INTERNET

The history of the internet starts in 1950s to 1960s with the development of
computers. It is a global system of interconnected computer network that use the standard IPS
which is called internet protocol suite to serve billons of users worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consist of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks
of local to global scope that are linked by electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
It is also defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that
facilitate of sharing or exchange of information among users.

Internet is the world largest computer, the network of network scattered all over the world. Its
goal was to create a method for widely separated computers to transfer data efficiently.

A network of network or internet is a group of two or more networks that are:

Interconnected physically.
Capable of communicating and showing data.
Able to act together as a single network.

Machines on one network can communicate with machines on other networks, and send data files and
other information back and forth. Data is sent from one computer to the other in the form of packet. A
packet consists of the data to be transmitted along with the return (the location from where the data is sent)
and destination address (the location to which the data is transmitted).

A Router is a special device that is generally placed at key points on the Internet for regularizing the
flow of data packets. The Router basically reads the destination address on the packets being sent by the
source computer and then forwards the packets to the appropriate destination. In certain cases the data will
travel through several routers before reaching its ultimate destination.

There are two classes of computers on the Internet, HOSTS and CLIENTS. If a permanent link to the
Internet from the source computer is always connected and remains on-line, then the source computer can
be aid to be client and the destination computer is said to be hosts. The following are the services that can
be utilized by the client:

Email: is an acronym for Electronic mail and provides the user to write a message to someone, using a
mail program, and to use the Internet as a means of delivering the message. When a message is sent to
someone it leaves the source computer and travels first to the Internet Service Provider, from there, email
may travel through several other HOST computers until it reaches its final destination.

Upload/Download Files: Upload is the process of moving a file from a client computer to the host
computer and download is the process of moving a file from the host to the client computer.

Surfing: The internet covers the globe and includes large, international networks as well as many
smaller, local-area networks. (LANS)

The internet offers access to data, graphics sound, software, text and people through a variety of
services and tools for communication and data exchange through
 Remote login (telnet)
File transfer (ftp)
Electronic mail (e-mail)
News (USENET or network news)
Hypertext (WWW)

There are three obvious reasons. Internet is the cheapest and fastest means to

Get information
Provide information
Compile information

GETTING INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET:

The amount of information available through the internet is staggering. To make all of it more
easily available to users, programs such as were developed to help present material in some logical
fashions. The most recent and very successful attempt at presenting information over the internet is
the World Wide Web (WWW). You could get information about people, products, organization,
research data, electronic versions of the printed media etc from the internet.

PROVIDING INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET:

Most of what you want to provide could be considered advertising. While that may sound
somewhat commercial, it is the best and most inexpensive way to let people know who you are what you
are doing, have done and how. For an organization or institution, setting up as homepage is a good way to
let the world know what is product and service are. In additionto advertising the other critical functions
that relate to the provision of information are:

Publishing including full text articles, reports illustrate articles, abstracts, computer program and
demonstration.
Extension in which some of the delays associated with the printed media, may be reduced.
Teaching the possibilities here include both distance learning assistance for students.

COMPILING INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET:

This is obviously a special case of getting information. The distinction is that it is possible to get
specialized information from the web. There are hundreds of discussion groups and list servers, where one
can post a question and get it answered by hundreds of people who participate in these discussions.

MODEM:

MODEM is an acronym for Modulator Demodulator. It converts analog signals into

digital values and vice versa. The modem is connected to the telephone line that is arranged along with the
computer. It acts as an interface between the computer and the telephone unit as the computer has to
transfer the data only through the telephone lines.
INTERNET ACCESS:

You can connect to the internet in one of two basic ways, dialing into an Internet Service Providers
(ISP) computer, or with a direct connection to an internet service provider. The difference is mainly in the
speed and cost. In most cases you connect to your ISP using a telephone line and modem. This type of
connections is called the dial up connection. Sometimes you go in for a direct connection.

DIAL UP CONNECTION:

With a dial up account, you use your modem to convert computer bits and bytes into modulated
signals that the phone lines can transmit. These signals are received by a modem at your ISP and
demodulated into bits and bytes for their computer. You usually connect to a local ISP and can surf or
browse the internet. Dial up access is either by way of SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (point
to point protocol).

To establish a conventional dial up connection to the internet you will need the followings:
An account with an Internet Access Provider. The account can either TCP/IP or shell.
A telephone connection.
A computer with serial port (for external modem) or an expansion slot (for internal modem).
A modem (external/internal).
Communication software - SLIP/PPP.

TCP/IP account holders will require browser software (Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator,etc. )
and an e-mail software ( Microsoft internet mail, Netscape messenger, Eudora, etc.) for shell account
holders the browser software (pine) are usually available with the internet access.

DIRECT CONNECTION:

You can also get a direct connection to your ISP where you have fixed cable or a dedicated phone line
to the ISP. Often the dedicated line is an ISDN (integral services digital network) line which is a
higher-speed version of the standard phone line, but actually requires two phone lines ISDN can
handle more than 56,600 bps. ISDN lines scale upward, meaning you can transparently add more lines
to get faster speed with a single ISDN connection up to about 1.28 million bps.

You can also get a dedicated line called a T-1 or T-2 (tee-one) line can handle 1.280 kilobytes per
second T-3 Line can handle ten times that speed. If you have a dedicated line you do not use a modem
to connect your computer to the internet but instead a router. If you have a network in the office and
several people need to access the internet simultaneously, consider ISDN or T-1 connection. Then
when a user does something on the internet, the router automatically handle the connection, even
multiple tasks at the same time and you need not have a modem or telephone line for each computer
and user.

E MAIL - NAMES & ADDRESS

 Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows information to be sent between computers and
people on the internet. It is the most widely used internet resource. An e-mail address indentifies a person
and the computer for purposes of exchanging electronic mail messages.

An e-mail address is a combination of a user name and a domain name that identifies the user so he or
she can receive messages. Your user name is a unique combination of characters that identifies you and it
must differ from other users names located on the same mail server. Your user name sometimes is limited
to eight characters and often is a combination of your first and last names, such as the initial of your first
name plus your last name. You may choose a nickname or any combination of characters for your user
name, but others may find unusual harder to remember.

The basic structure of an e-mail address is:

username@host.subdomain.second-level-domain.first-level-domain

Example: aleon@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in

PARTS OF E-MAIL ADDRESS

An e-mail address consists of two parts separated by @ (at) symbol.

An example of an internet e-mail address. Sometimes, the underscore character separates sections
of the users name. For example, minhas_ds @ gmail.com.

The few characters in an e-mail address usually indicate the type of organizations or country to
which person belongs.

com commercial entities

edu educational institutions
gov United States Federal Government entities
mil United States military
net Organizations directly involved in Internet operations
org miscellaneous organizations
a two-letter abbreviation for a particular country.
Country codes
For example in for India, uk for United Kingdom, etc.

Mailing Basics:

To compose an e-mail message, click on the Compose button on the toolbar.

When you are in the process of writing an e-mail message, you have to deal with several parts of
message, like

From; , To; , Cc; , Bcc; , and subject .

From: A person who is sending the e-mail message, his e-mail address is written in this section.

To: A person who is receiving the e-mail message, his e-mail address is written in this section.

Cc: It stands for carbon copy; it is an exact copy of the message. A person who is not directly
 Involved, but you would like the message to be known to him, his e-mail is written in this

Section.

Bcc: It stands for blind carbon copy, if you want to send the same message to several people,
without knowing them that others have also received the same messages.
Subject: A very short content of your message is written in this section. For example if you are

sending a resume in your e-mail, you can write resume in the subject section.

Body: Enter the actual message here.

Address Book:

An address book is a place where you can store information about the people with whom you
correspond. The advantage of having a persons details in the address book is that you dont have to key-in
those details each and every time you send a message. Just select the persons name, e-mail id will
automatically get inserted.

Signature:

You can store the information that you want to attach at the end of the messages as your signature.
Then you can configure your system in such a way the all the out-going messages will have your signature
at the end of the message. The signature can be anything from your name and address, to your URL or
contact information.

File Attachments:

You can attach any file to a mail. It is a goo idea to compress the file you are attaching using utilities
like zip, which will reduce the file size and save time and money during transmission.

Advantages of the internet:

E-mail: (electronic mail) with electronic mail , messages can be exchanged with people around the world,
including friends, family members, colleagues, customers and even people you meet on the internet. The
email not only provides fast and easy access but it is also inexpensive and environmentally friendly as it
needs no paper.

Information: On internet we can get information on any topic of interest. It is a valuable tool for research.
One can gain information on subjects as varied as, newspaper, dictionaries, speeches, jobs on the offer,
travel schedules, recipies.etc.

Entertainment: On internet different forms of entertainment such as radio and television broadcast,
video, and music can be gained. One can get to see previews of latest films, watch interviews of celebrities
and listen to music. One can also play interactive games.

Chat: Internet allows one to exchange typed messages with another person on the internet. A chat can be
held with a person or group of people.
Online shopping: Goods and services can be bought and sold on the internet, just sitting comfortably at
home. Purchase items such as flowers, books, cars, computer programs, music CDs, pizza, etc, can be
done on the internet.

INTRANET:

It is the collection of private computer network within an organization. The common extension to
intranet is called extranet. It may consist of many interlinked local area network and also use leased lines
in wide area network. The main purpose of intranet is to share company information and computing
resources among employees. It is also used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences.

Characteristics of Intranet:

Internet inherits all the merits of Internet:

Openness: Open architecture based on the Internet.

Ease of use: World Wide Web facilitates it.

Low cost: Low network cost, license fee, client program install expense.

Flexibility: All of the solutions available foe customizing.

Scalability: Easy to scale up and down.

Innovation: Easy to accommodate new technology.

ADVANTAGES:

Communication: It can serve as powerful tools for communication within an organization useful to
communicate strategic initiatives that have global reach throughout the organization.

Business Operation and Managements: Also being used as a platform for developing and deploying
applications to support business operations.

Promote common corporate culture: Every user is viewing the same information within intranet.

DISADVANTAGES:

Management concerns:

- Management fears loss of control.

- Hidden and unknown complexity and costs.
- Management does need to stop control of specific information, this problem can be minimized but
with appropriate prudence.
- The other disadvantage is securing issue. It gathered everything in one location which is really
good but if it is not prearranged then you will spoil everything.
- The cost of intranet is very high but has lots of advantages after implementing.
 USES
It offers various applications and different type of tools for productivity such as collaboration
through with grouping and teleconferencing is possible.

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
Communication: the foremost target on internet has always been the communication. We can
communicate in a fraction of seconds with the person who is sitting in the other part of the world.
Today for better communication we use e-mail.

Information: Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. Any kind of
information on any topic is available on internet. The search engine like google, yahoo is at your
service on the internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet.

DISADVANTAGES:
Isolation: using the internet for long period of time can isolate people from family and friends.
Addiction: it is possible for internet users to become habitually addicted though different from
chemical addiction.
Viruses: Going online often means subjecting your computer to viruses that can crash your system
causing you to lose important files and destroying operating system.

WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM (W3C):

World Wide Web is a subset of the internet. The web consists of a huge collection of documents
stored on computer around the world, and the web is made up of special sites along the internet that
support web browsing.
On the web, you navigate from one place to another by selecting a link that appears on a web page. A link
might be a picture or some highlighted text that appears on screen. You just click the picture of the text
and your web browser takes you to the corresponding link. Surfing the internet is simple and easy as
windows.

WEB PAGE
The internet or web consists of worldwide collection of electronic documents. Each of these electronic
documents on the web is called web page. A web page can contain text, graphics, sound, and video, as
well as built-in connection to other.

WEB SITE
A web site is a collection of related web pages maintained by a college, university, government, agency,
company, organization or individual. Most web sites have a home page as their starting point, which
frequently functions as a table of contents for the site.

WEB SERVER
A computer on the internet that stores web page is called a web server. A web page is available for other
people to view, when it is stored on the web server.

HYPERLINK
 Hyperlinks are highlighted texts or images that are on the web page. Hyperlinks connect to other
web page on the web. With hyperlinks one can easily move through a vast amount of information by
jumping from one web page to another. You can select a hyperlink to jump to a web page located on the
same computer or on a computer across the city, country or world.

URL
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is an address unique to a web page. You can instantly display any
web page if you know its URL. The URL of a web page takes a particular form.
The URL of a particular page is
http://www.bharathi.edu/

HOME PAGE
The starting page of a web browser is called the home page. It is similar to a book cover or a table of
contents for a website. It provides information about the sites purpose and content. The initial home page
that displays is one selected by your web browser. You can change the home page at any time. Many sites
also allow you to personalize the home page so that it displays the area that interest you.

WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a program is a program that lets you and explores information on the World Wide Web.
Widely used web browsers today are:

Microsoft internet explorer: it is currently the most popular web browser. Microsoft internet
explorer comes with the windows 98/ME/XP/Vista operating system.
Netscape navigator: it is a web browser that is available for computer running many different
operating systems, including windows, Macintosh, US/2 and Unix. You can get Netscape navigator
free at www.netcape.com.

SEARCHING THE WEB:

A number of new tools have been developed that enable information published on the Web to be
searched and discovered more effectively. There are two main types of search tools: web indexes and
search engines.
Web Index:
A \web index is designed to assist users in locating information on the World Wide Web. Web
indexes are also referred to as catalogs or directories. A web index collects and organizes resources
available via World Wide Web. There are a number of web indexes available.
Search Engines:
A web search engine is an interactive tool to help people locate information available via WWW.
Web search engines are actually databases that contain references to thousands of resources. A web search
engine provides an interface between the user and the underlying database.

BOOKMARKS OR FAVORITES:
Some important information can be stored for usage in future. Web browsers provide bookmarks that
contain the address or favorite sites. Most electronic references large text databases and help systems
provide bookmarks that make a location. Users may choose to visit the sites where they have marked as
their favorites.

HISTORY LIST:
While browsing through the pages on the world wide web it becomes difficult to keep a track of all the
browsed pages and sites visited, for which web browser include a history list that allows you to quickly
return to the recently visited web pages.

INTERNET PROTOCOL:

We will examine the various internet protocol used. The most commonly used protocols are:
1. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
4. Telnet
5. Gopher
6. Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/ INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP)

TCP/IP Stands for transmission control protocol/ internet protocol, TCP/IP is actually a collection
of protocol, or rules that govern the way data travels from one machine to another across network.
The internet is based on TCP/IP TCP/IP has two major components: TCP AND IP

IP: THE IP COMPONENT DOES THE FOLLOWING:

Envelops and address the data

Enable the network to read the envelop and forward the data to its destination.
Defines how much data can fit in a single envelop

TCP: THE TCP COMPONENT DOES THE FOLLOWING:

Breaks data up into packets that the network can handle efficiently.
Verifies whether all the packets have arrived at their destination
Resembles the data.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

FTP stands for file transfer protocol and is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is the protocol or set of
rules, which enables files to be transferred between computers. FTP is a powerful tool which allows files
to be transferred from computer A to computer B or vice versa.

The basic steps to use FTP are:

Connect to the FTP server

Navigate the file structure to find the file you want
Transfer the file.

HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)

HTTP is short form for hypertext transfer protocol. It is the set of rules, or protocol, that governs to
transfer of hypertext between two or more computers.
 The World Wide Web encompasses the universe of information that is available via HTTP.

Hypertext is text that is specially coded using a standard system called Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML). The HTML codes are used to create links. These links can be textual or graphic, and when
clicked on, can link the user to another resource such as other HTML documents, text, files graphics,
animations and sounds.

HTTP is based on the client/server principle. HTTP allows computer A (the client) to establish
a connection with computer B (the server) and make the request. The server accepts the connection
initiated by the client and sends back a response. An HTTP request identifies the resource that the
client is interested in the entire server and what action to take on the resource.

TELNET:

Telnet is a protocol, or set of rules, that enables one computer to connect to another computer. This
process is also referred to as remote login.

The users computer which initiates the connection its referred to as the local computer and the
machine being connected to, which accepts the connection, is referred to as the remote, or host,
computer. The remote computer can be physically located in the next room, the next town or in
another country. Once connected the users computer emulates the remote computer. When the user
types in commands, they are executed on the remote computer. The users monitor displays what is
taking place on the remote computer during the telnet session.

The remote, or host, computer uses a talent server program to accept the connection and send
responses to request for information back to the local computer.

GOPHER:

Gopher is a protocol designed to search, retrieve and display document from remote sites on the
internet. In addition to document display, document retrieval, it is possible to initiate on-line
connections with other systems via gopher. It accomplishes this using the client/server model of users
running client software on their local machines that provide an interface that interacts with remote
server or computer that have information of interest.

Gopher was created as a piece of software to utilize some of the services that were becoming
available on the internet. It was designed to work with a variety of different internet standalone
services into gopher has made the internet an easier medium to navigate.

WAIS:

WAIS (pronounced WAYZ stands for Wide Area Information Service. WAIS is an Internet search
tool that is based on the 39.50 Standard. THE Z 39.50 stranded describes a protocol, a set of rules for
Computer information retrieval.

WAIS also works on the client/server principle. A WAIS client program enables the users computer to
contact a WAIS server, submit a search query and receive a response to that query.

WAIS has the capability of simultaneously searching in more than one database.
Internet Addressing:

In general, Internet addressing is a systematic way to identify people, computers and Internet
resources.

IP Address:

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network, it

is a part of a scheme to identify computers on the Internet. IP addresses are referred to as IP numbers
an Internet addresses. An IP address consists of four sections separated by periods. Each section
contain a number ranging from 0 to 255. Example: 202.54.1.6. These four sections represent both the
machine itself, or host, and the network that the host is on.

The IP addresses have the following characteristics in common:

IP addresses are unique.

No two machines can have the same IP number.

IP addresses are also global and standardized.

All machines connected to the Internet agree to use same scheme for establishing an
address.