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near the surface of the earth. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical
distance between object, of measuring angels between lines, of determining the
directions of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and
linear measurement.
Thus the prosess of surveying may be divided into the field work of taking
measurements and the office work of computing and drawing necessary to the
purpose of the survey.
The aerliest known surveys were for the purpose of establishing the boundaries
of the land, and such surveys are still the important work of many surveyors.
Every construction project of any magnitude is based to a greater of less degree
upon measurements taken during the progress of a survey and is constructed
about lines and points established by surveyors. Aside from land surveys,
practically all surveys of a private nature and most of those conducted by public
agencies are of assistance in the conception, design, and execution of
engineering works.
For many years the goverment, and in some instances the individual states, have
conducted surveys over large areas for a variety of purpose. The principal work
so far accomplished consists in the fixing of national and state boundaries, the
charting of coast lines and navigable streams and lakes, the precise location of
definite reference points throughout the country, the colection of valuable facts
concerning the earth's magnetism at widely scattered stations, and the mapping
of certain portions of the interior particularly near the seacoasts, along the
principal rivers and lakes, in the localities of valuable mineral deposits, and in the
older and more thickly settled regions.
Thus surveys are divided into three classes: 1. those for the primary purpose of
establishing the boundaries of land, 2. those providing information necessary for
the contruction of public or private works, and 3. those of large extent and high
precision counducted by the goverment and to some extend by the states.
Survei harus dilakukan dengan penentuan lokasi relatif dari titik pada atau dekat
permukaan bumi. Ini adalah seni mengukur jarak horizontal dan vertikal antara
objek, mengukur malaikat antara garis, menentukan arah dari garis, dan
membangun poin dengan yang telah ditentukan pengukuran sudut dan linier.
Dengan demikian prosess dari survei dapat dibagi ke dalam pekerjaan bidang
melakukan pengukuran dan pekerjaan kantor komputasi dan menggambar yang
diperlukan untuk tujuan survei.
Survei aerliest dikenal adalah untuk tujuan membangun batas-batas tanah, dan
survei tersebut masih pekerjaan penting dari banyak surveyor. Setiap proyek
pembangunan besarnya apapun didasarkan pada lebih kurang derajat pada
pengukuran yang dilakukan selama proses survei dan dibangun sekitar garis dan
titik yang ditetapkan oleh surveyor. Selain survei tanah, hampir semua survei
yang bersifat pribadi dan sebagian besar yang dilakukan oleh badan-badan
publik bantuan dalam konsepsi, desain, dan pelaksanaan pekerjaan engineering.
Dengan demikian survei dibagi menjadi tiga kelas: 1. mereka untuk tujuan utama
pembentukan batas-batas tanah, 2. mereka yang memberikan informasi yang
diperlukan untuk konstruksi pekerjaan umum atau swasta, dan 3. mereka dari
sebagian besar dan presisi tinggi dilakukan baik oleh pemerintah dan untuk
beberapa memperpanjang oleh negara.