Electric Vehicle (V2G) Report 2010 - Smart Grid Insights - Zpryme & ZigBee Alliance

Smart Grid Insights: V2G
This V2G report by Zpryme:
 Begins with a global perspective and progresses into high-growth markets

such as US, China, Japan, Germany, UK, South Korea, and Denmark
 Delves into drivers and trends such as Smart Grid and charging station
deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs, auto
manufacturer financial viability pressures, universal standard adoption,
telematics, and brand loyalty
 Explores the role of the battery space, rising cost of fossil fuels, and the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
 Discloses the actionable insights and opportunities to capitalize and
prepare for the V2G market in both the short and long term
 Concludes with commentary from the experts in V2G: University of
Delaware, Austin Energy, Plug in America, Ford Motor Company,
Grid2Home, Electrification Coalition, Coulomb Technologies, Smart Grid
Library and ZigBee Alliance
This issue proudly sponsored by:
Page | 1
July 2010
Business & Consumer Insights Have Evolved. | www.zpryme.com | www.smartgridresearch.org

Zpryme and ZigBee would like to
Zpryme would like to extend the kindest regards to the following
extend the kindest regards to the
organizations that contributed to this issue of Smart Grid Insights:
following organizations that

contributed to this issue of Smart
Grid Insights:
Learn more @
ZigBee Alliance | zigbee.org
University of Delaware | udel.edu/V2G
Austin Energy | austinenergy.org
Ford Motor Company| ford.com
Coulomb Technologies| coulombtech.com
Electrification Coalition | electrificationcoalition.com.org
Grid2Home | grid2home.com
Plug in America | pluginamerica.org
Smart Grid Library | smartgridlibrary.com

― … [EV breeding
Dear Executives,
While BP, government leaders, and Hollywood luminaries such as James Cameron
and Kevin Costner have all played a role in finally putting a cap on all three
valves in the Gulf of Mexico well Zpryme was sifting through the overwhelming
feedback for this month‘s issue. Thank you for the candid outreach - more than half
of the requests for this month‘s topic were related to automotive and the ongoing
grounds] like China and
message to shift away from our dependency on fossil fuels; thus it was a natural
choice for our firm to select V2G. Also, our current members might have noticed
that we did not have an April, May, or June issue; this was for good reason as we
South Korea will have a
bundled April, May, June, and July to make this one of the most comprehensive
report on V2G that‘s available to the public. major piece of V2G –
as will [automotive
Why V2G? Swelling demand for electric vehicles bundled with environmental
conservation and energy efficiency will mean a robust car industry for decades to
come. Emerging [EV breeding grounds] like China and South Korea will have a
major piece of V2G – as will [automotive nerve centers] such as the US, UK,
Denmark, Germany, and Japan. That‘s why it‘s imperative that even at its infancy
stage preparation should be made for the next generation of smart vehicles,
V2G.
nerve centers] such as
Who will produce vehicles that connect to the Smart Grid that consumers will love?
Is the development of charging stations growing at the same pace as V2G
the US, UK, Denmark,
technology? What members of the Smart Grid ecosystem will get involved to
make V2G a reality? What V2G standards will be in place? These questions will
help form the auto industry of tomorrow and the energy leaders of today. For
Germany, and Japan.
now, leadership from experts such as Dr. Willett Kempton and his team at
University of Delaware, Coulomb Technologies and the ZigBee Alliance are rising
to the challenge to take proactive steps to answer these questions.
In brief, 2010 will be a landmark year for next-gen autos and the Smart Grid.
Please feel free to email Zpryme your feedback, comments, and suggestions
about this month or upcoming issues to smart.grid@zpryme.com.
Kind Regards,
Jason S. Rodriguez
CEO & Director of Research
Zpryme Research & Consulting, LLC
Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................ 1
Background & Scope .................................................................................................... 6
V2G Concept ............................................................................................................. 8
Methodology .................................................................................................................. 9
V2G: Marketplace ...................................................................................................... 12
V2G Factsheet ......................................................................................................... 13
Global Market......................................................................................................... 14
Vehicle Unit Forecast.............................................................................. 15
Vehicle Market Forecast ........................................................................ 16
Infrastructure Forecast............................................................................ 17
Technology Forecast .............................................................................. 18
Revenue Forecast ................................................................................... 19
Global V2G Summary ........................................................................... 20
US Market ................................................................................................................ 24
China Market ........................................................................................................... 27
Japan Market .......................................................................................................... 30
Germany Market .................................................................................................... 33
UK Market ................................................................................................................ 36
South Korea Market ............................................................................................... 39
Denmark Market ..................................................................................................... 42 V2G: A Closer Look .................................................................................................... 45
Drivers ....................................................................................................................... 46
Trends........................................................................................................................ 49
The Battery Space .................................................................................................. 51
Insights....................................................................................................................... 51
Opportunities........................................................................................................... 52
Experts Plug-in ............................................................................................................. 54
University of Delaware ......................................................................................... 55
Austin Energy ........................................................................................................... 57
Smartgridlibrary.com............................................................................................. 58
Plug In America ....................................................................................................... 59
Electrification Coalition .......................................................................................... 60
Coulomb Technologies ........................................................................................... 62
Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home ................................................................. 63
ZigBee Alliance ....................................................................................................... 64
| Executive Summary
V2G Marketplace
Executive Summary Background & Scope Methodology V2G Marketplace V2G: A Closer Look Experts Plug-in
Executive Summary they pay to charge the battery. The consumer-reward model will play
a major role in the aggressive development of V2G. At the helm of
The BP Gulf oil spill has confirmed that the global electric vehicle V2G (and often referred to as the Father of the Vehicle-To-Grid) is Dr.
revolution is upon us. In a recent June article by the Baltimore Sun, (US) Willett Kempton and his team of graduate students at The University of
Brad Heavner State Director at Environment Maryland affirmed, "the Delaware where they are focused on making this automotive
catastrophe of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is making it more technology a mainstream reality. V2G is still is in its infancy stage,
clear than ever that we need to work harder to reduce our however because of the strides made by Dr. Kempton and his team it is
dependence on oil … the US Senate must pass a comprehensive global increasing its footprint in the US and even Europe. "Ten years ago, this
warming bill that caps emissions and invests in clean energy options, was just a plan. Today, it's a real project and in ten years, we'll be
including electric vehicle technology." Similar sentiment was echoed by producing tens of megawatts of power this way," said Dr. Kempton,
Loyola de Palacio, Vice-President of the European Commission and back in February of this year at the annual meeting of the American
Commissioner responsible for energy and transport, ―during the next Association for the Advancement of Science.1
few decades, the dependency on imported energy sources into the EU
will increase substantially and it is likely that the flow of this energy will So how can the automotive, power, and technology industries get closer
increasingly depend on the political and economic stability of the oil to engaging the V2G model? V2G is in an early stage, which means
and gas producing regions.‖ companies such as auto, Smart Grid technology integrators and
telematic manufacturers can prepare themselves for market entry by
EVs are becoming increasingly more marketable, because they appeal closely monitoring government legislation, standards, Smart Grid and
to a wide spectrum of consumers. There will be more drivers in the charging station rollouts, and security.
market for electric cars in the next two years than the projected supply
from production lines, according to results from a poll by Ernst & Young. The V2G marketplace is positioned for explosive growth as consumers
More than 25% of the 4,000 drivers surveyed across the US, Europe, refine their relationship with their vehicle and manufacturers become
China and Japan said they would consider buying an electric vehicle. creative with application of Smart Grid technologies within vehicles. As
more charging stations roll out automakers from Nissan to GM to Tesla
There are many types of consumers considering purchasing an EV: the will prepare for production of more EVs, inevitably setting the V2G
environmentally conscience who value zero emissions and alternative stage.
fuel sources, the economically driven who are attracted to minimal
vehicle depreciation and fuel savings, and movers-and-shakers who are V2G Marketplace (projections developed by Zpryme)
drawn to the immersive in-car experience and stylish exterior.
Collectively, these are the same consumers that will be owners and
evangelists for the next generation of vehicles, V2G (Vehicle to the 1.056 million (V2G Units)
Grid).
V2G Units: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G vehicle unit sales are
What is V2G? A V2G vehicle is one that can connect, communicate, and projected to grow from 103,900 to 1.06 million, respectively. The
sell demand response services to the grid. As a result, consumers will V2G vehicle unit sales compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from
become independent of the gas pump while receiving financial 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 59.0 percent.
compensation for their actions. To help lay this groundwork for V2G,
Delaware (US) passed a law in 2009 requiring utilities to compensate
electric car owners for power sent back to the grid at the same rate 1 Discover News, New Electric Car Pays For Itself, Karin Zeitvogel, February 19, 2010
Learn more @ Learn more @ Page | 1

www.zpryme.com www.zigbee.org
Smart Grid deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs,

$26.6 billion (V2G Vehicle Market Value) consumer and business environmental awareness, green stimulus
packages, a reduction in the price for V2G vehicles, strong HEV/PHEV
demand, auto manufacturer financial viability pressures, and a move
V2G Vehicle Market Value: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G towards universal standard adoption. V2G trends will be motivated by
vehicle market value is projected to grow from $3.2 billion to $26.6 telematics, brand loyalty, charging station deployments, and the
billion, respectively. The V2G vehicle market value CAGR from 2015 ongoing rollout of the Smart Grid. Collectively, these factors will be the
to 2020 is projected to be 53.1 percent. gel that will shape V2G consumer adoption and encourage new
entrants to compete in this space.
$6.7 billion (V2G Infrastructure Market Value) The Battery Space
For the automotive industry, securing access to high-quality, cost-

V2G Infrastructure Market Value: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G effective rechargeable batteries that inspire consumer confidence in
infrastructure market is projected to grow from $659.9 million to $6.7 ‗range anxiety‘ is crucial for future success in the V2G arena.2
billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from
2015 to 2020 is projected to be 58.9 percent. Insights and Opportunities
 For the next five years the market for residential charging
$10.5 billion (V2G Technology Market Value) stations will provide a greater opportunity than commercial
charging stations
 Japan's current leadership in the EV space will position the
V2G Technology Market Value: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G nation to pioneer the next generation of V2G for the
technology market is projected to grow from $1.5 billion to $10.5 mainstream consumer
billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from  The hardware/software industry is relatively untapped in the
2015 to 2020 is projected to be 46.8 percent. V2G space, but companies such as AC Propulsion and Azure
Dynamics are two that have established footprints in this
$2.9 billion (V2G Total Revenue) 
industry
Environmental catastrophes such as the BP oil spill are playing a
significant role in how consumers will gradually minimize their
V2G Total Revenue: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G grid revenues fossil fuel dependency
are projected to grow from $284.4 million to $2.9 billion,  Currently, there are only a small handful of players developing
respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to V2G hardware and software, leaving this space easily
2020 is projected to be 63.5 percent. accessible for new entrants and partnerships
Drivers and Trends
V2G technology advancement and adoption will be driven by global 2Wall Street Journal; Toshiba, Mitsubishi Motors Developing Electric Car Batteries; Juro Osawa
and Yoshio Takahashi, July 2, 2010.
Learn more @ Learn more @

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― ―
Experts Plug-in: Quotes Worth Noting
University of Delaware Electrification Coalition
Business models for how to use this colossal The biggest challenge for V2G applications is
energy storage resource practically and getting cars on the road and making sure they
―
profitably will be coming up like mushrooms meet consumers’ needs..
―
after the rain.
Coulomb Technologies
Austin Energy
Our market is limited now to people who will
Austin Energy predicts that they may have up buy stations in anticipation of the cars… that
to 30,000 PHEVs in 2015 and 190,000 in problem will be gone in a year and it will be
― ―
2020. all about how fast we can scale.
Smart Grid Library Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home
When an EV fulfills transport and mobile The biggest challenge for the industry will be to
storage functions, its value as an owner asset ensure interoperability between
―
appreciates enormously. independently developed and supplied
equipment. in t
―
Plug In America
There are no natural incentives for automakers ZigBee Alliance
to initiate V2G… incentives must be created..

The advent of grid-enabled vehicles extends
the control consumers have over their energy
usage, and provide one of the biggest bang-
for-buck impacts on the environment.

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V2G Share of Global Vehicle Annual Sales, 2020*

V2G Share of Global Vehicle Annual Sales, 2015*
Global Vehicle Unit Sales = 81.2 million Global Vehicle Unit Sales = 89.4 million
60 70
30
40
50
0
80
90
50 60 70
20 0
10
0
40 80
8 1 . 2 M
30 90
20
―
V2G
V2G Vehicle
Vehicle Share
Share of
of Global
Global Vehicle
Vehicle Market
Market, 0.1%
Global Share of All Vehicle Types, 99.9%
10
Although V2G vehicles are
expected to see strong
growth from 2015 to 2020,
these next-gen autos will
[only account for 1.2%] or 8 9 . 4 M
[12 out of 1,000 vehicles]
of the global vehicle market
space by 2020. V2G
V2GVehicle
VehicleShare
ShareofofGlobal
GlobalVehicle Market
Vehicle Market, 1.2%
Zpryme Global Share of All Vehicle Types, 98.8%
*Source: Global V2G forecast by Zpryme; global automotive forecast by A.T. Kearney

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s
| Background & Scope

Page | 5
Background & Scope fluctuates at a much faster ramp rates than any existing
generation.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Definition  Provide electrical storage to allow increased use of intermittent
renewable energies such as wind power and photovoltaics. Up
The following definition of V2G has been taken from Mid-Atlantic Grid to a certain percentage of generation, the fluctuations of wind
Interactive Cars Consortium (MAGICC), a research partnership between and solar are handled by today‘s grid management. To
University of Delaware, Pepco Holding, Inc., PJM Interconnect, displace large fractions of fossil generation, electrical storage
Comverge, Inc., and the Atlantic County Utilities, Authority (ACUA). will be needed. Fleets of V2G-capable vehicles constitute such
a system, capable of holding MWs of electricity for later use.
V2G technology utilizes the stored energy in electric vehicle batteries
to contribute electricity back to the grid when the grid operators Elements needed for V2G
request it. Revenue from V2G will reduce the customer cost of electric
vehicles; it will also increase the efficiency and reliability of the existing  A plug-in car - Either a plug-in hybrid or pure electric will work.
grid today by decreasing petroleum use and creating a much larger The economic value of V2G is proportional to kW capacity of
share of intermittent renewable energies such as wind and solar in the the power plug.
future. V2G allows electric-gasoline hybrids or fully-electric vehicles to
provide power back to the grid. Electric-drive vehicles, whether  Control Signal from the electric grid - In most areas of the US,
powered by batteries, fuel cells, or gasoline hybrids, contain the the Independent System Operator (ISO) provides an electronic
energy source and power electronics capable of producing the 50 Hz signal to request frequency regulation, reserves, and other
or 60 Hz AC electricity to power our homes and offices. The key to forms of fast-response, high value power. Additionally, a local
realizing economic value from V2G is making the power available utility may want to signal for other V2G services, such as peak
without compromising the driving requirements of a single vehicle load shedding or relief on targeted parts of the distribution
owner, yet meeting the time- critical "dispatch" needed by the electric system.
distribution system.
 Computing to mediate driver and grid needs - There must be
Using V2G technology, the cost of such storage can be shared between intelligent mediation between driver and grid operator needs.
the electrical system and the transportation system, making it
economically more efficient. Using IP or broadcast protocols, utilities Market Definitions
grid operators can ―talk‖ to plugged-in cars, buy electricity from car
owners when it is needed, and sell it back when demand is lower. For each of the projections, the expected manufacturer selling prices
have been used to calculate the market value. All figures are stated in
Expected results US nominal dollars. Also, some percentages may not add up exactly to
100% due to rounding.
 Increased reliability and efficiency of existing electric grid.
V2G cars can take reduce over-loaded distribution feeders V2G vehicles: for the purpose of this report, a V2G vehicle is one that
when energy demands are high. They can supplement or can connect, communicate, and sell demand response services to the
replace spinning reserves and provide regulation as demand grid. A vehicle with grid capacity can be a Battery Electric Vehicle
(BEV) or a Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Vehicle units sold are

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expressed in annual units. Cumulative V2G vehicles on the road are not demand response programs associated with the vehicle or
reported. V2G vehicles are produced and sold by automobile vehicles.
manufactures to dealers or directly to large commercial and public
customers.  Equipment: this equipment such as computers, networking
equipment, cabling, processors, and circuits that allow for the
V2G vehicle market value: the V2G vehicle market value is the execution, management, reporting, and processing of V2G
aggregate of expected annual revenues received by automobile tasks.
manufactures for the sale of V2G vehicles (wholesale values).
V2G grid revenues: V2G grid revenues are the aggregate total of the
V2G infrastructure: without the proper infrastructure in place, the V2G expected payments made to all V2G vehicle owners. Payments are
market will not get very far. The infrastructure in this report refers only made to V2G vehicle owners by grid operators or utilities for the sales
to infrastructure that will support V2G vehicles. Infrastructure comprises of their ‗grid power‘ in the vehicle back to the grid.
of residential charging stations, commercial/public charging stations,
distribution systems upgrades to the grid, software and systems, The five categories symbols in this report are:
equipment, and data storage.
 V2G vehicle unit  V2G technology
V2G technology: V2G technology is comprised of the key components
an automobile manufacture must place into a vehicle to produce a V2G  V2G vehicle market value  V2G infrastructure
vehicle. Without these key components (V2G technology), a vehicle
cannot communicate with the grid and/or sell demand response
services. Software and system vendors and equipment manufacturers  V2G grid revenue 
are expected to sell these components to automobile manufactures.
However, system operators, utilities, and V2G vehicle owners will need Forecast period: the forecast period for this report is 2015 – 2020.
to purchase and install some of these components as well. In this report, This period was arrived at after a thorough review of V2G literature,
V2G technology is broken into 3 components or segments: public PHEV and EV reports, and from industry expert interviews.
Although views sometimes varied widely on when the market will be
fully developed, the consensus view of our research showed that 2015
 Drive systems (power electronics unit): the drive system is the is a viable target date for formal market development. The period
most expensive component among the key V2G technology from 2010 to 2015 is seen as the testing and demonstration phase
components. The drive system operates as a DC-AC inverter (market infancy). See the Methodology in this report for a list of the
and enables bi-directional power to flow from the vehicle to the key reports, studies, and sources used in developing the forecast
grid. Drive system innovation and evolution is critical to period.
increasing adoption of V2G technology.
Geographic coverage: This report showcases the projected Global
 Software and communication systems: for example, ZigBee market values from 2015 to 2020, and the projected market for the
Smart Energy and HomePlug enable the two-way US, UK, China, Denmark, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the Rest
communication between the grid and the vehicle. Further, they of the World (ROW) from 2015 to 2020.
allow monitoring, scheduling, and analysis of charge times and

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V2G Concept
Battery
Petroleum
Hybrid
Fossil
Biomass
Electrolysis
Ect. Fuel Cell
V2G Concept
The V2G concept is that battery, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles all can send power to the electric grid, power that all three
Power Grid already generate internally. For battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the power connection is already there. For fuel cell
and fuel-only hybrids, an electrical connection must be added. Orange arrows indicate electric flow from vehicles to the
grid (Source: University of Delaware V2G Research Group, learn more at www.udel.edu/V2G/concept).

Page | 8
Methodology
| Methodology

Page | 9
Methodology Technologies Program and the DOE Office of Electricity

Delivery & Energy Reliability)
The projections presented in the report were derived through rigorous  A Test of V2G for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation
analysis and evaluation of the BEV, PHEV, Hybrid, and Next in the PJM System, William Kempton et al.
Generation Vehicle markets. Further, heavy investigation into the Smart  Annual Energy Outlook 2010 – 2007 to 2035 Projections,
Grid industry was analyzed as the Smart Grid is considered a main US Energy Information Administration
driver of growth for V2G technology. Last, infrastructure development
and projected deployments were assessed to identify the feasibility of 3. Forecast model: Time series forecasting was used to derive the
a market to support the projected number of V2G vehicles. The seven projections in this report. Using the historical sales data from
points below provide an overview for the inputs for the projections in hybrid and next-generation vehicles (alternative fuel vehicles),
this report. projections were forecasted for each country and the ROW
starting with 2015 as the base period. Thus, our projections
1. Historical data and market performance: Historical data on assume V2G market penetration will follow a growth trajectory
Hybrid and next generation vehicle sales in the countries path similar to hybrid and next-generation vehicles. The
covered in this report and around the globe were analyzed to summation of the forecasts formed the global market in each
identify growth modes and expected unit sales at the market respective forecast. The key forecast, which formed the basis
entry phase and market development phase. Once forecasts for all other projections, was the V2G vehicle unit forecast.
were produced, the data were used to test the validity of the Econometric modeling was used to establish a price – demand
growth in units and the annual compound growth rate in specific relationship of the increase in sales with respect to the expected
markets. price of a V2G vehicle. This relationship further contributed to
our expected decrease in the costs to produce V2G vehicles for
2. Establishing market forecast period: The forecast period of automobile manufactures.
2015 to 2020 was arrived at after examining and studying the
expected development of PHEV and EV market and the 4. Costs, price, Smart Grid, and infrastructure considerations:
reduction in costs of V2G technology. The reports listed below Reductions in cost and the price of the V2G vehicles to
were critical to developing the projections and forecast period. consumers are expected to fall as the market expands.
However, significant cost and price reductions are not expected
 Electric Vehicles in the United States – A New Model with until the market development phase begins. Unit purchase
Forecasts to 2030, Center for Entrepreneurship & incentives and penetration of hybrids was also taken into
Technology (CET) Technical Brief consideration. Affordability by main stream consumers is not
 Technology Roadmap – Electric and plug-in hybrid electric likely to occur until 2020. Additionally, stated Smart Grid
vehicles, International Energy Agency deployments are expected to remain ‗on schedule‘ and thus be
 Assessment of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Integration with able to support the integration of V2G vehicles. Key basic
ISO/RTO Systems, KEMA, Inc and the ISO/RTO Council infrastructure such as charging stations is expected to be built in
conjunction with planned BEV and PHEV programs for utilities
 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Study – and governments. In other words, static V2G technology
Interim Report: Phase 1 Scenario Evaluation, Sentec, Inc. capabilities will exist instead of dynamic V2G technology. For
(funded by the US Department of Energy Vehicle example, dynamic V2G technology would mean a V2G vehicle
could charge and sell back to the grid from anywhere a

Page | 10
charging station is available while static means this can only

happen from a fixed station pre-determined by a utility or ISO.
5. Automobile manufacturer BEV and PHEV model announcements:

In 2009 and 2010, major automobile manufacturers such as
Ford, Toyota, and Nissan announced EV, Hybrid, and PHEV
models or potential models and made EVs and PHEVs a key to
their future growth. Although none have formally announced a
V2G vehicle, it is safe to assume that they will soon offer such
vehicles once a viable market opportunity is clearly present.
Thus the BEVs and PHEVs in their portfolio offer a natural
transition to V2G enabled BEVs and PHEVs.
6. Explicit government BEV and PHEV targets and programs: The

seven governments in this report have set aggressive targets for
BEVs and PHEVs in their respective countries. These targets
provided key data regarding optimal penetration for BEVs and
PHEVS. Further these announcements gave support for the
expected cost and end-user prices due to economies of scale.
Announced targets for each respective government are
discussed in the market projections for each country in this
report.
7. Other key assumptions: Global economic growth remains

relatively steady and stays on trend, especially growth in Asian
markets. Additionally, our analysis assumes no global
imbalances, recessions, or geopolitical crises occur. Next,
consumer demand in each respective country is driven by
upper-income buyers while fleet demand driven by the
commercial and public sector. Finally, rising costs of gasoline
are expected to follow the trend predicted by the US Energy
Information Administration.

Page | 11
mon Islands Mexico Luxembourg Eritrea Portugal Bahamas Greenla
dovaV2G:Tonga
Marketplace
Niue Sao Tome and Principe Somalia Netherlands Ant
t Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Congo Democratic Republic of the (Za
awi Anguilla [United States] Nauru New Caledonia (French) Slova
elau French Guiana Christmas Island Lithuania Bouvet Island Mald
V2G: Marketplace
wana Chad [Denmark] Liechtenstein Equatorial Guinea Guadelo
nch) Benin Cuba Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Hungary Armenia Bol
ada Northern Mariana Islands Nigeria Russia Bosnia-Herzegovina Eg
eria [China] Brazil Sri Lanka Palau Saint Pierre and Miquelon Ni
bia Dominican Republic Mozambique Malta Saint Helena Saudi Arabia
ador Mauritania [United Kingdom] Suriname Israel Uruguay Cyp
ed Arab Emirates Slovenia Polynesia (French) Norway Grenada Belg
an San Marino Andorra [Germany] Syria Greece Cameroon Argen
ei Liberia [South Korea] Guinea Montenegro Thailand Sudan S
and Nevis Panama Morocco Albania Jamaica India Bahrain Jor
muda Singapore [Japan] Chile Turks and Caicos Islands Falkland Isla
wan Turkey Cocos (Keeling) Islands Estonia Iraq Hong Kong Mauritius Ma
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Global V2G Market Factsheet 2020

V2G Factsheet
Country Units Market Infrastructure Technology Revenue
Global 1,056 $26.6 $6.7 $10.5 $2.9
US 296 $8.1 $1.8 $2.8 $.654
China 294 $6.5 $1.8 $2.8 $.521
Japan 188 $4.4 $1.2 $1.8 $.735
Germany 62 $1.6 $.377 $.587 $.587
UK 45 $1.3 $.277 $.432 $.323
South Korea 30 $.72 $.175 $.283 $.053
Denmark 13 $.038 $.081 $.126 $.093
thousands US billions US billions US billions US billions

Source: Zpryme

Page | 13
Global V2G Market 2020

Global Market
1.056 million (V2G Units)

$26.6 billion (V2G Vehicle Market Value)
$6.7 billion (V2G Infrastructure Market Value)
$10.5 billion (V2G Technology Market Value)
$2.9 billion (V2G Total Revenue)
Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Spanish utility Iberdrola has selected Itron for the first phase of its smart metering program (The initial deployment will see the delivery of 100,000 meters to the Spanish city of Castellon). Aruba Networks, has agreed
to acquire Azalea Networks for $40.5M in a cash and stock deal. Telvent to implement Smart Grid project for Maharashtra India (The cost of the program is approximately $10.3B). Coulomb Technologies, which
started installing 4,600 charging stations under its $37M ChargePoint America program, will also be providing 1,800 home charging points to Chevrolet Volt customers. OG&E to spend up to $366.4M on Smart Grid
deployment to the rest of its Oklahoma service area by the end of 2012 (other agreement puts OG&E in line to receive $130 in stimulus funds from the US government for the project). EPRI and the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) are collaborating for a prototype integrated solar-assisted electric vehicle charging station that will be erected at the institute‘s Knoxville, Tenn., research laboratory. EnergyAustralia, will lead a
$100 million "Smart Grid, Smart City" project in the state of New South Wales that will begin later this year. The project will be a little bit of everything when it comes to Smart Grid, from substation automation and
charging stations for electric vehicles to home area networks and time-of-use pricing. Sensus, claims more than 7M advanced meter endpoints at water, gas and electric utilities across the United States and Canada.
Energate, an Ottawa clean technology startup has raised $7.2M in venture capital funding to drive sales of Smart Grid technology aimed a reducing energy consumption in the home. ENMAX and Cisco are co-
developing a Smart Grid power system in Calgary, Canada (The agreement is part of the power provider's plan to move to a more high-tech service model - coined "Utility 2.0").

Page | 14
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G vehicle unit sales are projected to grow from 103,900 to 1.06
Vehicle Unit Forecast
million, respectively. The V2G vehicle unit sales compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
projected to be 59.0 percent.
Global V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast

1,200,000 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 59.1%
Source: Zpryme
1,056,732
1,000,000
800,000 766,289
600,000
542,974
400,000 363,241
229,209
200,000
103,641
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark 1,591 2,902 4,413 6,434 9,599 13,202
South Korea 2,998 5,562 8,893 13,754 19,856 29,622
UK 4,185 7,303 14,290 24,195 32,930 45,221
Germany 6,493 11,793 19,166 31,097 42,985 61,486
ROW 18,963 45,626 65,325 92,240 132,019 129,369
Japan 18,914 58,133 87,734 125,319 150,834 187,642
China 14,414 33,559 59,205 101,948 170,886 293,922
U.S. 36,082 64,331 104,216 147,986 207,181 296,268

Page | 15
Vehicle Market Forecast

Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G vehicle market value is projected to grow from $3.2 billion
to $26.6 billion, respectively. The V2G vehicle market value CAGR from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 53.1
percent.
Global V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast

$30 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 53.1% | (US millions)
Source: Zpryme
$26.6
$25
$20.1
$20
$15 $14.8
$10.3
$10
$6.7
$5
$3.2
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $0.1 $0.1 $0.1 $0.2 $0.3 $0.4
South Korea $0.1 $0.2 $0.2 $0.4 $0.5 $0.7
UK $0.1 $0.2 $0.4 $0.7 $0.9 $1.3
Germany $0.2 $0.4 $0.6 $0.9 $1.2 $1.6
ROW $0.6 $1.4 $2.0 $2.7 $3.8 $3.6
Japan $0.5 $1.6 $2.3 $3.2 $3.7 $4.4
China $0.4 $0.9 $1.5 $2.4 $3.9 $6.5
U.S. $1.1 $2.0 $3.1 $4.3 $5.8 $8.1

Page | 16
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G infrastructure market is projected to grow from $659.9
Infrastructure Forecast
million to $6.7 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected
to be 58.9 percent.
Global V2G Infrastructure Forecast

$8,000 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 58.9% | (US millions)
Source: Zpryme
$7,000 $6,685.7
$6,000
$5,000
$4,543.0
$4,000
$3,269.3
$3,000
$2,223.1
$2,000
$1,435.8
$1,000
$659.9
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $10.0 $18.1 $27.4 $39.8 $59.1 $81.0
South Korea $18.8 $34.4 $54.4 $82.4 $117.5 $175.1
UK $26.2 $45.6 $88.8 $149.6 $202.8 $277.3
Germany $40.7 $73.6 $119.1 $192.3 $264.7 $377.1
ROW $129.0 $290.5 $373.1 $484.0 $641.6 $1,005.3
Japan $118.6 $362.8 $545.0 $775.1 $928.9 $1,150.7
China $90.4 $209.4 $367.8 $630.6 $1,052.4 $1,802.4
U.S. $226.2 $401.4 $647.4 $915.3 $1,275.9 $1,816.8

Page | 17
Technology Forecast
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G technology market is projected to grow from $1.5 billion to
$10.5 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be
46.8 percent.
Global V2G Technology Forecast

$12,000 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 46.9% | (US millions)
Source: Zpryme
$10,485.3
$10,000
$8,000 $7,765.3
$6,000 $5,910.7
$4,376.4
$4,000
$3,086.0
$2,000 $1,533.9
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Denmark $24.3 $40.2 $55.7 $73.9 $100.5 $126.1
South Korea $45.7 $77.1 $112.2 $158.0 $207.9 $283.0
UK $63.8 $101.3 $180.3 $278.0 $344.8 $432.0
Germany $99.0 $163.5 $241.8 $357.3 $450.1 $587.4
ROW $242.5 $540.6 $618.0 $732.5 $1,123.5 $1,589.9
Japan $288.4 $806.0 $1,106.8 $1,439.7 $1,579.5 $1,792.6
China $219.8 $465.3 $746.9 $1,171.2 $1,789.4 $2,808.0
U.S. $550.2 $891.9 $1,314.8 $1,700.2 $2,169.5 $2,830.4

Page | 18
Revenue Forecast
Closer Look: From 2015 to 2020, global V2G grid revenues are projected to grow from $284.4 million to
$2.9 billion, respectively. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 63.5
percent.
Global V2G Revenue Forecast

$3,500
Revenues Generated from Selling Regulation &
*Benchmarks for
$3,000 Spinning Reserve* $2,904.2
expected payments 2015 - 2020 | Compound Annual Growth Rate = 63.5% | (US millions)
from grid sales Source: Zpryme
received by V2G $2,500
vehicle owners are
based on averages
presented by studies $2,050.1
conducted by the $2,000
University of
Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the
FERC‘s ‗Cash Back $1,500 $1,446.8
Hybrid‘ presentation,
and the United States
Postal Service‘s
Electrification of $1,000 $934.9
Delivery Vehicles
Feasibility Study
Report. $570.7
$500
$284.4
$0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
South Korea $4.8 $9.0 $14.8 $23.5 $34.8 $53.2
Denmark $10.9 $20.0 $30.6 $44.9 $67.3 $93.0
ROW $27.4 $67.0 $97.6 $140.2 $204.1 $203.4
Germany $32.0 $58.8 $96.7 $158.5 $221.6 $320.4
UK $17.0 $33.2 $72.6 $137.8 $210.0 $323.0
China $20.8 $50.5 $92.9 $166.7 $291.1 $521.7
U.S. $72.2 $131.2 $216.9 $314.1 $448.5 $654.2
Japan $63.3 $200.9 $312.8 $461.2 $572.8 $735.4

Page | 19
Global V2G Summary Projected V2G Vehicle Units

Market Segementation by Country | 2015
South
Global V2G Vehicle Units Korea Denmark
2.9% 1.5%
From 2015 to 2020, global V2G vehicle unit sales are projected to UK 4.0%
grow from 103,900 to 1.06 million, respectively. The V2G vehicle unit Germany
sales compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is 6.3%
ROW U.S. 34.8%
 In 2015, the US, Japan, and China are projected to dominate 18.3%
the V2G vehicle market, accounting for 34.8 percent, 18.2
percent, and 13.9 percent of the global V2G unit sales,
Japan China
respectively. In 2020, the V2G vehicle unit market share of the 18.2% 13.9%
US, Japan, and China are projected to be 28.0 percent, 27.8
percent, and 17.8 percent, respectively. Source: Zpryme
 In 2015, the collective V2G vehicle market share of Germany, Projected V2G Vehicle Units
the UK, South Korea, and Denmark are projected to account for Market Segementation by Country | 2020
14.7 percent of global V2G unit sales. In 2020, the collective South
V2G vehicle unit market share of Germany, the UK, South Korea Denmark
2.8% 1.2%
Korea, and Denmark are projected to account for 14.2 percent UK 4.3%
of global V2G unit sales.
Germany
5.8%
 From the 2015 to 2020, V2G vehicle unit sales in China, the
UK, Japan, and South Korea are projected to grow the fastest ROW U.S. 28.0%
among the seven countries covered in this report. 12.2%
Global V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast Japan

17.8% China
27.8%
From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G vehicle market value is projected
to grow from $3.2 billion to $26.6 billion, respectively. The V2G Source: Zpryme
vehicle market value CAGR from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 53.1
percent (see Global V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast on page 13).
 In 2015, the V2G vehicle market value is projected to be the

highest in the US ($1.1 billion) and Japan ($0.5 billion)
However, in 2020 the US ($8.1 billion) and China ($6.5 billion)
are projected to be the two largest markets.

Page | 20
Global V2G Infrastructure Projected V2G Infrastructure

From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G infrastructure market is projected South
to grow from $659.9 million to $6.7 billion, respectively. The compound Korea Denmark
UK 4.0% 2.8% 1.5%
annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 58.9
percent.
Germany
6.2%
 In 2015, the US is projected to lead the V2G infrastructure U.S.
market, accounting for 34.3 percent ($226.2 million) of the 34.3%
global market. However, in 2020, the US share of the global ROW
19.6%
market is projected to shrink to 27.2 percent ($1.82 billion).
China is projected to be just behind the US with 27.0 percent
($1.80 billion) of the global market in 2020. Japan China
18.0% 13.7%
 Public charging stations are projected to make up the largest
share of V2G infrastructure, accounting for 57.1 percent Source: Zpryme
($376.9 million) of the global market in 2015 and 63.2 percent
($4.23 billion) of the market in 2020. During this time period, Projected V2G Infrastructure
the compound annual growth rate for V2G public charging Market Segementation by Country | 2020
stations is projected to be 62.1 percent. South
Korea Denmark
UK 2.6%
 Residential charging stations are projected to account for 16.7 4.1% 1.2%
percent ($124.4 million) of the global market in 2015 and 14.5
percent ($1.21 billion) of the market in 2020. During this time Germany
period, the compound annual growth rate for V2G residential 5.6%
U.S.
charging stations is projected to be 57.5 percent. 27.2%
ROW
 Global V2G related distribution system upgrades are 15.0%
projected to grow from $110.4 million to $966.3 million from
2015 to 2020. During this time period, the compound annual Japan
17.2% China
growth rate for distribution system upgrades is projected to be 27.0%
54.3 percent.
 Global V2G IT infrastructure expenditures, which includes Source: Zpryme
software, equipment, storage, and other IT related products,
are projected to grow from $48.2 million to $286.6 million
from 2015 to 2020. During this time period, the compound
annual growth rate for V2G IT infrastructure is projected to be
42.8 percent.

Page | 21
Global V2G Technology Projected V2G Technology

From 2015 to 2020, the global V2G technology market is projected to South
grow from $1.5 billion to $10.5 billion, respectively. The compound Korea Denmark
UK 3.0% 1.6%
annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 46.8 4.2%
percent.
Germany
6.5%
 In 2015, the US is projected to lead the V2G technology U.S.
market, accounting for 35.9 percent ($550.2 million) of the 35.9%
ROW
global market. However, in 2020, the US share of the global 15.8%
market is projected to shrink to 27.1 percent ($2.83 billion).
China is projected to be just behind the US with 26.9 percent
Japan
($2.81 billion) of the global market in 2020. 18.8%
China
14.3%
 V2G drive systems are projected to make up the largest share Source: Zpryme
of the V2G technology market, accounting for 91.2 percent
($1.4 billion) of the global market in 2015 and 90.7 percent
($9.5 billion) of the market in 2020. During this time period, the
compound annual growth rate for V2G drive systems is Projected V2G Technology
projected to be 46.6 percent. Market Segementation by Country | 2020
South
 The global market for V2G software and systems is projected Korea
UK 2.7%
Denmark
to grow from $57.0 million to $354.6 million from 2015 to 1.2%
4.1%
2020. During this time period, the compound annual growth
Germany
rate for V2G software and systems is projected to be 44.1 5.6%
percent. U.S.
27.1%
ROW
 The global market for V2G equipment is projected to grow 15.2%
from $41.5 million to $331.4 million from 2015 to 2020.
During this time period, the compound annual growth rate for Japan
V2G software and systems is projected to be 51.5 percent. 17.2% China
26.9%
Source: Zpryme

Page | 22
Global V2G Grid Revenues

Projected Global V2G Technology Segementation by Component
2015 and 2020
From 2015 to 2020, global V2G grid revenues are projected to grow
100% from $284.4 million to $2.9 billion, respectively. The compound annual
90% growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be 63.5
Percent of Total Market
80% percent.
70%
60%
50%
 In 2015, V2G grid revenue is projected to be the highest in the
40% US ($72.2 million) and Japan ($63.3 million). However, in 2020
30% Japan ($735.4 million) is projected to exceed the US ($654.2
20% million) in grid revenues. Japan‘s lead in 2020 can be most
10% attributed to the cost of electricity in Japan relative to
Source: Zpryme 0% electricity costs in the US.
2015 2020
Other/Misc 2.4% 2.7%
Equipment
 From the 2015 to 2020, V2G grid revenue in China and the UK
2.7% 3.2%
Software and Systems
are projected to grow the fastest among the seven countries
3.7% 3.4%
Drive System
covered in this report.
91.2% 90.7%
Projected Global V2G Infrastructure Segementation by Component Projected V2G Revenue* Projected V2G Revenue *
Market Segementation by Country | 2015 Market Segementation by Country | 2020
2015 and 2020 South South
Denmark Korea Denmark Korea
100% 4.4% 1.9% 3.2% 1.8%
90% ROW
Percent of Total Market
ROW
11.0% 7.0%
80%
70% Japan
25.5% Germany Japan
60% 11.0% 25.3%
50% Germany UK 11.1%
40% 12.9% U.S.
30% U.S. 22.5%
UK 6.8% 29.1% China
20% China
18.0%
10% 8.4%
Source: Zpryme 0% Source: Zpryme Source: Zpryme

2015 2020
Other 0.1% 0.1% *Benchmarks for expected payments from grid sales received by V2G vehicle owners are based on averages
Storage 3.4% 2.2% presented by studies conducted by the University of Delaware and PJM Interconnect, the FERC‘s ‗Cash Back Hybrid‘
presentation, and the United States Postal Service‘s Electrification of Delivery Vehicles Feasibility Study Report.
Equipment 1.2% 0.6%
Software and Systems 2.6% 1.4%
Distribution System Updgrades
(Grid) 16.7% 14.5%
Commerical/Public Charging
Stations 57.1% 63.2%
Residential Charging Stations 18.8% 18.0%

Page | 23
USUSV2G
Market Market 2020
296 thousand (V2G Units)

$654 million (V2G Total Revenue)
Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) released its National Action Plan on Demand Response report, which identifies strategies various stakeholders can use to promote demand
response efforts. EPCE was awarded a $2.55M Smart Grid Workforce Training and Development Grant. Memphis Light, Gas and Water division is likely to expand the size of its Smart Grid
demonstration project from 1,000 households up to 1,900. Atheros Communications has executed an agreement with the US DOE under to receive $4.5M in grant funding to develop powerline
chips designed to provide two-way data communications over existing AC wiring. Toshiba and Kyocera have been chosen to work on Smart Grid demonstration projects in New Mexico (NEDO
will be investing $30M over four years on micro-grid and smart house demonstration projects). The Utilities Telecom Council and Verizon plan to conduct a study of the communications and
information technology requirements of the nation's utilities. San Diego Fabless Startup is receiving $6M to create Smart Grid chip. Tampa Electric Co. launched a pilot project that will evaluate the
SunWave solar photovoltaic system from Petra Solar. Opelika’s Light and Power department has undertaken a $30M project to connect every home in the city with fiber-optic cable. FirstEnergy
won $57.4 million in federal grants for Smart Grid technologies in Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. GE and a group of four venture capital firms are putting up $200M to push development of
new technologies in smart grid electrical systems.

Page | 24
US V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast US Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 52.4%
350,000
Source: Zpryme In the US, EVs and PHEVs don't have substantial slices of the automotive
296,300
300,000 market; however that is expected to change rapidly. Proactive EV pilot
programs are underway in all corners of the US. Fueled by government
250,000
207,200
stimulus funds for the Smart Grid, electric vehicles (EVs) and EV
200,000 infrastructure, the US is projected to lead the V2G market in 2020. The
148,000 Obama Administration has set a target of 40 million smart meters in US
150,000 homes and one million plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) by 2015.
104,300
100,000
64,400 Current EV and V2G pilot projects between the private sector, public
50,000 36,100 sector, and academia will play a significant role in creating global
V2G innovation, and thus market viability. Also, energy storage from
0 V2G could one day play a critical role in the country‘s renewable
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 energy growth as well as the success of the Smart Grid and promising
electric vehicle markets.
US V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons)
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 47.7%  From 2015 to 2020, US V2G vehicle sales are projected to
grow from 36,100 units to 296,300 units. The compound
2020 $8.1
annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
2019
be 52.4 percent.
$5.8
2018 $4.3  From 2015 to 2020, the US V2G vehicle market value is
projected to grow from $1.1 billion to $8.1 billion. The
2017 $3.1 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is
2016 $2.0
Source: Zpryme  From 2015 to 2020, US V2G grid revenues are projected to
2015 $1.1
grow from $72.2 million to $654.2 million. The compound
$0.0 $2.0 $4.0 $6.0 $8.0 $10.0 be 55.4 percent.
 From 2015 to 2020, the US V2G technology market is

projected to grow from $550.2 million to $2.8 billion. The
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is

Page | 25
 From 2015 to 2020, the US V2G infrastructure market is

US V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$3,000.0
Source: Zpryme
2015 - 2020 $2,830.4
V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology

$2,500.0
$2,169.5
$2,000.0 $1,816.8
$1,700.2
$1,500.0 $1,314.8 $1,275.9
$1,000.0 $891.9 $915.3

$647.4 $654.2
$550.2
$401.4 $448.5
$500.0 $314.1
$226.2 $216.9
$72.2 $131.2
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
*Benchmarks for expected payments from grid sales received by V2G vehicle owners are based on averages presented by studies conducted by the University of Delaware and PJM
Interconnect, the FERC‘s ‗Cash Back Hybrid‘ presentation, and the United States Postal Service‘s Electrification of Delivery Vehicles Feasibility Study Report.

Page | 26
China V2G Market 2020

China Market

Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Clou Electronics (manufacturer of smart meters), has received $26M worth of orders from State Grid. Siemens struck a deal with holding company Wasion Group to conduct feasibility studies in
an effort to launch new Smart Grid pilot projects in the Middle Kingdom. IBM continues to invest heavily in China's Smart Grid future, having just recently unveiled its Energy and Utilities Solutions
Lab in Beijing. Chinese companies like Jiangsu Linyang Electronics, and Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric will benefit as smart gird integration moves forward. State Grid Corporation of China
(SGCC), which controls electricity distribution in nearly all of China, has stated that it will begin major nationwide grid upgrades in early 2011. China Information Security Technology, Inc. a
solutions provider of digital security, GIS and information systems in China, announced that the SGCC selected the Company's geographic information systems as one of its only two suppliers for the
build-out of the nationwide Smart Grid in China. The SGCC selected Moxa's IEC 61850-3 Ethernet switches for use in substation automation and Smart Grid applications (they will create highly
reliable communications networks in harsh electric utility substation environments).

Page | 27
China V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast China Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 82.6%
350,000
Source: Zpryme ―China is going to set the standard for development and deployment
294,000
300,000 of clean energy,‖ David Mohler, a senior vice president at Duke, said in
an interview May 21 in Beijing. Strong economic growth, EV subsidies,
250,000
and an ambitious Smart Grid and EV plan are projected to make
200,000 China the second largest market for V2G vehicles in 2020. China‘s
170,900
Smart Grid plan involves a three phase plan with an investment of
150,000 $106.2 billion from 2009 to 2020 in Smart Grid technologies such as
102,000
100,000
smart meters, EV infrastructure, intelligent information platforms,
59,300 dispatching and substation automation systems, and acquisition
50,000 33,600 management systems.3
14,500
0 Although electric bikes have driven gains in vehicle battery demand in
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 China and are now the largest transportation-related application, in
April of 2010, China announced that 15 percent of the auto market in
China V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) the country will comprise of hybrid and electric vehicles by 2020.
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 76.0% Additionally, the government has set an annual production goal of
500,000 PHEV‘s and EV‘s by the end of 2011.
2020 $6.5
 From 2015 to 2020, China V2G vehicle sales are projected to
2019 $3.9
2018 $2.4
be 82.6 percent.
2017 $1.5
 From 2015 to 2020, the China V2G vehicle market value is
2016 $0.9 projected to grow from $0.4 billion to $6.5 billion. The
Source: Zpryme
2015 $0.4 projected to be 76.0 percent.
$0.0 $1.0 $2.0 $3.0 $4.0 $5.0 $6.0 $7.0  From 2015 to 2020, China V2G grid revenues are projected to
be 90.4 percent.
3State Grid of China Corporation's "Strengthened Smart Grid" plan (released on

May 21, 2009).

Page | 28
 From 2015 to 2020, the China V2G technology market is

 From 2015 to 2020, the China V2G infrastructure market is

China V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$3,000.0 2015 - 2020 $2,808.0
Source: Zpryme
$2,500.0
$2,000.0 $1,789.4 $1,802.4
$1,500.0
$1,171.2
$1,052.4
$1,000.0
$746.9
$630.6
$465.3 $521.7
$500.0 $367.8 $291.1
$219.8 $209.4 $166.7
$20.8 $90.4 $50.5 $92.9
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 29
Japan V2G Market 2020

Japan Market

Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Japan and the United States governments will explore a joint experimental project of a next-generation Smart grid power transmission network in Okinawa and Hawaii as they have agreed to
enhance cooperation over environmentally friendly technologies. Hitachi and Osaki Electric have forged a global Smart Grid-related business alliance (Hitachi in systems and communications
technologies and Osaki Electric in meter technologies). Sanyo has agreed to participate in and finance a joint development program with the University of California, San Diego (Sanyo will
contribute $320M over three years to the smart energy systems research project). Kawasaki will be involved in nickel metal hydride (NiMH) technology for grid-scale energy storage applications.
Softbank Telecom selected Alcatel-Lucent’s 100 Gigabit-capable optical solutions for backbone upgrade. Mitsubishi Electric launched a Smart Grid pilot project that aims to boost the stability
of electricity supplied from weather-dependent sources such as solar and wind power (Mitsubishi will invest $76M) by March 2012 in facilities in its domestic production centers to test how to
maintain stable power from fluctuating renewable energies).

Page | 30
Japan V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast Japan Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 58.1%
200,000 187,700
Source: Zpryme Japanese companies lead in the number of constituent technologies,
180,000
such as PHEVs, EVs, storage batteries and HEMS. That said, the future
160,000 150,900
V2G market in Japan will be fueled by the government‘s Smart Grid
140,000 125,400 technology plan and EV plan. In April of 2010, Japan launched a $1.1
120,000 billion Smart Grid trial which will be conducted over the next five
100,000 87,800 years. Companies such as Toyota Motor Corp., Panasonic Corp., and
80,000 Toshiba Corp. are participating in the project. Further, ministry of
58,200
60,000 Japan estimates it will cost $71.7 billion to upgrade existing grid
40,000
infrastructure to be able to meet the country‘s 2030 target of ten
19,000 percent of energy from renewable resources.
20,000
0 Next, Japan's Next-Generation Vehicle Strategy was also announced
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 in 2010 with a projected target of 50 percent of new vehicles sales
from hybrid and electric vehicles by 2020. The strategy calls for $32.1
Japan V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) million in battery technology development in 2010, tax breaks and
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 52.8% subsidies for consumers purchasing electric vehicles, and the
deployment of two million residential chargers and 5,000 quick
2020 $4.4 charges by 2020.
2019 $3.7 Japan is projected to be the third largest market for V2G vehicles in
2020 among the 7 countries covered in this report.
2018 $3.2
2017 $2.3  From 2015 to 2020, Japan V2G vehicle sales are projected to
2016 $1.6 annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
be 58.1 percent.
Source: Zpryme
2015 $0.5
 From 2015 to 2020, the Japan V2G vehicle market value is
$0.0 $1.0 $2.0 $3.0 $4.0 $5.0 projected to grow from $0.5 billion to $4.4 billion. The
 From 2015 to 2020, Japan V2G grid revenues are projected

to grow from $63.3 million to $735.4 million. The compound
be 63.3 percent.

Page | 31
 From 2015 to 2020, the Japan V2G technology market is

 From 2015 to 2020, the Japan V2G infrastructure market is

Japan V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$2,000.0
Source: Zpryme
2015 - 2020 $1,792.6
$1,800.0 V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology
$1,579.5
$1,600.0 $1,439.7
$1,400.0
$1,106.8 $1,150.7
$1,200.0
$1,000.0 $928.9
$806.0 $775.1
$800.0 $735.4
$545.0 $572.8
$600.0 $461.2
$362.8 $312.8
$400.0 $288.4
$200.9
$200.0 $118.6
$63.3
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 32
Germany
Germany MarketV2G Market 2020

$377 million (V2G Infrastructure Market Value)
$587 million (V2G Technology Market Value)
Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Siemens has teamed up with Coulomb Technologies to provide Smart Grid systems for managing the recharging of EVs (Coulomb Technologies currently operates the largest installed EV
charging station network worldwide with recent expansion in Australia, Germany and other parts of Europe). Siemens has also received an order from Ital Green Energy (a subsidiary of the
Marseglia Group) - by late 2010 they will supply clean electricity to around 5,500 Italian households. ABB will design and install a test Smart Grid in the new Kalasatama district of Helsinki in
cooperation with municipal utility Helsingin Energia and Nokia Siemens Networks. Cisco partnered with Yello Strom, in a Smart Grid project designed to create a system that will help businesses
and residents measure and control the energy consumption of their appliances. ) First Solar leads solar investments in the sector with its $200-million expansion of its Frankfurt manufacturing plant.

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Germany V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast Germany Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 56.7%
70,000
Source: Zpryme 61,500 Germany‘s adoption of V2G technology is ingrained in the
60,000 government‘s Electro-Mobility Development Plan. The plan has a target
of 1.0 million EV‘s by 2020.4 The program is funded by $705 million
50,000
43,000 from the German government‘s economic stimuli package, which was
40,000 announced in 2009. Germany‘s plan for Smart Grid implementation is
31,100 outlined in the country‘s E-Energy plan which was announced in October
30,000 of 2009. The E-Energy plan states that ―E-Energy is the launch pad for
19,200 electromobility in Germany.‖ According to German government, the E-
20,000
11,800 Energy plan aims to build regional models that demonstrate ―how the
10,000 6,500 immense potential for optimization presented by information and
communication technologies (ICT) can best be harnessed to enhance the
0 efficiency and environmental compatibility of the power supply and to
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ensure supply security.‖ Germany is projected to be the fourth largest
Germany V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) market for V2G vehicles among the seven countries covered in this
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 51.9% report. The Electromobility and E-Energy plan clearly display
Germany‘s commitment to building a viable infrastructure for Smart
2020 $1.6 Grid technology, EV‘s, and V2G.
2019 $1.2
 From 2015 to 2020, Germany V2G vehicle sales are projected
2018 $0.9
to grow from 6,500 units to 61,500 units. The compound
2017 $0.6 be 56.7 percent.
2016 $0.4  From 2015 to 2020, the Germany V2G vehicle market value is
Source: Zpryme
$0.0 $0.5 $1.0 $1.5 $2.0
 From 2015 to 2020, Germany V2G grid revenues are
projected to grow from $32.0 million to $320.4 million. The
4 UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (2010) and UK Department of

Transport.

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 From 2015 to 2020, the Germany V2G technology market is

 From 2015 to 2020, the Germany V2G infrastructure market is

Germany V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$700.0 2015 - 2020
Source: Zpryme
V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology $587.4
$600.0
$500.0 $450.1
$400.0 $377.1
$357.3
$320.4
$300.0 $264.7
$241.8
$221.6
$192.3
$200.0 $163.5 $158.5
$119.1
$99.0 $96.7
$100.0 $58.8 $73.6
$32.0 $40.7
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 35
UK V2G Market 2020

UK Market

Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Flexitricity partners with the National Grid to stabilize and support electricity networks, by levering the assets of commercial energy users and small generator owners (Flexitricity Scales-up ‗Smart
Grid‘ Solution in Response to UK Energy and Carbon Footprint Needs). A report outlining what the UK would need to do to reach carbon neutrality over the next 20 years has been published by
the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT). According to the latest industry economic valuation report, the UK's offshore renewable energy industry could generate the same amount of
electricity — per year — by 2050 as one billion barrels of oil. Intamac Systems Limited, market leader in internet accessed monitoring and control services, has received approximately $6M
investment from a syndicate of leading London based investors including Carbon Trust Investments, Chandos Capital Ventures and Seraphim Capital. Npower is joining Arquiva’s Smart Grid
‗proof-of-concept‘ network (the communications infrastructure and media services company is trialling long-range radio frequencies to relay information to and from smart meters in the south of
England - The network, which is expected to go live next month, will use the FlexNet solution provided by Arqiva‘s technology partner Sensus).

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UK V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast UK Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 60.9%
50,000
Source: Zpryme
45,300 V2G market development in the UK will be stimulated by aggressive
45,000
Smart Grid and EV roll-outs aimed to place a smart meter in every UK
40,000
home and 1.7 million EV‘s on the road by 2020.5 Further, in March of
35,000 33,000
2010, the British government announced a 25 percent subsidy (up to
30,000 $7,654) for consumers who purchase an electric vehicle. The program
24,200
25,000 provides up to $350.7 million for consumers to purchase an electric
20,000 vehicle and up to $45.7 million for the installation of charging stations.
14,300 The program is set to being in January of 2011. The UK is projected to
15,000
10,000 7,400 be the fifth largest market for V2G vehicles among the seven countries
4,200 covered in this report.
5,000
0 EVs will reduce emissions at point of use, but their green credentials
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 rely on the grid and a new generation mix to charge their batteries,
warns the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering. A future UK fleet could
UK V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) need an additional 160 GWh per day. The academy called on the UK
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 56.0% government to develop a strategy for the expected switch to electric
vehicles. One requirement for the technological mix is universal high-
2020 $1.3 speed internet connection, which Smart Grid meters will need to use.
Without that, a large number of electric car owners will not be
2019 $0.9 coordinated with the larger grid. Furthermore, those drivers that cannot
park on their own property must be accommodated by roadside or car
2018 $0.7
park charging and local grid substations will need to be upgraded.6
2017 $0.4
 From 2015 to 2020, UK V2G vehicle sales are projected to
2016 $0.2 grow from 4,200 units to 45,300 units. The compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to be
Source: Zpryme 60.9 percent.
2015 $0.1
$0.0 $0.2 $0.4 $0.6 $0.8 $1.0 $1.2 $1.4  From 2015 to 2020, the UK V2G vehicle market value is
5 German Federal Government‘s National Electromobility Development Plan (August

2009).
6 Web. Royal Academy: Prepare for electric cars, www.world-nuclear-news.org, May
27, 2010

Page | 37

 From 2015 to 2020, UK V2G grid revenues are projected to

be 80.3 percent.
 From 2015 to 2020, the UK V2G technology market is

 From 2015 to 2020, the UK V2G infrastructure market is

UK V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$500.0 2015 - 2020
Source: Zpryme $432.0
$450.0 V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology
$400.0
$344.8
$350.0 $323.0
$300.0 $278.0 $277.3
$250.0
$210.0 $202.8
$200.0 $180.3
$137.8 $149.6
$150.0
$101.3 $88.8
$100.0 $63.8 $72.6
$33.2 $45.6
$50.0 $17.0 $26.2
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 38
South Korea
South Korea Market V2G Market 2020

$720 million (V2G Vehicle Market Value)
Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Samsung will invest $20B into innovative technologies such as photovoltaic cells and rechargeable cells for hybrid electric batteries. South Korea aims to build the world's first nationwide Smart
Grid system to reduce its emissions by monitoring energy use more carefully (The grid, to be set up by 2030, is part of the country's $24B initiative to increase its generation of green energy). The
US, China and South Korea were among the biggest green stimulus spenders, with South Korea allocating almost 80% of its funding to greening its economy. American Superconductor
Corporation and Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. announced that they have expanded their strategic alliance to include the joint development of a 5 megawatt (MW) full conversion wind
turbines. The South Korean government announced plans to more than double its financing for green research and development projects to $2.9B by 2013

Page | 39
South Korea V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast South Korea Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 58.1%
35,000
Source: Zpryme South Korea‘s government Smart Grid and electric vehicle (EV)
29,700
30,000 programs will provide the key catalysts for V2G growth in South
Korea. In March of 2010, South Korea‘s Ministry of Knowledge
25,000
Economy announced that the country would invest $23.3 billion in Smart
19,900
20,000 Grid technology. The program‘s goal is to have all of South Korea‘s
electric customers using Smart Grid technology by 2030. In 2009,
13,800
15,000 South Korea announced their plan to invest $342.6 million by 2014 on
10,000 8,900 EV and battery technology research and development. Then, in March
5,600 of 2010 the Ministry of Knowledge Economy also announced the
5,000 3,000 country‘s goal of becoming the fourth largest EV market by 2015. The
government has set a target of one million electric vehicles, and intends
0 for ten percent of domestic sales of cars to be electric vehicles by
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020. However, the high price of V2G vehicles will slow adoption and
growth of V2G in South Korea. South Korea is projected to be the 6th
South Korea V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) largest market for V2G vehicles among the seven countries covered in
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 52.8% this report.
2020 $0.72  From 2015 to 2020, South Korea V2G vehicle sales are
projected to grow from 3,000 units to 29,700 units. The
2019 $0.50
2018 $0.36
2017 $0.24  From 2015 to 2020, the South Korea V2G vehicle market value
is projected to grow from $0.09 billion to $0.72 billion. The
Source: Zpryme
2015 $0.09
 From 2015 to 2020, South Korea V2G grid revenues are
$0.0 $0.1 $0.2 $0.3 $0.4 $0.5 $0.6 $0.7 $0.8 projected to grow from $4.8 million to $53.2 million. The
 From 2015 to 2020, the South Korea V2G technology market is


Page | 40
 From 2015 to 2020, the South Korea V2G infrastructure market

is projected to grow from $18.8 million to $175.1 million. The
South Korea V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)
$300.0 2015 - 2020 $283.0
Source: Zpryme
$250.0
$207.9
$200.0
$175.1
$158.0
$150.0
$112.2 $117.5
$100.0 $77.1 $82.4

$54.4 $53.2
$45.7
$50.0 $34.4 $34.8
$18.8 $23.5
$9.0 $14.8
$4.8
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 41
Denmark V2G Market 2020

Denmark Market

$38 million (V2G Vehicle Market Value)
Source: Zpryme
Smart Grid Cloud

Denmark’s government has announced plans to target specific sectors in Turkey to boost exports to the fast developing country with a consumer market of 72 million people, especially in energy-
efficient building and wind technologies as well as in utilizing Smart Grid electricity distribution systems. Denmark has achieved a record 20% wind penetration into the electric power system since
2005 (the country is moving towards 50% wind penetration by year 2025). Echelon Corporation shipped its two millionth Networked Energy Services (NES) smart meter. The meter will become
part of the Smart Grid installation currently being deployed by Eltel Networks A/S for the Danish utility SEAS-NVE (in Denmark‘s largest Smart Grid project with over 390,000 mart meters). The
announcement was made today at the 2010 Smart Metering Scandinavia event in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Page | 42
Denmark V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast Denmark Market

2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 52.7%
14,000 13,300
Source: Zpryme V2G in Denmark will be spearheaded by a firm commitment to
12,000 renewable energy, smart meter roll-outs, and EV innovation. In 2009,
9,600
about 20 percent of Denmark‘s electricity was fueled by wind energy
10,000
which places Denmark on track to meet the government‘s renewable
8,000 energy target of 30 percent by 2025. Further, as of 2009, Denmark is
6,500 expected to deploy an estimated 1.2 million smart meters without any
6,000 formal Smart Grid implementation plan. 7 Next, DNS Denmark reports
4,500
4,000
that the country will have 200,000 EV‘s by 2020.8
3,000
1,600
2,000 In 2009 Denmark kicked off its initial V2G pilot with the ‗Electric
vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable
0 energy and Open Networks‘ (E.D.I.S.O.N) project. The project will use
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 wind energy to power electric vehicles and enable the development
and optimization of Smart Grid technology. The project will initially test
Denmark V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast (US billons) 15 cars. Collaborative partners on the project include Dank Energi, DTU
2015 - 2020 | CAGR = 48.2% CET, Riso DTU, DONG Energy, IBM, Siemens, Ostkraft Produktion, and
Eurisco.
2020 $0.38
Denmark is projected to be the seventh largest market for V2G
2019 $0.28 vehicles among the seven countries covered in this report. However,
Denmark‘s renewable energy, Smart Grid, and EV progressiveness will
2018 $0.19
likely make the country a market leader with respect to V2G
innovation.
2017 $0.14
2016 $0.09  From 2015 to 2020, Denmark V2G vehicle sales are projected
to grow from 1,600 units to 13,300 units. The compound
Source: Zpryme annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2015 to 2020 is projected to
2015 $0.05
be 52.7 percent.
$0.0 $0.1 $0.1 $0.2 $0.2 $0.3 $0.3 $0.4 $0.4
 From 2015 to 2020, the Denmark V2G vehicle market value is
7Annual Report on the Progress of Smart Metering 2009, released in January of 2010
by the European Smart Meter Alliance.
8 Technology Roadmap, Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, International
Energy Agency (2009).

Page | 43

 From 2015 to 2020, Denmark V2G grid revenues are

 From 2015 to 2020, the Denmark V2G technology market is

 From 2015 to 2020, the Denmark V2G infrastructure market is

Denmark V2G Infrastructure, Revenue*, & Technology Forecasts (US millions)

$140.0 2015 - 2020 $126.1
Source: Zpryme
$120.0 V2G Revenue Infrastructure Technology
$100.5
$100.0 $93.0
$81.0
$80.0 $73.9
$67.3
$55.7 $59.1
$60.0
$44.9
$40.2 $39.8
$40.0 $30.6 $27.4
$24.3
$20.0 $18.1
$20.0 $10.9 $10.0
$0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Page | 44
V2G: A Closer Look
V2G: A Closer Look

Page | 45
Drivers  American Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Act (H.R. 4399) |

Introduced in December of 2009, HR 4399 has a goal of
V2G technology advancement and adoption will be driven by global advancing the development of electric drive vehicles and
Smart Grid deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs, enhancing the national power grid through the integration of
consumer and business environmental awareness, green stimulus V2G technology and electric vehicles. The bill calls for $2.0
packages, a reduction in the price for V2G vehicles, strong HEV/PHEV billion for the United States Postal Service to convert up to
demand, auto manufacturer financial viability pressures, and a move 20,000 USPS vehicles into electric or hybrid electric vehicles
towards universal standard adoption. Collectively, these drivers form with V2G technology. The program would be administered by
the foundation for innovation, cost reductions, and rapid adoption of the US Department of Energy.
V2G technology.
Renewable Energy Policy
Smart Grid Programs
Governments around the world have implemented aggressive
Clearly, global deployments of Smart Grid technology among major renewable energy targets for the future. Thus, the Smart Grid and
and small economies has brought the benefits and capabilities of V2G V2G technology‘s ability to bring renewable energy sources into the
technology to the immediate attention of government officials, investors, grid offer significant opportunities for governments to realize their
utilities, wall street, auto and battery manufacturers, and Smart Grid stated renewable energy targets.
ecosystem integrators.
 According to the US Energy Information Agency, from 2010 to
Hence, as long as the development of the Smart Grid takes 2030, world net electricity generation is projected to grow
center stage in economies across the globe, the world can from 20,584 trillion kilowatt-hours to 31,782 trillion kilowatt-
expect to see rapid developments in V2G innovation, hours. Electric generation from renewable sources is projected
demonstrations, and V2G enabled EVs/PHEVs. to grow from 4,072 trillion kilowatt-hours to 6,724 trillion
kilowatt-hours during this time period. In 2030, renewable
The two proposed bills currently under review in the US congress electric generation is projected to account for 21.2 percent of
highlight initiatives that have been sparked by the expected benefits of world electric generation.
the Smart Grid and V2G technology.
Projected World Net Electric Generation
 Advanced Vehicle Technology Act (H.R. 3246) | H.R. 3246 35,000
2010 - 2030
would authorize $2.85 billion from 2010 to 2014 to the 30,000
Department of Energy for research and development of hybrid, 25,000
batteries, electric vehicles, and other related technologies 20,000
22,766
25,059
20,365
deemed worthy by the Department of Energy. The goal of the 15,000
16,513
18,331
bill is to advance the commercial application of vehicle 10,000
5,000
technologies. The bill has passed the US House of 4,072 4,898 5,666 6,149 6,724
0
Representatives and is now subject to debate and a vote in the
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
US Senate. Electric generation from all other sources (trillion kWh's)
Electric generation from renewable sources (trillion kWh's)

Page | 46
Rising Costs of Energy/Fossil Fuels Green Stimulus Packages
The rising costs of oil and gasoline places will continue to drive World economies banned together in early 2009 in a collective effort
demand for renewable energy, hybrid vehicles, EVs, PHEVs, to make the ‗Green Economy‘ a central component of their long-term
and V2G technology. Price and demand increases of fossil fuels economic viability. These ‗green‘ stimulus packages formed a broad
reduce the real costs of consumers and businesses to adopt EVs foundation intended to spark innovation, private sector investments,
andV2G technology. R&D, pilot projects, infrastructure development, and research in the
areas of renewable energy, electric vehicles, Smart Grid technology,
Additionally, many major economies view the reduction of their reliance and other energy efficiency initiatives.
on fossil fuels as vital to their economic and national security policies.
 According to data from New Energy Finance, Green stimulus
 According to the US Energy Information Agency, from 2010 to packages announced in 2009 from the 11 major world
2030, world liquid production is projected to grow from 86 economies totaled $173.6 billion.9 The green stimulus
million barrels per day to 107 million barrels per days. World packages were announced as part of each respective country‘s
oil prices are projected to grow from $80 per barrel to $130 economic stimulus package.
per barrel during this time period.
V2G EV Purchase Price
Projected World Liquid Production and World Oil Prices
120 2010 - 2030 $160 Driving down the end user purchase price of V2G EVs is another key
100 component to ramping up the adoption and development of V2G.
$120
80
60 $80 Auto manufactures will not be able to receive economy of scale
40
benefits until V2G EV costs see a significant decrease,
$40 irrespective of government rebates or subsidies to purchase
20
such vehicles.
0 $0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Liquids production (million barrels per day)
Currently, the price premium of such vehicles is out of reach for the vast
Oil prices per barrel (in 2007 dollars) majority of the median consumer in any given major world economy. At
the high end, industry experts estimate the cost of a V2G vehicle as
Consumer and Business Pro-Environmental Interests high as $70,000. The three points below summarize some of the key
V2G and PHEV prices cited by recent studies.
V2G technology will provide environmentally conscious consumers and
businesses the perfect opportunity to make a positive impact on the  A 2009 feasibility study by the US Postal Service estimated the
environment as they will be able to reduce carbon emissions and the cost of a V2G enabled PHEVs at $40,000 each for a fleet of
need to build more coal power plants. Thus, these benefits will play a
key role in enhancing V2G adoption.
9Global Trends in Sustainable Energy, UNEP and (2009). Countries include the US, UK, Spain,
South Korea, Japan, Germany, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, and France.

Page | 47
3,000 vehicles.10 However, the study‘s projections assumed bulk sales have grown from 9,350 in 2000 to 259,000 in 2009. This
purchase discounts would be applied to the purchase of each represents a compound annual growth rate of 44.6 percent
V2G PHEV. during this time period. During this same time period, global
annual HEV unit sales for Toyota grew from 19,000 to
 According to the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value 513,000, respectively (CAGR = 44.2 percent).14
Proposition Study, the estimated purchase cost of a PHEV was
$52,700 in 2008. The study predicted the purchase cost of a  According to the US Energy Information Agency‘s Annual Energy
PHEV to drop to $26,700 by 2030.11 Outlook 2010, US annual unit sales of hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are
 AC Propulsion‘s CEO, Tom Gage, reported that the company‘s projected to grow from 287,000 in 2010 to 2.2 million in
V2G model, the eBox, which is sold as a conversion, cost 2035. This represents a compound annual growth rate of 14.7
$15,000 for the car (Scion XB) and $55,000 for the conversion, percent during this time period. The Annual Energy Outlook
resulting in a total cost of $70,000.12 2010 projects that PHEV/EV unit sales will represent 2.8
percent of all light duty vehicle (LDV) sales in the US in 2010
Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption and 11.6 percent of all LDV unit sales in 2035.
Aggressive adoption and sales of HEV‘s such as the Toyota Prius Projected US Annual Sales of Light Duty PHEV/HEV's
2010 - 2035
provide an excellent platform for the development and advancement 2,500 15%
of V2G technology as great demand for HEVs and PHEVs is projected
2,000 12%
to remain strong over the next 20 years. Additionally, historical sales of
HEVs provide a road map for profitability for auto makers who have 1,500 9%
particularly been hit hard by the recession. The projections below offer 1,000 6%
further insight into the expected growth of HEVs and PHEVs in the US. 500 3%
Further, a major step in the direction of EV adoption is that ECOtality 0 0%
was awarded a $99.8 million grant from the U.S. Department of 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Energy to launch ‗The EV Project‘ - The EV Project is the largest PHEV/HEV sales (in thousands)
deployment of electric vehicles and charge infrastructure in history.13 PHEV/HEV % of total vehicle sales
 According to data compiled by the US Energy Information Major Auto Manufacturer’s Pressure to Grow Sales and Profits
Agency and Department of Energy, annual hybrid electric unit
Major automobile manufacture‘s such as Ford, GM, Toyota, and Nissan
are under enormous shareholder and government pressure to create
jobs, increase sales, turn a profit, and build financially viable
10 Electrification of Delivery Vehicles, US Postal Service(August 2009).
11 Plug-In Hyrbid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Study, Sentech, Inc. (January 2009). operations. Thus, hybrids, EVs, PHEVs and V2G offer a clear path to
12 The eBox: A New EV with Li Ion Battery and V2G, AC Propulsion, Inc., Tom Gage, CEO sales growth and long-term sustainability as long as consumer demand
(2007)
13 www.theevproject.com; on June 16, 2010, ECOtality announced expansion of The EV Project
to include the cities of Los Angeles, California and Washington, D.C. The project was granted
an additional $15 million by the U.S. Department of Energy. With the partner match, the total
value of the project is now approximately $230 million. 14 Toyota Motor Corporation sales results.

Page | 48
is strong, incentives are place for manufactures and consumers, and Trends
pro-environmental policies remain a priority for major economies.
V2G trends will be motivated by telematics, brand loyalty, charging
Universal Standards Adoption station deployments, and the ongoing rollout of the Smart Grid. All
things considered, these trends will be the gel that shapes V2G
Universal standards adoption will play a significant role in driving consumer adoption andinspires companies to enter this space.
down R&D costs. Further, commoditization of core technologies will
allow auto manufactures to lower their overall production costs, thus Telematics
reducing the overall price of V2G EVs for consumers and business
customers. Today, the ZigBee Alliance and the Home Plug Powerline Google and GM reportedly working to pair GM's OnStar system with
Alliance standardized V2G two-way communication capabilities in the Google's Android operating system (the GM-Google collaboration
ZigBee Smart Energy version 2.0 specification. Approved Industry would allow Android-powered devices to control some car functions)
standards connecting vehicles to the grid will play a key role in there is no doubt that telematics will become an integral part of the
reducing time to market for automobile manufacturers and utilities. V2G in-vehicle experience.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill On an important note for consumers, telematics will become the
panacea for "range anxiety" (The fear of being stranded by
Consumers are eager learn more about EVs due to BP‘s oil-rig collapse an electric car because of insufficient battery performance or
in the Gulf of Mexico consumer insight researchers closest to the charge15).
automotive sector are observing that the initial price and limits on
battery performance [range anxiety] are influencing purchasing Penetration of consumer and commercial telematics systems in
decisions less while the ‗big picture environmental impact‘ has increased passenger cars and commercial vehicles respectively will evolve from
in importance [when consumers are shopping for EVs]. Bottomline, the less than 10 percent in 2010 to 23 percent in 2015, according to a
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spoil has resonated into the minds of American study by ABI Research (Frost & Sullivan estimates that more than 80
consumers and those outside US borders. percent of electric vehicles sold by 2015 will have some kind of
telematics technology and that navigation systems will be standard on
That said, the Gulf of Mexico oil calamity could become the all electric vehicles).
most pivotal event in the history of the EV and ultimately V2G;
it has prompted (in some cases forced) the automotive sector, Brand Loyalty
power utility industry, governments, and consumers to revaluate
its footprint in the energy space. Brands make a difference – take for example GM reverting to the
Chevrolet over Chevy name as part of the company's push for global
To add to the Gulf event, the real call for action came from United consistency. Though those inside the auto industry may not see this as a
States President Barak Obama when he said publicly in a recent major change, GM is sure to receive some backlash and resentment
address, ―the tragedy [Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill] unfolding on our from their loyalists. Most car owners will stay loyal to the brand they
coast is the most painful and powerful reminder yet that the time to
embrace a clean-energy future is now.‖
15 Definition provided by AeroVironment

Page | 49
now drive when they shop for a new vehicle, according to a survey by Charging Station Deployments
Consumer Reports magazine. The survey found that 73 percent of
buyers were somewhat or very likely to buy the same brand they A driver as much as a trend charging stations will part the V2G sea
currently drive, the magazine said in a statement.16 almost immediately. Piggybacking this growth according to Pike
Research more than 4.7 Million Electric Vehicle Charge Points to be
An important finding by Consumer Reports that could have the same
installed by 2015.18 For example Coulomb Technologies announced
effect for future consumer V2G purchase behavior is that Fuel
economy, quality and price would be the prime factors that would last month [June] that the U.S. Department of Energy has awarded a
influence a [consumer] decision if the buyers decided to switch brands. $15 million grant to support deployment of 4,600 of their charging
That said it‘s important that automobile manufacturers start creating a stations in nine regions around the country. Working in partnership with
‗marketing message‘ coupled with over-the-top customer service to Ford, GM and Daimler, Coulomb is launching a program to provide
maintain loyal customers and absorb new drivers for future V2G these charging stations for homes, businesses and public locations.
purchases. For example Nissan Division Vice President Al Castignetti Similar sentiment was echoed by Michael Howard, EPRI senior vice
was recently quoted in saying that ―owners of Toyota Motor Corp.'s president of Research and Development, ―TVA (Tennessee Valley
fuel-efficient Prius hybrid will succumb to the charms of the Nissan Leaf Authority) is taking an aggressive approach in embracing electric
electric sedan… more than half of the 130,000 hand-raisers who have vehicle technology including the design, development and assessment of
expressed an interest in the Leaf so far have been Prius owners.‖17
this fully-integrated electric-vehicle charging facility… we will work
However even with his well-justified words, the auto industry and
experts can almost guarantee that Toyota, with its recent partnership together on this facility which will test the technologies that will be used
with Tesla, will regain customer loyalty soon. in the marketplace as electric vehicles play an increasingly prominent
role in transportation.‖19
Lastly, a three-pronged approach of grass roots marketing,
traditional web, and social media must be deployed in order to Some of the charging stations will be offering free electricity, but
reach out to all consumers: the grass roots technique is the most Richard Lowenthal, CEO of Coulomb Technologies (which makes the
important. ChargePoint chargers in the program) said he‘s seeing ―some resistance
to ‗free‘, especially from multiple dwelling units (MDUs). In apartments
When V2G finally becomes a reality it will be the more and condos, the other tenants don‘t want to pay $5 a day to help the
personable/interactive approach by automobile manufactures that will guy with the $109,000 Tesla Roadster.‖20
win over consumers – not necessarily the most tech-savvy company
when it comes to engaging the consumer. Lastly, GE unveiled this month [July 2010] a new electric-vehicle
charger and other new clean-technology products, and announced a
$200 million contest for the best Smart Grid technology ideas from
entrepreneurs and researchers.
18 Pike Research, Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment, June 2010

19 Web, EPRI and TVA to Build Integrated Solar-Assisted Electric Charging Station,
16 Consumer Reports interviewed 1,700 adults nationwide in households that own at least one www.pennenergy.com, June 18, 2010.
vehicle. The telephone survey took place from April 29 to May 3, 2010 20 BNET, A Jolt for EV Adoption -- 4,600 Free Electric Chargers, Courtesy of the Feds, Jim
17 www.cnet.com, Automotive News, June 2, 2010 Motavalli, June 3, 2010

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The Battery Space would be assembled in China.25, 26 EnerDel announced a joint venture to
produce battery packs, starting this year, with the electric vehicle
According to a Department of Energy report, US spending [$2.4 billion division of Wanxiang, the biggest ―Tier One‖ auto parts producer in
in stimulus spending aimed at encouraging development of new battery China. Effectively, this positions EnerDel‘s battery systems to be a
and electric-vehicle technology] will raise the US's manufacturing player in China, initially in public transportation.27 Nissan has taken an
capacity for advanced vehicle batteries from two percent of the world important step towards its EV future by breaking ground on its lithium-
market to 40 percent by 2015.21 ion battery manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee. The plant will
produce the batteries for the Nissan LEAF from 2012 and onwards and
Further, even without technical breakthroughs, costs for batteries could is one of the largest vehicle battery manufacturing plants in North
drop substantially by 2020. Consulting firm PRTM conducted a two- America at 1.3million sq ft. At full capacity it will be able to produce
200,000 advanced technology batteries every year.28 Ford will invest
year survey of battery and auto manufacturers and suppliers and it $135M in Michigan electric vehicle production. Plans are to assembly
estimates that by 2020 the cost of batteries will drop 50 percent, even battery packs at Ford‘s Rawsonville plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan, with a
without technical breakthroughs in the batteries themselves (it‘s also $10M capital investment in the plant and the creation of 40 jobs.29
important to note that Deloitte expects the cost of producing batteries Powered by Sanyo lithium-ion batters, Electric Daihatsu Mira traveled
for electric cars to fall by 40 percent over the next four years). Pike 1000km on one charge.30 Lastly, Tesla is developing battery pack
Research identified that Asian manufacturers will lead the $8 billion systems for Daimler (Telsa and Toyota will collaborate on battery-
market for EV batteries.22, 23, 24 powered test versions of the Japanese carmaker's RAV4 and Lexus RX
in the first phase of the EV partnership).
Also, nano technology has been summoned as a game-changer
in the battery space and related auto manufacturer markets Insights
(nano-tech batteries for future V2G will be able to offer
increased range and energy density).  For the next five years the market for residential charging
stations will provide a greater opportunity than commercial
Batteries in the News charging stations
CODA EV maker and the EnerDel lithium-ion battery manufacturer

announced new Chinese deals. CODA has also formed a joint venture,
called Lio Energy Systems, with Chinese company Lishen Power Battery.
CODA plans to manufacturer the chassis and batteries in China and 25 BNET, China Deals Give Carmakers Leverage in the World's Biggest EV Market, Jim
deliver 14,000 cars by the end of 2011(most of the car components Motavalli, May 28, 2010
26 Daily Finance, Electric Car Projects Have the Most Buzz for Green Investors, Ucilia Wang,
May 19, 2010
27 BNET, China Deals Give Carmakers Leverage in the World's Biggest EV Market, Jim
21 Obama Defends Stimulus Grants to Electric-Car Battery Plants, washington Post, Nicholas Motavalli, May 28, 2010
Johnston, July 15, 2010 28 www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk, Nissan lithium-ion battery factory breaks ground, June 3,
22 PRTM conducted a two-year survey of battery and auto manufacturers and suppliers, 2010
January 2010 29 www.brighterenergy.org, Ford to invest $135m in Michigan electric vehicle production, May
23 Pike Research, Electric Vehicle Batteries, June 2010 24, 2010
24 Frost & Sulllivan, Growth Opportunities for Battery Test Equipment Vendors, Srihari 30 www.caradvice.com, Electric Daihatsu Mira travels 1000km on one charge, Tim Beissmann,
Padmanabhan, May 28, 2010 May 27, 2010

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 Based on Japan‘s current automotive technology and leadership  The biggest challenge for the industry will be to ensure
in the EV space, look to this nation to pioneer the next interoperability between independently developed and
generation of V2G for the mainstream supplied equipment in the premise such as the Smart Meter and
 Vehicle fleets such as the USPS pilot will play a critical role in Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the PEV31
the deployment of V2G in the US  Standards like ZigBee Smart Energy provide seamless
 By 2015, the majority of charging infrastructure being installed integration of V2G two-way communications to the Smart Grid
globally is likely to have V2G plug-in-play capabilities into vehicles and hence offer interoperability across systems.
 Consumer engagement and education a vital component to the They will also speed adoption of V2G and drive down the costs
success of V2G is practically non-existent of implementation for such technology
 The hardware/software industry is relatively untapped in the
V2G space, companies such as AC Propulsion and Azure Opportunities
Dynamics are one of the few that have a footprint in this
industry  Rather than compete with industry-blue-chips directly, ‗new-
 Demand for V2G vehicles will increase as Smart Grid rollout entrants‘ in the automotive space must focus on developing a
continues and consumers realize the cost of ownership for V2G competitive advantage by narrowing their sights on ‗value-
vehicles is significantly lower than ICE vehicles and non-V2G added‘ features in V2G such as telematics, and the overall in-
PHEV and EVs vehicle-experience
 Early adopters are likely to be educated males and females  Hardware and software vendors unite. Currently, there are only
with high annual average incomes a small handful of players developing V2G hardware and
 Environmental catastrophes such as the BP oil spill are playing a software leaving this space vulnerable for new entrants and
significant role in how consumers will gradually minimize their partnerships
fossil fuel dependency  Develop in-house V2G capabilities – Pioneering new
 Though new players are entering this market frequently and advancements in V2G technology could provide a competitive
technology is growing rapidly it‘s important to note that V2G is technology and first mover advantage to an automobile
in a development and demonstration phase (market infancy) manufacture who invests in developing the next generation of
 Using their economies of scale look for major automotive V2G technology
manufacturers such as Ford, Toyota, and Nissan to capitalize on  For the niche players – development of in-the-vehicle
the V2G market in its earliest stage. Achieving economies of technologies (enhancing the in-vehicle experience) will be highly
scale with V2G and charging infrastructure is key to developing sought after. In the vehicle systems and interfaces that give the
financially viable markets for V2G and charging infrastructure owner control of how and when V2G is used will become
 Driven by government stimulus, EV and Smart grid deployments increasing critical – companies must create an interface that is
in the US, China, and Japan will drive global V2G growth reminiscent of engaging video gaming systems. Look for
 V2G vehicle growth will lag behind the growth of the PHEV and
EV market
 Static V2G services will launch first before more advanced
services (roaming for example) are available to consumers 31Electric Vehicle Communication to the Utility, Rich Scholer – Ford Motor Company and Mike
Bourton – Grid2Home Inc.

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companies to reach out to brands such as Nintendo on  Aggregation services will become lucrative once mass needs
interactive interfaces have been assessed. Companies and government organizations
 Mobile technology will lead the way over one-function can get into the load aggregation business for fleet vehicles or
technologies (e.g. in home displays) for V2G. For example residential vehicles. For example "Use of electric vehicles for
mobile technology such as Apple‘s iPhone will provide apps that Postal Service deliveries is operationally feasible and could
can do everything from monitoring V2G energy expenditure to provide a valuable opportunity for the nation to test EV
selling electricity back to the grid technology. Due to the Postal Service's current financial distress,
 Partnerships are paramount; establishing utility, infrastructure, government funds and vehicle-to-grid revenue would likely be
technology vendor, integrator, auto manufacturing, research, needed to make this transition economically feasible"32
R&D, and university partners can drive down the costs of  Develop the software and systems to integrate and manage
developing new technology and play a crucial role in creating fleet vehicles – As the number of V2G vehicles grow, an
demand for new V2G technologies increasing need for software, programming, and management
 It‘s imperative that companies get involved with V2G systems will be needed for the scheduling, monitoring,
demonstrations now. Demonstrations offer opportunities to test reporting, and DR services associated with the vehicles
technology and equipment, and showcase a company‘s  Like the new Smart Grid revolution to engage and educate the
respective products or services, not to mention the best form of consumer, companies must build a strong brand for V2G via
PR, branding, and marketing. In a rapidly growing market with aggressive consumer advocacy and interactive marketing. It‘s
competition that is intensifying daily, it will be essential to prove recommended that companies utilize a 3-pronged approach to
one‘s product has the go-to-market potential marketing and branding: grass roots, social media, and
 Electric bikes, which have become an $11 billion global traditional online
industry, are a signal of potential growth for the V2G market  Incentives must be created for automakers to initiate V2G. Most
 Though it still in its infancy stage, identifying business models automakers are hesitant to introduce V2G equipment because it
early will provide the best opportunity for long term growth. would (slightly) increase the sticker price of plug-in cars.
Monitoring companies such as Nissan, BYD, CODA, Ford, Government subsidies and welcoming EV adopters into the mix
Toyota, and even Norwegian electric vehicle builder Think will will motivate automakers to jump into the V2G the deep end of
prove rewarding to new entrants and established corporations the V2G pool
 Battery partnerships will become customary in the V2G space.
Securing a strong battery manufacturing partner with
companies such as EnerDe, Johnson Controls A123 Systems or
LG Chem early will enable automobile manufactures to gain a
competitive cost advantage
 Back to mobile technology, it‘s all about the apps. Software
vendors can capitalize on the emergence of mobile applications
to develop a series of applications strictly for V2G. Look for
companies to welcome more open source as competitors and
consumer preferences emerge. The biggest challenge for V2G
applications is getting cars on the road and making sure they
meet consumers‘ needs 32USPS, Office of Inspector General of the US Postal Service on the Feasibility of Electric
Vehicles, August 28, 2009

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Experts Plug-in
V2G: Experts Plug-in

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University of Delaware of your 100 mile EV, you can just take your second car - the one that
Contributors: Nathaniel Pearre & Jacqueline Piero, University of Delaware burns gas. I believe that home charging will be the vast majority of
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration charging for a long time.
1. ZP: What are the current barriers in developing V2G technology? Charging stations are much simpler devices than most people think.
All charging up to SAE level 2 (i.e., up to 20kW, or ~70miles(range)
UD: There are effectively no plug-in vehicles on the roads. The idea of per hour) will be AC, which means that the charger is nothing more
selling the services of your vehicle while it's parked is just not on than a GFCI, a cord, and in some cases a billing device or user
most people's radar. Fear of loss of cycle life of batteries. All charging interface, all of which are established technologies. To make them
and discharging has some wear effect on the battery. For certain GIV compatible, they must also be able to integrate communications
battery chemistries this can be significant, for others it is almost with power going to the car. Anything with billing must have a
immeasurably small. Regulatory issues such as current non-inclusion of communications link already.33
vehicles as eligible sources of net-metered electricity. If you have to
pay for electricity going into the battery, but don't get paid for 4. ZP: Where do you see V2G five years from now? Ten years from now?
electricity coming out of it, the market fails and there is no value to the
vehicle owner. UD: V2G will gain acceptance (and market share) as EVs gain
acceptance and market share, lagging slightly behind EVs. It is
2. ZP: How aggressive is the automobile manufacturing industry generally agreed in both auto and utility industries (at least among the
in developing V2G technology? commenters in the California CPUC proceeding) that if EVs get
deployed in large numbers, some communication and control will be
UD: The outward appearance of things is that most OEMs are not necessary to "not crash the grid" (a standard fear, but not likely).
being very aggressive at all. However, most are aware of the The conceptual progression from "not crashing the grid by using a
possibilities of V2G, and while fearful (and I think fearful is the right charging timer" to "not crashing the grid by using a price/demand
term) of getting into an area with which they have no experience, many signal" to "controlled load using demand signal" to "storage resource"
are talking about future plans for V2G capability. is one that can happen as EVs become more common.
3. ZP: Do you see the development of charging stations growing In five years I see V2G being operational in several large vehicle
at the same pace as V2G technology? fleets in multiple RTO/ISO territories, and in some private early
adopters' vehicles. Several OEMs will be building GIVs with the
UD: I don't think charging stations outside residential chargers are communications systems to respond to external signals.
important right now. It will require VAST market penetration and In ten years, most OEM vehicles will be GIVs, and several will be
several generations of vehicles before EVs are a realistic (maybe selling vehicles with power electronics that can support
'popular' is a better word) option for extended trips. Until they are, it is bi-directional power flow. Business models for how to use this
only people's daily driving range that is important, and daily driving colossal energy storage resource practically and profitably will be
range in the US averages ~40 miles. On average, coming up like mushrooms after the rain.
Americans exceed 100 miles daily driving only 17 days a year. Given
this fact, combined with the fact that about 65% of American
households have more than one car, it seems clear that for that one
day every three weeks (=~17 days/year) that you exceed the range 33 GIV: grid integrated vehicle; GFCI: ground fault circuit interrupter

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5. ZP: How aggressive is the hardware and software industry in several times that each year. Your car spends on average 23 hours a
becoming an active player in V2G? day NOT providing you with transportation service. During those hours
UD: AC Propulsion is currently the only manufacturer of V2G-capable it could be earning revenue for the owner by providing grid services.
power electronics, but Azure Dynamics, Siemens, and even GM have
given indications that they are thinking about the market, and I'm Beyond the remuneration, the synergy between an electric grid with
confident others who are keeping their cards close to their vests are as storage capability and clean energy are very compelling. If
well. The software is pretty straightforward, and will likely be electricity storage were abundant and cheap, there would be no talk
developed in-house by the companies building the electronics. Remote of the practical limitations of renewables before grid stability became
interface software, for instance for iPods and other smart phones, a concern (there is talk of 20% renewables as about the limit, though I
happens so fast you have to pay attention or you'll miss it. It's already have yet to be awed by the analyses used to derive that numbers).
there for ZipCar and for the Nissan Leaf. Regarding the grid itself, vehicles would go into a resource category
with flywheels and other battery applications for provision of
6. ZP: How important are standards in the development of V2G ancillary services. Their response to requests from system operators
technology? is faster and more accurate than any traditional generator. This
"quality" of response will increase the efficiency and reliability of
UD: For ―development‖ standards are of no great importance. The these services, backing off slower (possibly dirtier) generators.
development was/is about the algorithms and figuring out what vehicle
owners or those wishing to use the storage resource need, getting
someone to work two-way capability into their power electronic unit
design, getting an ISO to give us access to their Automated Generation
Control signal, getting a utility to let us experiment within their
distribution system, and getting mechanical, electrical, and computer
science engineers to think through how to make it all work.
For ―implementation‖, yes. Some are incredibly important because
they define the parameters within which we have to work, if the new
SAE J1772 connector had for some reason excluded communications (it
doesn't do that, just an example) we would have had to develop
separate communications pathways. Also, a different type of
"standard" would be regulations regarding identification for billing
and service provision purposes will impact.
7. ZP: Outside of the environmental benefits of V2G, what other benefits

should consumers be educated about? Learn more @
UD: If vehicle owners are not making money, they will not participate, udel.edu/V2G
but there's plenty of money out there to be made. The marginal costs
of building V2G capability into new vehicles (and your garage) is less
than $1000 over the cost of 'just' buying a plug-in vehicle, probably
much less. The potential revenue stream to the vehicle owner is

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Austin Energy  Austin Energy expects full V2G integration to materialize in ―10
Contributor: Karl Popham, Austin Energy Interim CIO to 15 years.‖
 In the near term, Vehicle-to-Premise (V2P) technology is more
In May of 2010, Zpryme had the pleasure to speak with Austin likely to be adopted than V2G technology; however, V2P will
Energy‘s Interim Chief Information Officer, Karl Popham, to learn more be a platform for the transition to pure V2G technology.
about the utility‘s ideas and thoughts about the Smart Grid, PHEVs, and  Fleet vehicles, such as school bus or industrial vehicle fleets are
V2G. the best candidates to be early adopters of V2G technology as
these types of vehicles have a highly predictable usage
A leader in conservation, Smart Grid technology and implementation, schedule, making it much easier for utilities to integrate their
renewable energy, and the use and management of distributed loads or charging times into the grid.
generation, Austin Energy is the 9th largest publicly owned utility in the
 Universal standards development is critical to ramping up
US with annual revenues over $1.3 billion. The Texas-based utility
adoption of V2G and driving down technology implementation
serves about 43,000 businesses and 1.0 million consumers. costs.
Austin Energy is a founding partner of The Pecan Street Project in
Austin, Texas. The Pecan Street Project‘s other partners include the City
of Austin, Environmental Defense Fund, the Greater Austin Chamber of
Commerce, and the University of Texas‘ Austin Technology Incubator.
The Pecan Street Project is funded by $25.0 million in funds; $10.4
million were awarded by the US Department of Energy and $14.5
million were provided by matching funds for the project. Overall, the
Project will play key role in helping Austin Energy stay at the forefront
of Smart Grid and clean technology as it will help the utility test,
demonstrate, and implement the energy systems of the future. Please
visit pecanstreetproject.org to learn more about The Pecan Street
Project.
Summary of Key Themes from Q&A:
 Austin Energy has two immediate Smart Grid phases, ―1.0 and
2.0.‖ The time period of 1.0 is from 2006 – 2011 and 2.0 is
expected to start in 2011 or 2012. Smart Grid 1.0 involves
upgrading and integrating telecommunications systems,
hardware, software, and equipment from the generation source Learn more @
(power plant) all the way to the customer meter. Smart Grid 2.0 austinenergy.org
involves the evolution of emerging technologies that will take
place ―beyond the meter.‖
 Austin Energy predicts that they may have up to ―30,000 PHEVs
in 2015 and 190,000 in 2020.‖

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Smartgridlibrary.com time at auto repair facilities. These are positive impacts to lifestyles
Contributor: Christine Hertzog, Founder & CEO of Smart Grid Library and wallets. Are these benefits communicated on a broad scale to
consumers? Not yet.
Electric Vehicles – Making a Connection with Consumers
Today a majority of consumers suffer from ―range anxiety‖ – figuring
Electric vehicles (EVs) are important pieces in the an EV could never support the daily distances they travel. It is very
Smart Grid puzzle. EVs will play an increasingly likely that most of them have not seriously calculated their weekly drive
important dual role as both transport and energy patterns to assess if an EV could support their lifestyles with little or no
storage. This role change has consequences that adaptations. Are the tools for them to easily analyze drive patterns
impact consumer lifestyles, wallets, and decision- readily available to use? Not yet.
making processes. The challenges, which are
significant, will impact our ability to harness the In today‘s car culture, a new car loses value the minute you drive it off
benefits that Smart Grid technologies can bring – the dealer‘s lot. When an EV fulfills transport and mobile storage
increased energy security, reduced GHG emissions, functions, its value as an owner asset appreciates enormously. Let‘s
smartgridlibrary.com
and reduced individual energy expenditures. consider carbitrage. The Smart Grid Dictionary defines carbitrage as
―the capability for an EV or PHEV to communicate with the electrical
One challenge is the need for an infrastructure to support EVs, Plug-in grid to schedule charge/discharge activities based on conditions
Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), or cars using hydrogen fuels. Part of the appeal including pricing signals, tariff agreements, TOU (time-of-use), DR
of any solution is that it is easy to use, and many consumers still (demand response) programs, and manual overrides by car owners.‖
perceive EVs as requiring too much advance trip planning to be In the not too distant future EVs can earn money for their owners by
welcomed into their driveways. A second challenge is the lack of rules automatically selling back electricity at peak times. This is a real
about EV charging. Is it ok to charge your car at work or at a friend‘s game-changer, but not easy to explain in a sound bite to consumers.
home? What rules of charge etiquette will organically inform and Consumer education requires coordinated communications campaigns to
change consumer perceptions about the convenience and economics of align consumer, government, and industry views of EV visions, realities,
EVs? and most importantly, their benefits to consumers. Consumers,
taxpayers, and ratepayers need to understand what values they gain
However, the greatest challenge is consumer education. Consumers from making a switch from ICE vehicles to EVs.
must learn how to manage an EV. Once upon a time, people had to
learn how to manage an internal combustion engine (ICE) car instead of If EV manufacturers really want to sell EVs, they need to build
a horse. The car most Americans can‘t live without was once regarded educational campaigns to instill familiarity and confidence in consumers.
with bemusement, skepticism, and even hostility. What changed these Stop spending marketing dollars promoting gas-guzzling SUVs.
early perceptions? An understanding of the benefits, compelling ROIs, Feature real-life EV owners and how they use their vehicles. Every EV
and a societal consensus that the benefits outweighed the negative manufacturer should have a fun, interactive game on their website that
aspects of cars. We are at a similar intersection of disruptive engages consumers to enter info about their daily driving habits to
technology and the status quo. Concerted efforts to educate consumers learn just how often they would have to charge up an EV, and the cost
about the benefits of EVs can help accelerate the adoption of EVs. For comparison of their electricity charges versus avoided gasoline costs.
instance, EV owners avoid the inconvenience of filling gas tanks, and That would open a lot of eyes in the USA.
spend pennies instead of dollars to ―refuel‖. EV cars are far less
complicated than internal combustion engine vehicles, resulting in less Learn more @
smartgridlibrary.com

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Plug In America contracts. Government collaboration can help find a way to front-load
Contributor: Sherry Boschert, Plug In America Co-founder that financial benefit for consumers to lower the purchase price of plug-
in vehicles and get more plug-in cars (and more V2G capability) on the
1. ZP: What are Plug in America‘s current V2G initiatives? road faster.
PIA: Through our presentations, events and publications like "Charged 4. ZP: Aside from environmental benefits and selling electricity back to
Up & Ready To Roll: The Definitive Guide To Plug-in Electric Vehicles," the grid for V2G owners, what other incentives exist for consumers?
Plug In America educates consumers, government officials, utilities and
others about the new generation of plug-in electric vehicles and the PIA: Plug-in electric vehicles are not only environmentally desirable
potential for V2G. We provide public testimony and act as consultants because they produce far fewer emissions than gasoline vehicles, but
or advisors to automakers, charging-station companies, utilities, and their V2G capability is necessary to provide "regulation" energy for
regulators and legislators on the local, regional, state and national large-scale additions of wind energy to our grid. Wind energy
levels, focusing on consumer needs, consumer acceptance, and the role providers could play a role in incentivizing V2G vehicles, moving us
for V2G in plug-in electric vehicles. more rapidly toward renewable energy. V2G vehicles also could
provide their owners with greater security, by using the V2G connection
2. ZP: What automobile manufacturers have been the most proactive to for vehicle-to-building (V2B) operation in an emergency, and by
step into the V2G space? knowing that the environmental benefits of V2G decrease the risk of
political and financial disruptions due to global warming
PIA: There are no natural incentives for automakers to initiate V2G.
Incentives must be created. Automakers with plug-in cars on the market
or coming soon (Tesla, Nissan, GM among them) have paid the most
attention to V2G. But all automakers are hesitant to introduce V2G
equipment because it would (slightly) increase the sticker price of plug-
in cars. Some automakers are investigating the resale potential of
leased car batteries at the end of their vehicle life for second-use
energy storage. Others are looking at a vehicle-to-building (V2B)
capability as an option to entice consumers, so car owners could power
their homes in an emergency.
3. ZP: How critical is it for the government to collaborate with automobile

manufacturers to make V2G a reality?
PIA: Government collaboration is absolutely essential -- not just with Learn more @
automakers, but with utilities, electrical grid operators, and wind
energy suppliers. Federal regulators have pushed the Independent pluginamerica.org
System Operators (ISOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to
set tariffs for V2G energy. One ISO study showed that owners of V2G
cars with a certain minimum battery capacity would earn between
$10,000 and $25,000 each over a 10-year period from V2G

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Electrification Coalition If the program works as designed, it will get high concentrations of
Contributor: Ron Minsk, Electrification Coalition SVP of Policy vehicles and infrastructure deployed in a handful of regions relatively
quickly. This will help create economies of scale in infrastructure
1. ZP: What are Electrification Coalition‘s current V2G initiatives? installation and should also drive high demand for vehicles and
batteries, driving down costs. The program would help get consumers
EC: Right now, we are not focused on policies related to V2G comfortable with a new technology, generate tremendous opportunities
specifically. We appreciate that technology and applications that moving down the learning curve, and also give the market a chance to
allow bi-directional communication between cars and the power sector experiment with various business models. If it‘s successful in the first
will ultimately enhance consumer utility. V2G will offer revenue- cities, we envision expanding the program to an additional 20
generating opportunities that help make the economics of electric cars regions/cities through about 2018. At that point, our analysis suggests
even more compelling for consumers; and a network of millions of costs will be low enough that GEVs will be ready for national markets.
batteries connected to the grid represents an incredible opportunity for
reliability and storage. 2. ZP: Aside from battery technology, cost, and infrastructure financing
what are other challenges V2G is facing?
Still, we understand that V2G applications are likely to thrive in the
second or third generation of grid-enabled vehicles (GEVs). (GEVs EC: The biggest challenge for V2G applications is getting cars on the
include both pure electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric road and making sure they meet consumers‘ needs. V2G applications
vehicles (PHEVs).) In the meantime, we at the Coalition are focused on will be a critical part of our future, but we first need to get grid-
enabling public policies that will get the first generation of GEVs on the enabled vehicles on the road and demonstrate convincingly that they
road and set the nation on a path to getting these cars on the road at can meet consumers‘ primary reasons for buying a vehicle: to have
scale. There are a number of big challenges in the way that need to reliable, affordable, and safe transportation. Demonstrating that will
be dealt with right now: high battery costs and minimal access to take time, but once consumers see that GEVs can meet their needs,
charging infrastructure are among the most pressing. V2G applications will be among many applications that can enhance
the utility and reduce the costs of the cars to all drivers while enhancing
From our perspective, the single most important step the federal the reliability and the emissions profile of the grid.
government can take to support electrification is the establishment of a
program at the Department of Energy (DOE) to coordinate GEV 3. ZP: What US policies in 2010 will shape the way consumers ultimately
deployment regions. Basically, the program would offer significant ‗opt-in‘ for the purchase of EVs for 2011?
financial incentives for consumers, utilities and infrastructure providers in
a handful of geographic regions—about five cities to start. To be EC: For now, the most important policies are the existing tax credits of
selected as one of these regions, cities would need to file applications up to $7,500 for vehicles and additional tax credits for installation of
to DOE that would demonstrate aggressive steps they are taking to lay charging equipment. Policies that are not yet in place will not likely
the groundwork for electrification—modified building codes requiring have an effect this year. For the future, however, implementing the
new construction to be wired for level two charging, for example. We policies in the Electrification Roadmap, with a regional approach, is the
think this kind of ‗race-to-the-top‘ approach will foster healthy best way to achieve high penetration levels needed to make sure that
competition between cities who should be anxious to reap the grid enabled vehicles go mainstream and are not stuck as niche
benefits—jobs, economic growth, and prestige—that will come with vehicles.
participation in the program.

Page | 60
4. ZP: What has been the most important collaborative EV effort by the of 2007. It also awarded about $100 million of stimulus funds to eTec,
US government and automobile manufacturing industry this year? which will deploy electric vehicle charging infrastructure in five major
US regions (Tennessee, Oregon, San Diego, Seattle and
EC: In August 2009, the Obama Administration announced $2.4 billion Phoenix/Tucson). Nissan will then deploy up to 1,000 electric Leafs in
in funding for advanced battery manufacturing and electric drive those communities. eTec‘s grant will be matched by $199 million in
programs. Of these funds, approximately $1.9 billion was allocated to local funds. This approach, generally speaking, is similar to the
battery manufacturing and $500 million was allocated to electric drive approach that the EC is promoting. The EC, however, envisions a far
infrastructure and demonstration projects. As depicted in the chart more intense--and well-funded--regional effort intended to deploy a
below, this funding supported 53 individual projects in 25 states. The higher number of grid-enabled vehicles more quickly.
preponderance of battery funds—more than $1 billion—went to
projects in Michigan. However, Indiana received more than $300 In addition, it increased the level of financial incentives to consumers to
million for battery manufacturing; Florida approximately $100 million; purchase grid-enabled vehicles. These have been critical steps in the
and Oregon more than $20 million for high-performance electrodes. right direction, but do not go far enough. Funding for additional
Projects for battery recycling in Ohio received more than $30 million; vehicle incentives and infrastructure in select communities are needed to
production of lithium carbonate from mines in Nevada received $28 establish grid-enabled deployment communities which will: 1) allow us
million. to learn what infrastructure is needed, which regulatory environment
Number of Electrification Projects by US State34 and business models are needed to allow for an adequate charging
network, and how GEV systems will operate; and 2) promote the
purchase of this new technology beyond early adopters. Moreover,
these localized concentrations of electrification can achieve these goals
while taking advantage of the economies of scale, particularly with
regard to charging infrastructure. They will also drive demand for
electric vehicles at a much higher rate than would be otherwise
possible.
Among other initiatives, the Administration awarded Nissan a $1.6 Learn more @
billion loan to help support the manufacture of the Leaf, under the
Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan program, electrificationcoalition.org
established in Sec. 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act
34 Electrification Coalition, Economic Impact of the Electrification Roadmap, April 2010

Page | 61
Coulomb Technologies 4. ZP: What are Coulomb Technologies current V2G initiatives?
Contributor: Richard Lowenthal, Co-founder & CEO
CT: Let‘s be clear on this because recently the term V2G has been used
1. ZP: What are the greatest challenges right now for the charging in a new way. V2G (Vehicle to Grid) traditionally refers to the
station industry? transfer of energy from the car to the grid in order to help smooth out
the energy capacity of the grid. Our stations have the important
CT: a) Our market is limited now to people who will buy stations in features to enable V2G including communication capabilities to the
anticipation of the cars. That problem will be gone in a year and it will utility and vehicle, bidirectional energy flow, and bidirectional
be all about how fast we can scale. The scale challenge is the more metering. Currently no production vehicles are planning to implement
interesting one and one we feel we have the answers to. V2G, but we watch the automakers very closely to see if that changes.
When it does, all of our deployed stations will be ready.
b) We have regulatory uncertainty at the moment. Business mechanisms
for the shared station at the workplace, in a retail setting, in an
apartment or public lot are needed to pay for the cost of electricity,
capital, and maintenance. The utilities and regulatory bodies are a bit
behind in establishing the rules for the business environment. We have
very flexible business software tools that can adapt to whatever are
the predominant business models, but we‘d like more certainty from the
regulators.
c) We have some ―competitors‖ out there who pitch slideware products

and thereby corrupt pricing and grab deals that they‘ll never be able
to deliver on. Coulomb has shipped hundreds of stations to more than
100 customers.
2. ZP: What new developments coming this year will/have increased the
proliferation of charging stations?
CT: Cars and grants.
3. ZP: How much collaboration exists between the automobile industry and
charging station industry?
Learn more @
CT: We are in constant contact with the automobile manufacturers as coulombtech.org
they understand the importance infrastructure will have on the
acceptance of EVs.

Page | 62
Ford Motor Company & Grid2Home and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) energy flow, which enable a charged
Contributors: Rich Scholer, Ford Motor Company Chair of SAE Hybrid vehicle battery to support the Grid (or Home) at peak times.
J2836/J2847 Task Force & Mike Bourton, Grid2Home Inc. Co-founder & VP
of Business Development The biggest challenge for the industry will be to ensure interoperability
between independently developed and supplied equipment in the
Communication between Electric Vehicle and Home Network premise such as the Smart Meter and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
(EVSE) and the PEV.
The development of the standards for Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV)
communications to the Utilities are being developed in SAE Hybrid
J2836™/J2847 Task Force and the ISO/IEC - JWG V2G CI. In North
America, this work is part of the ZigBee Smart Energy version 2.0
specifications being developed by the ZigBee Alliance, which is
referenced by NIST in the Smart Grid Interoperability roadmap 1.0 as
an approved Smart Grid Standard.
All major residential loads, such as air conditioning that want to

participate in utility programs, are being connected to the Grid to
respond to demand response events. This is part of the Smart Grid
Initiatives to manage peak demand and to provide consumers with
information to make better decisions on their energy consumption. The
PEV is considered to be a special case for several additional reasons.
It is a large and random load and has the potential to overload the
local neighborhood transformer, if more than one vehicle is charged
It is mobile and may be plugged into different geographical locations,
which is known as roaming.
Special tariffs may be available from some utilities to encourage

charging at times when energy is available, such as overnight To
enable a PEV to roam and be metered independently requires a clear
association with the sub-meter. As several sub-meters could be in range,
then a wired network is used called Power Line Communication (PLC)
over the power circuit. Learn more @
The current roadmap for the industry is focused on selecting a PLC ford.com
standard and developing the PEV specific messages for AC and DC grid2home.com
charging. The future roadmap includes roaming, which gives the EV
ability to charge at a public location and billed to their home account

Page | 63
ZigBee Alliance Each GEV can represent as much as a 6 kW load, drawing significantly
Contributor: Bob Hile, ZigBee Alliance Chairman more energy than the average single-family home. If everyone parks
their GEV and plugs it in during this peak period, a local feeder or
ZigBee Smart Energy Speeding V2G transformer could realistically fail. What if you arrive home, low on
energy, with somewhere else to drive soon? What if you want the
The advent of grid-enabled vehicles (GEV) extends the growing control lowest price? What if you plug in somewhere else? What if you‘re not
consumers have over their energy usage, and provides one of the at home and low on energy? With a standard like ZigBee Smart
biggest bang-for-the-buck impacts on the environment. Any GEV is Energy in place, both the consumer and the utility are able to
considered a distributed generation and mobile storage device and intelligently manage these scenarios, capitalize on the benefits and
will require a two-way communication standard to ‗speak‘ with the minimize system risks.
Smart Grid. Establishing this communication will require more than just
connecting a power cord to a GEV. Both the GEV and its recharger Homes will be a key factor in any V2G equation. The largest number
must deliver both energy and complex information covering every of distributed generation devices, and the home base for GEVs, will be
aspect of electricity from generation to consumption. Developing a the consumer‘s home. All of these devices must be connected in a highly
workable vehicle to grid (V2G) infrastructure not only depends upon secure, seamless and intuitive manner to win widespread consumer
the speed of smart grid implementations, but also the cost of adoption and confidence.
technology needed to support this type of distributed generation and
mobile storage program. Overcoming the challenge of connecting Influencing consumer behavior in homes will also be essential to
vehicles to the grid relies upon manufacturers and utilities agreeing to reducing electric demand. With the sheer number of residences and
a common set of standards delivering the benefits of V2G. consumers, workable demand response and load control programs will
require a high level of information, communication, automation and
ZigBee Smart Energy is an open industry standard that has won the participation.
support of a large stakeholder community consisting of chip suppliers,
original equipment manufacturers, metering companies, utilities, Since 2006, the ZigBee Alliance has taken the lead in delivering open
regulators, and government agencies. This thriving ecosystem is energy management solutions. Today, ZigBee Smart Energy is the
delivering a proven solution, with a thriving competitive marketplace market leading home area network (HAN) and advanced metering
and no single vendor lock-in, which is expediting the implementation of infrastructure (AMI) standard. More than 40 million meters around the
the smart grid – including support for V2G. By uniting around this world are in the process of being rolled out by utilities at a rate of
standard, the smart grid industry has simplified the lives of consumers 20,000 per day. Connecting a wide array of devices is at the heart of
who will need an unified approach to control their home electronics, ZigBee since it was launched in 2002 to promote open standards for
lighting and GEVs in ways they never dreamed possible. wireless sensor networks.
Since GEVs are inherently mobile, standards become mission critical to ZigBee makes it easy and cost effective to put sensors and controllers in
achieving anything useful and ubiquitous. GEVs are not just another everything, enabling devices to network and exchange information for
consumer appliance; they are significantly more challenging, especially a variety of purposes. By doing so, we achieve an Internet of Things
when considering their use characteristics. Most drivers normally arrive and the ability to gain control over the devices we use everyday
at their homes during a narrow window of time every workday including everything from energy-heavy applications, like heating and
evening. This time period is already associated with peak energy use air conditioning or lighting systems, to the constant loads of home
and prone to causing black or brown outs during hot summer days. security systems and consumer electronics. ZigBee provides consumers

Page | 64
with greater control of their energy usage within their home and
delivers added convenience, safety and comfort features that can also
help them save money. By adding in V2G and other distributed
generation platforms, such as microturbines or solar panels, consumers
will see increasing opportunities to use energy wisely and to become
energy producers rather than just users.
Learn more @
zigbee.org

Page | 65
ZigBee Smart Energy is the market leading standard to connect both vehicles and homes to the Smart Grid.
Visit www.ZigBee.org/SmartEnergy for more information

©2010 ZigBee Alliance. All rights reserved.
Learn more @ Learn more @ Learn more @ www.zpryme.com and www.smartgridresearch.org
Page | 66
www.zpryme.com
Copyright © 2010 Zpryme www.zigbee.org
Research & Consulting, LLC All rights reserved.
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Accordingly, the information in these materials is not intended to constitute accounting, tax, legal, investment, consulting or other
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Electric Vehicle (V2G) Report 2010 - Smart Grid Insights - Zpryme &amp; ZigBee Alliance

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Smart Grid Insights: V2G

This V2G report by Zpryme:

 Begins with a global perspective and progresses into high-growth markets

This issue proudly sponsored by:

Business & Consumer Insights Have Evolved. | www.zpryme.com | www.smartgridresearch.org

following organizations that

ZigBee Alliance | zigbee.org

University of Delaware | udel.edu/V2G

Austin Energy | austinenergy.org

Ford Motor Company| ford.com

Coulomb Technologies| coulombtech.com

Electrification Coalition | electrificationcoalition.com.org

Plug in America | pluginamerica.org

Smart Grid Library | smartgridlibrary.com

Learn more @ Learn more @ Page | 1

Smart Grid deployments, renewable energy policy, rising energy costs,

$6.7 billion (V2G Infrastructure Market Value) The Battery Space

For the automotive industry, securing access to high-quality, cost-

Learn more @ Learn more @

University of Delaware Electrification Coalition

There are no natural incentives for automakers ZigBee Alliance

to initiate V2G… incentives must be created..

Learn more @ Learn more @

V2G Share of Global Vehicle Annual Sales, 2020*

Learn more @ Learn more @

| Background & Scope

Learn more @ Learn more @

Learn more @ Learn more @

Learn more @ Learn more @

Learn more @ Learn more @

Learn more @ Learn more @

Methodology Technologies Program and the DOE Office of Electricity

Learn more @ Learn more @

charging station is available while static means this can only

5. Automobile manufacturer BEV and PHEV model announcements:

6. Explicit government BEV and PHEV targets and programs: The

7. Other key assumptions: Global economic growth remains

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Market Factsheet 2020

Country Units Market Infrastructure Technology Revenue

Global 1,056 $26.6 $6.7 $10.5 $2.9

US 296 $8.1 $1.8 $2.8 $.654

China 294 $6.5 $1.8 $2.8 $.521

Japan 188 $4.4 $1.2 $1.8 $.735

Germany 62 $1.6 $.377 $.587 $.587

UK 45 $1.3 $.277 $.432 $.323

South Korea 30 $.72 $.175 $.283 $.053

Denmark 13 $.038 $.081 $.126 $.093

thousands US billions US billions US billions US billions

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Market 2020

1.056 million (V2G Units)

Smart Grid Cloud

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Vehicle Unit Forecast

Learn more @ Learn more @

Vehicle Market Forecast

Global V2G Vehicle Market Value Forecast

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Infrastructure Forecast

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Technology Forecast

Learn more @ Learn more @

Global V2G Revenue Forecast

Electric Vehicle (V2G) Report 2010 - Smart Grid Insights - Zpryme & ZigBee Alliance

Electric Vehicle (V2G) Report 2010 - Smart Grid Insights - Zpryme & ZigBee Alliance