Human Factors

1. FANS stands for

a) Federal Aviation Navigation System

b) Federal Air Navigation System
c) Future Air Navigation System
d) Future Aviation Navigation System

2. In considering implementation of new communications, navigation &

surveillance system and all of expected improvement, it can be seen that the
overall main beneficiary is likely to be

a) ATM b) CNS
c) Both d) None

3. Automation refers to a system or method in which many of the processes of

production are

a) Manually performed & controlled by self operating machine

b) Automatically performed & controlled by self operating machine
c) Manually performed & automatically controlled by self operating machine
d) None of the above

4. MTCS

a) Human factor has acquired a wider meaning, including aspects of human

performance & system interfaces
b) Ergonomics generally consider aspects of human performance & system
interfaces
c) Both

5. Ergonomics is the study of principles of interaction between

a) Human & equipment b) Human & environment

c) Equipment & environment d) None

6. Signal-to-noise ratio is the relationship between

a) Loudness of unwanted sound & that of background noise

b) Frequency of unwanted sound & that of background noise
c) Loudness of wanted sound & that of background noise
d) Loudness of wanted sound & that of background noise

7. Human capability to attend to more than one thing at the same time is

a) Selective attention b) Divided attention

c) Both d) None
8. Environmental stress includes the effect of factors such as

a) Temperature & humidity

b) As in (a) & noise & pressure
c) As in (b) & illumination & vibration
d) None

9. The fatigue which is induced by cumulative effects of fatigue over the longer
time is termed as

a) Acute fatigue b) Chronic fatigue

c) Mental fatigue d) All are correct

10. Complex system includes

a) Flying control, landing gear

b) Air conditioning
c) Flight management computers
d) All the above

11. Objective of human factor can be

a) Effectiveness of the system

b) As in (a) & includes safety and efficiency of individuals
c) As in (b) & the well being of individuals
d) Only (b) is correct

12. Primary concerns of human factors are

a) An understanding of the predictable human capabilities

b) As in (a) & its limitations
c) As in (b) & the application of the understanding
d) None of the above

13. Study of the structure and nature of human being, their capabilities &
limitations & their behaviors both singly & groups is

a) Home Science b) Human Science

c) Physiology d) None

14. The study of the efficiency of persons in their working environment is called

a) Ergonomos b) Ergonomics
c) Psychology d) None

15. SHEL concept was first developed by

a) Edwards in 1975 b) Hawkins in 1972
c) Edwards in 1972 d) Hawkins in 1975

16. In SHEL model, L indicates

a) Leaving standard b) Live ware

c) Low cost d) None of the above

17. In SHEL model which is most critical as well as the most flexible component
in the system

a) Software b) Hardware
c) Environment d) Live ware

18. The edges of the SHEL block are not simple and straight which indicates

a) The other components of the system must be carefully matched to them if stress
in the system and integral breakdown is to be avoided
b) The components are flexible in nature
c) It is easier to draw
d) None

19. Which component is called the hub of the SHEL model of human factor

a) Software b) Hardware
c) Environment d) Live ware

20. Misinterpretation of checklists or symbols or non-compliance with procedures

comes under

a) Live ware Hardware problem b) Live ware Software problem

c) Live ware Environment problem d) None

21. Need for human factors is based on its impact on

a) Well being of operational personnel

b) As in (a) & Effectiveness of the system (includes safety)
c) As in (a) & Effectiveness of the system (includes efficiency)
d) All

22. Reflecting the difference between what a person can be actually will do is
called

a) Application b) Human performance

c) Motivation d) None

23. Three major factors that can influence the well-being of operating personnel
are
a) Fatigue
b) As in (a) & body rhythm disturbance
c) As in (b) & sleep deprivation or disturbance
d) As in (b) & humidity

24. Condition reflecting inadequate rest as well as a collection of the symptoms

associated with displaced or disturbed biological rhythms called

a) Fatigue b) Body rhythm disturbance

c) Sleep deprivation d) None

25. Long duty period or string of particularly demanding tasks performed in a

short term induces

a) Chronic fatigue b) Mental fatigue

c) Acute fatigue d) All

26. Cumulative effects of fatigue over the long term induces

a) Chronic fatigue b) Mental fatigue

c) Acute fatigue d) All

27 Emotional stress, even with normal physical rest causes

a) Chronic fatigue b) Mental fatigue

c) Acute fatigue d) All

28. The most powerful agents which maintains body rhythms are

a) Light b) As in (a) & darkness

c) As in (a) & meals d) Meals &physical activities

29. Disturbance & de-synchronization of body rhythms (especially in case of long

distance trans-median air travel) causes

a) Jet lag b) Time lag

c) Jet lap d) None

30. Condition where a person has difficulty in sleeping or when the quality of
sleep is poor is called

a) Ergonomics b) Hypoxia
c) Insomnia d) All

31. Difficulty in sleeping in particular situations where biological rhythms are

disturbed and is the one we are concerned about in long range trans-median flying
is called
a) Circadian rhythm sleep disorder b) Rhythm sleep disorder
c) Primary insomnia d) None

32. When insomnia occurring under normal conditions & in phase with the body
rhythms, it is called

a) Primary insomnia b) Secondary insomnia

c) Tertiary insomnia d) All

33. Two different approaches to control human errors are

a) Ensuing levels of staff competence, designing controls so that they match

human characteristics
b) As in (a) & by cross- monitoring & crew cooperation
c) As in (a) & by proper training to the people
d) Either (a) or (b) or (c)

34. Different aspects of teaching process are

a) Education b) Training
c) Recreation d) Only (a) & (b)

35. Process of developing specific skills, knowledge or attitudes for a job or a task
is called

a) Education b) Training
c) Recreation d) None

36. Skills, knowledge or attitudes gained in one situation can often be used in
another. This phenomenon is called

a) Negative Transfer b) Positive Transfer

c) Human Transfer d) Either (a) or (b)

37. When previous learning interferes with new learning then this phenomenon is
called

a) Negative Transfer b) Positive Transfer

c) Human Transfer d) Either (a) or (b)

38. Storage of information which will be starved & quickly forgotten is called

a) STM b) LTM
c) LLTM d) None

39. Respective task in AME typically refer to task that are

a) Performed several times during shifts
b) Number of times during a short time period
c) Number of times during a long time period
d) Both (a) & (b)

40. The process of using the eye, along or in conjunction with various aids to
examine & evaluate the condition of the system or component of a/c

a) Overhaul inspection b) Visual Inspection

c) Horoscopic Inspection d) Both (b) & (c)

41. CHIRP means

a) Continental Human Factors Reporting Program

b) Confidential Human Identity Reporting Program
c) Confidential Human Factors Responding Program
d) Confidential Human Factors Reporting Program

42. The quality and effectiveness of communication is determined by its

a) Competitivity b) Intelligibility
c) Connectivity d) All

43. Prominent benefits of crew co-ordination are

a) An increase in safety by redundancy to detect & remedy individual errors

b) An increase in efficiency by the organized use of all existing resources which
improves the in-flight management
c) Both (a) & (b)
d) Only (a) is correct

44. What are the basic variables which determines the extent of crew co-ordination

a) Attitudes
b) As in (a) & motivation
c) As in (b) & Training of team members
d) As in (c) & Efficiency

45. Crew Resource Management Training ensures that

a) The pilot has the maximum capacity for the primary task of flying the aircraft &
making decisions
b) The workload is equally distributed among the crew members
c) A co-ordinated co-operation will be maintained under both normal & abnormal
conditions
d) All

46. Modifying behavior performance through reward is called

a) Motivation b) Positive reinforcement
c) Negative reinforcement d) Inspiration

47. Effectiveness off the system can be

a) Safety b) Efficiency
c) Well being of operational personnel d) Both (a) & (b)

48. Acute fatigue is induced by

a) Long duty periods b) Cumulative effects

c) Emotional stress d) Disturbance of body rhythms

49. Sleep is a restrictive function and is essential for

a) Mental performance b) Physical performance

c) Attention d) Alertness

50. Skills, knowledge or attitudes gained in one situation can often be used in
another. This phenomenon is called

a) Negative Transfer b) Positive Transfer

c) Neutral Transfer d) Either (a) or (b)

51. Centralization depends on its

a) Stability b) Predictability
c) Environment d) Both (a) & (b)

52. The problem is acknowledged and global action taken, such action is

a) Denial Action b) Repair Action

c) Reform Action d) Both (a) & (b)

53. The duration of short term memory can be extended through

a) Rehearsal b) Encoding
c) Motoring d) Both (a) & (b)

54. The actual or perceived pressure which an individual may feel

a) Peer pressure b) Pear pressure

c) Hawthorne effect d) Motivation

55. The process whereby the individual changes the situation itself

a) Coping b) Relaxation
c) Adjust d) Imposed
56. AME might regularly communicate

a) Information & ideas b) Feelings

c) Attitudes & beliefs d) All the above

57. Communication can be

a) Verbal / spoken b) Writing / textual

c) Non verbal d) All the above

58. Verbal / written communication is

a) Channel b) Language
c) Meaning d) All the above

59. Communication problem is

a) Lack of communication b) Poor communication

c) Both (a) & (b) d) None

60. Respective task can be

a) Tedious b) Reduce arousal

c) Increase arousal d) Both (a) & (b)

61. CRM means

a) Crew Resource Management b) Crew Resolution Management

c) Crew Restore Management d) None

62. Human factor is also known as

a) Ergonomics b) Erganomics
c) Both d) None

63. Fitting the man to the job & the job to the man is

a) Ergonomics b) Human factor

c) Both d) None

64. MTCS regarding human factor

a) The study of human capabilities & limitations in the work place

b) Human factors researchers study system performance
c) They study the interaction of maintenance personnel, the equipment they use,
the written & verbal procedures
d) All the above are correct

65. The aim of human factors is

a) It is to optimize relationship between maintenance personnel & system & with a
view to improvising safety, efficiency & well being
b) It is not to optimize relationship between maintenance personnel & system &
with a view to improvising safety, efficiency & well being
c) Only (a) is correct
d) Only (b) is correct

66. The SHEL model stands for

a) Software, Hardware b) Environment

c) Live ware d) All the above

67. Incidents and accidents attributable to human factor / human error due to a/c
accidents approximately

a) 33% b) 70%
c) 12% d) 10%

68. Maintenance & inspection deficiencies due to _____ % of accidents

a) 13 % b) 12 %
c) 10 % d) None

69. Error chain means

a) Human factor problems which formed on error chain

b) Management problems which formed on error chain
c) Maintenance problems which formed on error chain
d) Crew problems which formed on error chain

70. The error chain comes under

a) Management b) Maintenance
c) Crew d) All the above

71. Murphys law is

a) It will always happen to me b) It will never happen to me

c) If something can go wrong d) Both (a) & (c)

72. A/W Notice No. 3 details with

a) Certification responsibilities of LAES
b) Certification of maintenance of LAES
c) None

73. Certification responsibilities means

a) Certifying engineer shall be responsible for ensuring that work is performed &
recorded in a satisfactory manner
b) Certifying engineer shall not be responsible for ensuring that work is performed
& recorded in a satisfactory manner
c) Only (a) is correct
d) Only (b) is correct

74. MTCS

a) An organization approved in accordance with JAR 145 must establish the

competence of every person whether directly involved in hands on maintenance or
not
b) ANO Articles 12 or JAR 145 .50, it provides the traceability
c) The CAE is then responsible for any adjustment or functional fest & required
maintenance
d) All the above are corrects

75. The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the
individual members initial postings is known as

a) Group Polarization b) Group think

c) Risky shift d) All the above

76. A group may arrive at a course of action that is riskier than which any
individual member might pursue is

a) Group think b) Risky shift

c) Group Polarization d) All the above

77. Social loafing means

a) It has been coined to reflect the tendency for some individuals to work less hard
on task
b) They believe others are working on it
c) Both (a) & (b)

78. The difference between what a person can do & what he will do is known as

a) Motivation b) De-motivation
c) Both d) None
79. Moslow Hierarchy of needs because of

a) Survival by satisfying basic physical & physiological needs

b) Realize our full potential in life known as self actualization needs (fulfilling
ambitions etc.)
c) Both
d) None

80. The possibility that the AME will receive pressure of work from those that
work with him this is known as

a) Peer pressure b) Conformity

c) De-motivation d) Motivation

81. The tendency to allows ones opinions, attitudes, actions & perceptions to be
affected by prevailing opinions, attitudes, actions perceptions is known as

a) Peer pressure b) Conformity

c) De-motivation d) Motivation

82. An organization can be described as the way we do things here; it is a group or

company norm is called

a) Culture b) Culture of organization

c) Group d) None

83. Factor affecting performance of AME be

a) Fitness & health

b) Stress, time pressure & workload
c) Fatigue effects of medication
d) As in (a), (b), (c) and alcohol &drugs

84. Fitness & health means

a) The disposing of the engineer prior of taking on employment
b) The day-to-to well being of the engineer once employed
c) Both
d) None

85. Day-to-day fitness & health can be reduced through illness or injury
a) Physical or mental b) Physical and cognitive
c) Both d) None

86. MTCS regarding stress

a) Stress can be felt when carrying out certain tasks

b) That is particularly challenging or difficult
c) This stress can be increased by lack of guidance
d) All the above & This type of stress can be reduced by careful management,
good training etc,

87. Stress management strategies used are

a) Defence b) Coping
c) Both d) None

88. Defence strategies means

a) Alleviation of the symptoms (taking medication & alcohol)

b) Reducing the anxiety (denying to yourself that here is problem)
c) Both
d) None

89. REM sleep stands for

a) Rapid Eye Movement b) Rotary Eye Movement

c) Both d) None

90. Circadian Rhythm means

a) It is physiological & behavioral functions

b) It is process in the body
c) It has regular cycle of approximately a day (about 25 hours in average)
d) All the above

91. Fatigue means

a) It is typically caused by delayed sleep, sleep loss

b) It is de-synchronization of normal circadian rhythms
c) It is concentrated periods of physical or mental stress or exertion
d) All the above

92. Symptoms of fatigue

a) Diminished of fatigue
b) Problem with short term memory
c) Poor judgment & decision
d) All the above

93. Rule of thumb is

a) One hour of high quality sleep is good for two hours activity
b) Two hours of high quality sleep is good for one hours activity
c) Four hours of high quality sleep is good for two hour activity
d) One hour of high quality sleep is good for four hours activity
94. Act as a depressant on the central nervous system, dulling the senses &
increasing mental & physical time reaction

a) Alcohol b) Medication
c) Drugs d) None

95. Line means

a) Inside the hanger b) Outside the hanger

c) Either inside or outside the hanger d) None

96. Base means

a) Inside the hanger b) Outside the hanger

c) Either inside or outside the hanger d) None

97. Sensitive of sound frequencies is

a) 20 Hz to 20 KHz b) 20 KHz to 20 MHz

c) Both d) None

98. Intensity of sound is measured in

a) Decibels b) Volts
c) Amperes d) None of the above

99. Noise means

a) It can be through of as any unwanted sound

b) It can be through of as any wanted sound
c) It is loud, unpleasant & annoying
d) Both (a) & (c)

100. Rule of thumb is used when roaming in an area normal speech can not be
heard clearly at

a) 2 meters b) 5 meters
c) 15 meters d) 30 meters

101. Fumes includes the

a) Various lubricants (Oil & greases)

b) Hydrolic fluids, paints, cleaning compounds & solder
c) A/c fuel & exhaust
d) All the above
102. The problem may be exacerbated in AME by the confined spaces in which
work must sometimes be carried out in

a) Hydrolic fluids lives

b) Landing gear & Wheel well area
c) Fuel tanks
d) Both (b) & (c)

103. Noise can have various negative effects in the workplace, it can

a) Be annoying
b) Cause accidents by masking warning signals or messages
c) Damage workers hearing
d) All the above

104. The degree of impairment is influenced mainly by the intensity of the hose
such as

a) Noise Induced Hearing Loss

b) Noise Interference Hearing Loss
c) None

105. If normal speech cannot be heard clearly at 2 meters

a) 85 decibel b) 90 decibel
c) 140 decibel d) None

106. If normal speech cannot be heard clearly at 1 meters

a) 85 decibel b) 90 decibel
c) 140 decibel d) None

107. Noise can pain

a) 85 decibel b) 90 decibel
c) 140 decibel d) None

108. TWA means

a) Time Weighted Average sound level

b) Total Weighted Average sound level
c) Type Weighted Average sound level
d) None

109. Hearing deteriorates naturally as one grows older. This is known as

a) Presbcusis b) Prosbycusis
c) Prasbycusis d) None
100. Presbycusis affects ability to hear high pitch sound first & may occurs
gradually from the ____ onwards

a) 30s b) 15s
c) 60s d) 45s

111. The process of receiving information through senses analyzing it & making it
meaningful is known as

a) Information Processing b) Information Programme

c) None
112. Physical stimuli are received via

a) Sensory receptors (Eye, Ear) b) Sensory stores (Eye, Ear)

c) None

113. Physical stimuli are stored for a very brief period of time in

a) Sensory receptors b) Sensory stores

c) None

114. Visual information is stored for up to _________ in ________

a) Half second, iconic memory b) Half second, echoic memory

c) None

115. Sound are stored for slightly longer up to _________ in ________

a) 2 second, iconic memory b) 2 second, echoic memory

c) Half second, echoic memory d) None

116. Attention can be thought of as the concentration of mental effort on

a) Sensory or mental problem b) Sensory or mental event

c) None

117. Attention can take the form of

a) Selective & divided attention b) Focused & sustained attention

c) Both (a) & (b) d) None

118. The process of assembling sensations into a usable metal representation of the
world is known as

a) Preception b) Perception
c) None
119. Perception creates

a) Faces, melodies b) Work of art

c) Illusions d) All the above

120. Physical & mental human performance affects an a/c maintenance engineer in
his working environment

a) His vision & hearing

b) Information processing, attention & perception memory
c) Judgment and decision making
d) All the above

121. The principle apply in the human performance is likely to degrade &
eventually Fail under certain conditions

a) Stress b) Pressure
c) Both (a) & (b) d) None

122. The a/c engineer the ________ part the a/c maintenance system

a) Medium b) Central
c) Normal d) None

123. Human performance is also affected by

a) Social factor b) Emotional factor

c) Both (a) & (b) d) None

124. An aperture is

a) Iris b) Lens
c) Only (a) is correct d) Only (b) is correct

125. Light sensitive surface is the

a) Retina b) Lens
c) Iris d) None

126. Light enters the eye through the

a) Cornea b) Lens
c) Retina d) None

127. The light stimulates the light sensitive cells on the retina is

a) Rods & cones b) Rods & lens

c) Cones & Lens d) None
128. Light pass small electric impulse by way of the ______ in the brain

a) Optic nerve to the visual cortex b) Visual cortex to the optic nerve
c) None

129. The cornea acts as a focusing devise

a) Fixed b) Constant
c) None

130. The cornea is responsible for between ____% of the fatal focusing ability

a) 70 % to 80 % b) 60 % to 80 %
c) 60 % to 70 % d) None

131. The iris is the _____ part of the eye

a) Coloured b) Clourless
c) None

132. MTCS

a) The iris control the amount of light i.e. allowed to enter eye
b) It does this by varying the size of the pupil
c) Both are correct
d) None

133. Pupil is ______ area in the center of the iris

a) Dark b) White
c) Light d) None

134. The size of the pupil can be ______ very rapidly to cater for changing light
levels

a) Constant b) Fixed
c) Change d) None

135. The change of shape of the lens is called

a) Accommodation b) De-accommodation
c) None

136. Communication is defined as

a) The transmission of something from one location to another

b) The thing that is transmitted may be message, signal or meaning ets
c) Both (a) & (b)
d) None

137. Communication must share common code is

a) transmitter b) Tran-receiver
c) Receiver d) Both (a) & (c)