the solid. The results
should contribute to the understanding of the funda-
mental influence factors for deformable roll coating.
Governing equations and calculation model
Basic equations
The aspired analytical solution for forward roll coating
with deformable rolls and for negative gaps is based on
the well known and frequently used lubrication approx-
imation. Lubrication approximation is a simplification of
NavierStokes equation for thin laminar films where
inertia is assumed to be comparably negligible and
results in a quasi 1D approach.21 Several authors used it
for analytical solutions for rigid roll coating, as well as for
numerically solved solutions for deformable roll coat-
ing.1,2,9,10 Integration of the lubrication approximation
leads to the velocity profile in main flow direction x. It
depends on the viscosity g of the Newtonian fluid, and
the pressure gradient p. The two apparently unknown
integration constants C1 and C2 can be determined using
boundary conditions for the velocities of the rolls.
The description of the behavior of rubber covered
pressure rolls is based on the contact theory of Hertz.22
Parish23 presented in his research work a resulting
equation (1) for the nip width, i.e., length between the
beginning and the end of the deformed region, 2h0
between one hard and one elastic roller depending on
the applied load per unit length of the rollers W, the
Poisson ratio m, the Youngs modulus of the elastic
roller E, and the roll diameters D1 and D2.
 
2WD1 D2 1  m2
2
h0 : 1
pED1 D2
His calculations use plane strain theory24 and are based
on the work of Thomas and Hoersch25 for homogenous
rollers and on the calculations of Hannah26 for thin
elastic covers. For thin rubber covers an additional
parameter, the cover thickness b, has to be considered
in equation (1). The resulting nip width 2h is then
smaller than 2h0.27
For the analytical solution in the following sections
the use of equation (1) corrected with Hannahs theory
for incompressible layers seems to be suitable as Parish23
showed within his experiments the validity of her theory
for ratios of 2h/b approximately smaller than 3/2.
Set-up of the calculation model
The treated set-up for the calculation is shown in
Fig. 1. The roll pair consists of a rigid roll with radius

Deformable
layer Fluid
Rigid
core
Fig. 1: Scheme of deformable roll coating with negative
gap
R1 and a deformable roll with radius R2. For the feed
system a flooded inlet with constant filling level and
constant ambient pressure p0 at the top of the feed
pool is assumed.
The figure shows the case of a negative gap, which is
analyzed in the following sections. The case of negative
gap is given when the intersection of rolls is only
avoided by deformation of the rubber-like material of
the deformable roll and is in contrast to deformable
roll coating with positive gaps, where a small initial gap
is increased by deformation of the cover. The geomet-
rical setup is transferred into a model, which simplifies
the geometry and hence enables the analytical predic-
tion. For the model the rollroll geometry is trans-
ferred in a plateroll model with equivalent radius R
following literature.2,9 The corresponding radius can be
calculated following equation (2).
 
1 1 1 1
: 2
R 2 R1 R2
Also based on literature2,9 the curvature h of the roll
with equivalent radius is assumed to be describable as
the quadratic function (3).
x2
h x hmin : 3 (i)
2R
Within the equation hmin is the minimal gap distance
between the roll surfaces while fluid flows through the
gap and therefore is a priori unknown.
For predicting the system by analytical methods, in
contrast to the existing literature, a further assumption
is necessary.
Hence the calculation area is split into three parts:
the inflow region, the negative gap region, and the
outflow region, as illustrated in Fig. 2. While in inflow
and outflow region, the curvature of the roll is expected
to be undeformed; in the negative gap region a
deformation resulting in the constant height hmin is
assumed. This assumption was based on the numerical
results of Gostling et al.13 and enables the prediction
by analytical methods. But as other anterior models8
show different behavior, the results of the analytical
model have to be carefully validated.
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
R
y h min
x
Fig. 2: Model of deformable roll coating used for the
prediction of the volume flow rate by analytical methods
including the negative gap region with an assumed
constant height hmin
Calculation procedure and result
Starting with the lubrication approximation the two
integration constants are fixed setting the velocity of
the lower roll at y = 0, to u1, and the velocity of the
upper roll at y = h, to u2 (see also Table 1). Integrating
the velocity profile results in the volume flow per unit
width Q (equation (4)).
Zh
1 @p   u 2  u1
Q h xy  y2 y u1 dy: 4
2g @x h x
0
Depending on the region, h(x) has been substituted by
hmin in the negative gap region or with equation (2)
elsewhere. As the resulting equations still contain the a
priori unknown hmin as well as the unknown pressure
gradient further boundary conditions are necessary.
The following steps have to be performed.
Equation (4) for the volume flow is valid for all
three different calculation regions. The results for
inflow and outflow regions only slightly differ if
the function h(x) is substituted due to the applied
overall coordinate system, which has its origin at
the plate at the beginning of negative gap region
(see also Fig. 2). However, in both cases, the
quadratic function (3) adjusted to the overall
coordinate system is used. For the negative gap
region function h(x) is assumed as a constant. The
equation (4) can be solved in a general way for the
still unknown pressure gradient p/x using h(x)
(see equation (5)).
@p dp 2Q  u1 u2 hx
6g : 5
@x dx hx3
(ii) As the further known boundary conditions are
pressure ones, the indefinite integral of equation (5)
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
Table 1: Overview about used boundary conditions
during calculation procedure
Velocity profile Pressure profile Volume flow
u(y = 0) = u1 p(x = R) = p0 p(x = xs) = pCa
u(y = h(x)) = u2
is calculated to get the pressure distribution. In
this step three different equations are obtained,
due to different functions h(x) in the three
calculation areas. While for inflow and outflow
region the results only slightly differ, in the
negative gap region the result is comparably
simple as the height does not vary with x.
(iii) At first the occurring integration constant in the
inflow region is determined (see also Table 1). It
is assumed that the pressure far upstream is
equal to ambient pressure. In the presented case
the relative pressure at x = R is set to 0. This is
a valid assumption for a gap feed system, as
shown in Fig. 1, and is used for different feed
situations in references (1), (2), (9), and (28).
(iv) Based on the obtained pressure distribution in
the inflow region, the integration constant in the
pressure distribution equation of the negative
gap region can be obtained as at the boundary of
both the pressure should be equal. With the same
procedure also the pressure distribution in the
outflow region can be calculated.
Since two unknowns, the volume flow per unit width
Q and the resulting gap height in negative gap region
hmin, are present in the pressure distribution, further
boundary conditions are necessary to predict the
volume flow. The often-used condition1,2,28 of Capil-
lary pressure at the film splitting point is suitable to
present one of the missing boundary conditions. As the
exact prediction of film-splitting location is still under
investigation,29,30 it is assumed that the outflow region
is negligibly small, i.e., the x-coordinate of the splitting
point xs is near by the end of the deformed region,
following Ascanio and Ruiz.31
The volume flow can be obtained through equalizing
the pressure distribution at the rim of the deformed
region with the capillary pressure. Rearranging the
equation and introducing dimensionless footprint L
and minimal height hmin the volume flow per unit width
can be calculated.
Equation (6) shows the result for the dimensionless
volume flow Q+, which is scaled with the flow rate of
pure shear flow, with the assumption of negligible
surface tension, i.e., pCa 0.
p p the experimental data of Cohu and Magnin and the
8L hmin  2 2phmin 
Q p p hmin : 6
16L hmin  3 2phmin
The dimensionless footprint L within the equation is
the ratio of the length 2h0, respectively, 2h of the
deformed region, which is given as the operation
parameter or can be calculated (see Basic equations
section) and the radius R. The still unknown
dimensionless minimal gap distance hmin can finally
be determined by integrating the pressure profile along
the negative gap region. The resulting implicit form of
the conditional equation for hmin , which is the ratio of
hmin to the radius R, is given in equation (7).
p
 q p   3 2pL2
hmin 
16L hmin  3 2phmin : 7
W
Within the equation, the variable W* is the dimen-
sionless load, which is either directly measurable or
can be calculated with a given footprint following
equation (1).
Results and discussion
Validation for thick rubber covers
The validity of the derived analytical relation for the
volume flow rate of a deformable roll coater with
negative gaps was proven using experimental data of
Cohu and Magnin.14 They distinguished their results in
data for thick and thin rubber covers. For the thick
cover with a thickness b = 25 mm the half contact
length h0, calculated using deflection measurements
lies between 27.7 and 5 mm.14 Following Hooke,32
Cohu and Magnin14 expected the rubber cover to have
a little influence. This agrees also with the classification
of Carvalho,12 who specified a value of 0.1 for the ratio
of cover thickness and radius as border for negligible
influence. So for the conducted validation in the case of
thick rubber covers, it is assumed, that the resulting
length of contact 2h equals approximately the calcu-
lated width 2h0 (see equation (1)).
Following the data of Cohu and Magnin, for the
elastic modulus and the roll radius values of 2.2 MPa
and 118 mm are assumed. All experiments were
performed with equal roll speed and so symmetrical
film splitting between pick-up and applicator roll is
assumed. As the derived analytical equations (6) and
(7) do not include any film splitting behavior, in the
present case, the resulting volume flow (see equation
(5)) is hence halved. The validation in the case of thick
rubber covers is performed for parameter setups with
different roll velocities, namely 0.17 and 0.77 m/s and
different Newtonian viscosities, 0.15 and 0.36 Pa s.
Figure 3 shows the resulting film thickness of the
applicator roll depending on different loads W for
corresponding prediction by the derived analytical
equations (6) and (7) using the correlation (1) for
length of contact and the appearing inaccuracies as
shaded areas. The film thickness e on the applicator
roll is calculated following equation (8).

5101
Film thickness e (m)
101
100
2103 104
Load (N/m)
Fig. 3: Validation of calculated results (
roll velocity
u = 0.17 m/s, u = 0.77 m/s, shaded areas: occurring
inaccuracies) with experimental data of Cohu and Magnin14
(m u = 0.17 m/s, u = 0. 77 m/s) for deformable roll coating
with thick rubber covers
e Q R:
In both considered cases a good agreement of the
prediction by analytical method and the experimental
data of Cohu and Magnin within an accuracy of about
10% is achieved. While for the lower roll velocity of
0.17 m/s and the lower viscosity of 0.15 Pa s the
prediction lies slightly under the measured values; for
the higher velocity and viscosity (0.77 m/s and 0.36 Pa s)
the data are overestimated. In the latter case the
inaccuracy for small loads even is below 5%. Direct
specifications about the average formation or the
standard deviation of the experimental results are not
given.
However, Cohu and Magnin14 prescribed them-
selves a particular uncertainty to their operation
parameters. They listed inaccuracies of 10% for the
elastic modulus and the fluid viscosity, 5% for the
applied load, and 3% for the roll speed. Including
these inaccuracies using error propagation, the analyt-
ical results are no longer a single value but can only be
presented as a result range (see Fig. 3). The calculated
results now have inaccuracies due to the uncertainty of
operation parameters between 17.5% and 18.5%
depending on the applied load for the data with higher
velocity and viscosity and even higher values around
45% for the data with lower values.
Following the graphical presentation, the experi-
mental values lie in the parameter range calculated by
analytical methods and hence can be predicted quite
well. Especially for higher film thicknesses, the
obtained results are more than satisfactory. For lower
speed and viscosity, the obtained film thicknesses are
quite small and the inaccuracy of the operation
parameters give a quite large range of values as results
for the analytical prediction. So the validation of the
performance quality of the analytical prediction is
nearly impossible with this data. For an even better
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
evaluation, especially regarding small film thicknesses,
experimental data with lower inaccuracies in operation
parameter would be necessary.
Nevertheless, overlooking the inaccuracy in opera-
tion parameter the prediction of experimental data was
possible within about 10% for thick films and small
applied loads (approx. 6 MPa). The measured and
predicted values only differ within 5%. An explanation
is that higher loads lead to higher deflection and higher
footprint length as expressed also in equation (1). But
with higher values for the contact length h0, the ratio of
2.1104 contact length to cover thickness increases and the
validity of the assumption of negligible influence of the
steel core hence decreases.
Furthermore, the influence of surface tension and
hence a capillary pressure different than zero has been
investigated. Even for the limiting case of high capil-
lary pressure (pCa = 105 Pa), the difference of the
calculated result is less than 0.1 lm for the case of
higher roll velocity and even less than 0.01 lm for the
second case. In both cases the calculated film thickness
slightly increases. These results agree with the ones
8 obtained, e.g., by Coyle et al.28 Similar to the results in
the present work, they obtained a nearly constant
volume flow rate for a large range modified Capillary
numbers. The tendency, that with increasing capillary
pressure, respectively, increasing surface tension and
decreasing modified capillary number the volume flow
slightly increases is in both works the same.
Validation for thin rubber covers
Cohu and Magnin14 also performed experiments with a
thin rubber cover of b = 12 mm, where the cover
thickness should be considered as a relevant parame-
ter. While the used roll diameter stayed constant, the
elastic modulus E of the thin cover had a value of
approximately 1.1 MPa.
The experimental results for the film thickness on
the applicator roll for a Newtonian fluid with a
viscosity of 0.4 Pa s are plotted in Fig. 4 depending
on various loads. The likewise plotted graphs for the
analytical prediction give a good approximation of
results.
As in the case of thin rubber covers the influence of
the layer character of the deformable layer is not
negligible; therefore, it is not sufficient to use only
equation (1) to describe the deformation. Hence the
work of Hannah26 is considered within the prediction
for thin rubber covers as also mentioned before. As her
formulations, which demonstrate that the apparent
deformation length is smaller than the one calculated
with equation (1), are based on numerical solution
methods, for the derived calculations linear approxi-
mations are used. The three different predictions
shown in Fig. 4 differ in the used assumptions but all
assume incompressible material behavior. The two
graphs with best agreement use the value tables given
in reference (26) for the correction of equation (2) and
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
20
16
Film thickness e (m)
12
8
5 1.5103
1.5103 1.0104
Load (N/m)
Fig. 4: Validation for thin rubber covers: dependency of
film thickness e of load for experimental data14 (j) and
corresponding analytical calculation with different assump-
tions (dd plain strain, plain stressfixed inner
boundary, plain stressslip at inner boundary)
are based on generalized plane stress theory with
either fixed inner boundary or slip at inner boundary.
In contrast to this, the third graph is based on a value
table of Parish,23 who modified Hannahs equations for
plane strain theory. In all cases the inaccuracy is a
maximum of 18%.
Following the analysis for thick rubber cover, also
for thin rubber covers an exact prediction like indi-
cated in Fig. 5 is not possible due to inaccuracy of
operation parameters. Instead, a result range can be
given like that shown in Fig. 5 for the results with plane
stress with fixed inner boundary theory.
The value range of calculated results for the film
thickness e on the applicator roll is again based on
error propagation. The mean value shown in Fig. 4 gets
an uncertainty due to inaccuracy in experimental
operation parameters between 22.5% and 32%
depending on the load. Especially again for high loads
and low resulting film thicknesses the inaccuracy of the
operation parameters used in the experiments of Cohu
and Magnin prevent an even more accurate prediction
by analytical methods.
Since the surface tension of the fluids used by Cohu
and Magnin was not given in their work, the influence
of capillary pressure was investigated. As with thick
rubber covers, the influence of capillary pressure on
the resulting film thickness is low and the deviations
are clearly below 0.1 lm.
Due to the definition of the thin cover model, for
increasing rubber cover thickness the nip width
h approximates the theoretical value h0 for thick rubber
covers. Nevertheless, a general border value of negligi-
ble influence of cover thickness based on the analytical
calculations is hardly declarable. The reason for this is
the fact that the computable critical value depends
significantly on the applied load, the Youngs modulus
and on the claimed accuracy of theories. For the covered
parameter range for the load by Cohu and Magnin, the
critical value for the ratio between cover thickness and
radius lies between 0.05 and 0.20 for an error of
2.5101
Film thickness e (m)
2.0101
1.5101
1.0101
5.0100
1.0104 2.0104
2.0104 Load (N/m)
Fig. 5: Experimental data for thin rubber covers of Cohu
and Magnin14 (j) and corresponding analytical prediction
including inaccuracy of operation parameter ( )
maximum 10% when thick cover equations are used
instead. This is no contradiction to the boundary value
of 0.1 from Carvalho12 as it is an approximated value.
Conclusion
Based on lubrication theory and Hertz contact
mechanic transferred to rolls with deformable cover
by Hannah and Parish, a prediction method for the
volume flow rate through the gap has been conducted
for deformable roll coating with negative gaps and
incompressible layers. Main issues were the geometri-
cal model set-up and linked to this, the use of a force
boundary condition in the negative gap regime. In
contrast to existing literature, which all use numerical
solution methods for their investigations, the con-
ducted equations (7) and (8) can be solved by analyt-
ical methods. The accomplished validation with
experimental data published by Cohu and Magnin
show very satisfactory results. Overlooking the inac-
curacies in operation parameters and the not given
errors for the measurement results, the experimental
data for the film thickness can be predicted predom-
inantly within 10%.
Furthermore, the calculations show that the volume
flow rate is only very slightly dependent upon capillary
pressure, respectively, the surface tension and the film
splitting location. These results agree well with the
ones of Coyle et al.28
The obtained analytical method offers new possibil-
ities, especially for the analysis of the main influencing
factors of deformable roll coating with negative gaps
and for the prediction of film thicknesses in industrial
applications.
References
1. Greener, J, Middleman, S, Theoretical and Experimental
Studies of the Fluid Dynamics of a Two-Roll Coater. Ind.
Eng. Chem. Fundam., 18 3541 (1979)

2. Savage, MD, Mathematical Models for Coating Processes.
J. Fluid Mech., 117 443455 (1982)
3. Benkreira, H, Edwards, MF, Wilkinson, WL, A Semi-
empirical Model of the Forward Roll Coating Flow of
Newtonian Fluids. Chem. Eng. Sci., 36 423427 (1981)
4. Benkreira, H, Edwards, MF, Wilkinson, WL, Roll Coating
of Purely Viscous Liquids. Chem. Eng. Sci., 36 429434
(1981)
5. Mmbaga, JP, Hayes, RE, Bertrand, FH, Tanguy, PA, Flow
Simulation in the Nip of a Rigid Forward Roll Coater. Int.
J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 48 10411066 (2005)
6. Han, SK, Shin, DM, Park, HY, Jung, HW, Hyun, JC, Effect
of Viscoelasticity on Dynamics and Stability in Roll Coat-
ings. Eur. Phys. J. Special Top., 166 107110 (2009)
7. Szczurek, E, Dubar, M, Deltombe, R, Dubois, A, Dubar, L,
New Approach to the Evaluation of the Free Surface
Position in Roll Coating. J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 209
31873197 (2009)
8. Carvalho, MS, Scriven, LE, Three-Dimensional Stability
Analysis of Free Surface Flows: Application to Forward
Deformable Roll Coating. J. Comput. Phys., 151 534562 (1999)
9. Coyle, DJ, Forward Roll Coating with Deformable Rolls: A
Simple One-Dimensional Elastohydrodynamic Model.
Chem. Eng. Sci., 43 26732684 (1988)
10. Carvalho, MS, Scriven, LE, Effect of Deformable Roll
Cover on Roll Coating. Tappi J., 77 201208 (1994)
11. Carvalho, MS, Scriven, LE, Flows in Forward Deformable Roll
Coating Gasp: Comparison between Spring and Plane-Strain
Models of Roll Cover. J. Comput. Phys., 138 449479 (1997)
12. Carvalho, MS, Effect of Thickness and Viscoelastic Prop-
erties of Roll Cover on Deformable Roll Coating Flows.
Chem. Eng. Sci., 58 43234333 (2003)
13. Gostling, MJ, Savage, MD, Young, AE, Gaskell, PH, A
Model for Deformable Roll Coating with Negative Gaps and
Incompressible Compliant Layers. J. Fluid. Mech., 489
155184 (2003)
14. Cohu, O, Magnin, A, Forward Roll Coating of Newtonian
Fluids with Deformable Rolls: An Experimental Investiga-
tion. Chem. Eng. Sci., 52 13391347 (1997)
15. Devisetti, SK, Bousfield, DW, Fluid Absorption During
Forward Roll Coating of Porous Webs. Chem. Eng. Sci., 65
35283537 (2010)
16. Bohan, MFJ, Fox, IJ, Claypole, TC, Gethin, DT, Numerical
Modelling of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Soft Con-
tacts Using Non-Newtonian Fluids. Int. J. Numer. Methods
Heat Fluid Flow, 12 494511 (2002)
17. Lecuyer, HA, Mmbaga, JP, Hayes, RE, Bertrand, FH,
Tanguy, PS, Modelling of Forward Roll Coating Flows
J. Coat. Technol. Res.
with a Deformable Roll: Application to Non-Newtonian
Industrial Formulations. Comput. Chem. Eng., 33
14271437 (2009)
18. Kang, Y-T, Lee, K-Y, Liu, T-J, The Effect of Polymer
Additives on the Performance of a Two-Roll Coater.
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 43 11871195 (1991)
19. Lee, JH, Han, SK, Jung, HW, Hyun, JC, Ribbing Instability
in Rigid and Deformable Forward Roll Coating Flows,
Ribbing Instability in Rigid and Deformable Forward Roll
Coating Flows. Korea-Aust. Rheol. J., 22 7580 (2010)
20. Ascanio, G, Carreau, PJ, Brito-de la Fuente, E, Tamguy, PA,
Forward Deformable Roll Coating at High Speed with
Newtonian fluids. Trans. IChemE, Part A Chem. Eng. Res.
Des., 82 390397 (2004)
21. Durst, F, Grundlagen der StromungsmechanikEine Ein-
fuhrung in die Theorie der Stromungen von Fluiden. Spring-
er, Berlin (2006)
22. Hertz, H, U ber die Beruhrung fester elastischer Korper.
J. Reine Angew. Math., 92 156171 (1881)
23. Parish, GJ, Measurements of Pressure Distribution Be-
tween Metal and Rubber Covered Rollers. Br. J. Appl.
Phys., 9 158161 (1958)
24. Parish, GJ, Apparent Slip Between Metal and Rubber-
Covered Pressure Rollers. Br. J. Appl. Phys., 9 428433
(1958)
25. Thomas, HR, Hoersch, VA, Stresses Due to the Pressure of
One Elastic Solid Upon Another, One Elastic Solid Upon
Another. University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental
Station, Bulletin no. 212, pp. 66-99 (1930)
26. Hannah, M, Contact Stress and Deformation in a Thin
Elastic Layer. Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 3 94105 (1950)
27. Parish, GJ, Calculation of the Behaviour of Rubber-
Covered Pressure Rollers. Br. J. Appl. Phys., 12 333336
(1961)
28. Coyle, DJ, Macosko, CW, Scriven, LE, Film-Splitting Flows
in Forward Roll Coating. J. Fluid Mech., 171 183207
(1986)
29. Decre, M, Gailly, E, Buchlin, JM, Meniscus Shape Exper-
iments in Forward Roll Coating. Phys. Fluids, 7 458467
(1995)
30. Becerra, MZ, Oldrich, JR, Azevedo, LFA, Carvalho, MS,
Measuring the Velocity Field in Film-Splitting Flows of
Newtonian Liquids. AIChE J., 53 281289 (2007)
31. Ascanio, G, Ruiz, G, Measurement of Pressure Distribution
in a Deformable Nip of Counter-Rotating Rolls. Mess. Sci.
Technol., 17 24302436 (2006)
32. Hooke, CJ, The Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of a
Cylinder on an Elastomeric Layer. Wear, 111 8399 (1986)