Chess (musical)

Chess is a musical with music by Benny Andersson and Webber, but that idea never came to fruition. In the late
Bjrn Ulvaeus of the pop group ABBA, and with lyrics '70s, Rice got the idea to tell his Cold War story through
by Tim Rice. The story involves a politically driven, Cold the prism of the long-standing U.S.-Soviet chess rivalry;
War-era chess tournament between two menan Amer- he had earlier been fascinated by the political machi-
ican grandmaster and a Soviet grandmasterand their nations of the 1972 "Match of the Century" between
ght over a woman who manages one and falls in love Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky.[6] However, when Rice
with the other. Although the protagonists were not in- wanted to start working on the new musical in early 1979,
tended to represent any real individuals, the character of Lloyd Webber was already well underway with his own
the American grandmaster (named Freddie Trumper in independent musical Cats. (Premiering two seasons later
the stage version) was loosely based on Bobby Fischer,[1] in the West End, Cats became one of the most successful
while elements of the story may have been inspired by musicals of all time and was also the rst one to employ
the chess careers of Russian grandmasters Viktor Korch- a huge engineering sta to supervise its many technical
noi and Anatoly Karpov.[2] elements, a paradigm which would be adopted for Chess
Chess was a signicant and powerful piece of music the- in numerous capacities during its development.)
ater for its time as it allegorically reected the Cold War Subsequently, American producer Richard Vos suggested
tensions present in the 1980s, with the show embody- to Rice to work with Andersson and Ulvaeus instead,
ing the government manipulations and paranoia, and the knowing that they were looking to develop and produce
xenophobic attitudes present in the political climate of the projects outside of ABBA. An ardent fan of the group,
time. The musical has been referred to as a metaphor for Rice agreed. He later wrote that he felt no reservations
the whole Cold War, with the insinuation being made that because there is a sense of theatre in the ABBA style.[7]
the Cold War is itself a manipulative game [3] . Released With Vos also in attendance, Rice met with the two in
and staged at the height of the strong anti-communist Stockholm for the rst time on 15 December 1981 in or-
agenda that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, [4] der to discuss the concept, and they quickly signed on to
Chess played a powerful role in addressing and satirizing the project.
the hostile political atmosphere of the 1980s. All through 1982 and `83, the three men worked on the
Like several other productions, namely Jesus Christ Su- music and lyrics. Rice would describe the mood of partic-
perstar and Evita, a highly successful concept album was ular songs he wanted, then Andersson and Ulvaeus would
released prior to the rst theatrical production in order to write and record the music and send the tapes to Rice,
raise money. In the case of Chess, the concept album was who would then write lyrics to t the music, and send the
released in the fall of 1984 while the show opened in Lon- resulting tapes back to Andersson and Ulvaeus and so on.
dons West End in 1986 where it played for three years. Some of the songs on the resulting album contained el-
A much-altered U.S. version premiered on Broadway in ements of music Andersson and Ulvaeus had previously
1988, but survived only for two months. Chess is fre- written for ABBA. For example, the chorus of I Know
quently revised for new productions, many of which try Him So Well was based on the chorus of I Am An A,
to merge elements from both the British and American a song from their 1977 tour,[8] while the chorus of An-
versions, but no major revival production of the musi- them used the chord structures from the guitar solo from
cal has yet been attempted either in the West End or on their 1980 ABBA song "Our Last Summer".
Broadway.
Ulvaeus would also provide dummy lyrics to emphasise
Chess placed seventh in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of
the rhythmic patterns of the music, and since Rice found
the U.K.'s Number One Essential Musicals.[5] a number of these embarrassingly good as they were,
incorporated a few in the nal version. The most well
known example is One night in Bangkok makes a hard
man humble.[9] One song, which became Heaven Help
1 Development My Heart, was recorded with an entire set of lyrics, sung
by ABBAs Agnetha Fltskog with the title Every Good
Lyricist Tim Rice had long wanted to create a musical Man,[8] although none of the original lyrics from this
about the Cold War. During the mid-'70s, he had dis- song were used.
cussed writing a musical about the Cuban Missile Cri-
Partly to raise money in order to produce the show in the
sis with his usual collaborator, composer Andrew Lloyd

1
2 3 DELUXE EDITION ALBUM

West End and partly to see how the material would fare Night in Bangkok, Nobodys Side, The Arbiter, the
with the public, it was decided to release the music as an ballads I Know Him So Well, and Pity the Child, fea-
album before any stage productions were undertaken, a turing the performers from the album and directed by
strategy that had proven successful with Rices two previ- David G Hillier. These were released together in a VHS
ous musicals, Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita. video entitled Chess Moves.
Owing in part to the dierent countries in which the lyri-
cist and composers resided, recording on the album mu-
2.2 Critical reception
sical of Chess began in Stockholm in early November
1983, with Andersson recording the many layered key-
The original concept album received critical accolades,
board parts himself along with other basic work at their
with Rolling Stone raving that the dazzling score covers
usual Polar Studios, and choral and orchestral work then
nearly all the pop bases, Kurt Ganzl's Blackwell Guide to
recorded in London by The Ambrosian Singers along with
the Musical Theatre on Record telling readers about the
the London Symphony Orchestra. The album was then
thrilling exposition of an exciting piece of modern musi-
sound-engineered and mixed back at Polar by longtime
cal theater occurring before the event and Time declaring
ABBA sound engineer Michael B. Tretow.
that the rock symphonic synthesis was ripe with sophis-
tication and hummable tunes.
The album became a Top 10 hit in the UK, West Germany
2 Original album and South Africa, reached #47 on the US Billboard 200,
#39 in France, #35 in Australia, and for seven weeks re-
2.1 History mained at #1 on the Swedish album chart due in no small
part to the composers Swedish heritage. The record-
The double LP, often referred to as a concept album ing also received several prestigious awards, including the
or album musical, was released worldwide in the au- Goldene Europa from Germany, the Edison Award from
tumn of 1984. Liner notes included with the album fea- the Netherlands, and the Rockbjrn from Sweden.
tured a basic synopsis of the story in multiple languages
along with song lyrics and numerous photos. The mu-
sic on the album was described by The New York Times
2.3 Principal cast
as a sumptuously recorded... grandiose pastiche that
The American Murray Head
touches half a dozen bases, from Gilbert and Sullivan
to late Rodgers and Hammerstein, from Italian opera to The Russian Tommy Krberg
trendy synthesizer-based pop, all of it lavishly arranged
for the London Symphony Orchestra with splashy elec- Florence Elaine Paige
tronic embellishments.[10] The album featured Murray
Head, Tommy Krberg, Elaine Paige, and noted actor Molokov Denis Quilley
Denis Quilley in the role of Molokov. A single from the
The Arbiter Bjrn Skifs
album, "One Night in Bangkok", with verses performed
by Murray Head and choruses performed by Anders Svetlana Barbara Dickson
Glenmark, became a worldwide smash, reaching #3 on
the US Billboard Hot 100. The duet "I Know Him So
Well" by Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson held the #1 2.4 Track listing
spot on the UK singles charts for 4 weeks, winning the
Ivor Novello Award in the process as the Best Selling Sin-
gle ('A' Side). In addition, the tune was later covered not 3 Deluxe edition album
only by Whitney Houston and her mother Cissy as a duet
for her sophomore release Whitney, but also by Barbra A 2014 release called Chess: The Original Recording Re-
Streisand, who recorded it originally for The Broadway mastered Deluxe Edition, was released in celebration of
Album released in 1985. However, the track was deleted the 30th anniversary original double album. Released as a
from the album due to lack of space and remained unre- double-CD and single DVD, the album features the com-
leased until it was included on her retrospective box set plete original 1984 concept recording. The remastered
Just for the Record... released September 24, 1991. and expanded (deluxe) edition includes three previously
unreleased bonus tracks as well as a DVD featuring a doc-
On 27 October 1984, a concert version of the album
umentary and ve video clips of songs from the album.[11]
was premiered by the original cast in Londons Barbican
Centre and then performed in Hamburg, Amsterdam,
and Paris with nal presentation on 1 November in
3.1 CD
Berwaldhallen in Stockholm.
In 1985, music videos were lmed for the songs One Previously unreleased bonus tracks:
4.2 Plot summary 3

Press Conference The Ambrosian Singers roles on stage. Barbara Dickson was unable to appear,
and Siobhn McCarthy played the part of Svetlana, and
Intro Mountain Duet (Der Kleine Franz)" London the cast also featured Anthony Head, Grania Renihan,
Symphony Orchestra Ria Jones, David Burt and Peter Karrie, during its three-
Anthem London Symphony Orchestra year run. The show won the Critics Circle Theatre Award
for Best Musical[13] and received three 1986 Laurence
Olivier Award nominations for Best Musical, Outstand-
3.2 DVD ing Performance by an Actor (Tommy Krberg) and Out-
standing Performance by an Actress (Elaine Paige).[14]
Documentary: The production closed on 8 April 1989.

Magasinet Special: Chess 1984 London Symphony 4.1.1 Critical reception

Orchestra, Tommy Krberg, Elaine Paige, Murray
Head, Anders Eljas, Denis Quilley, Barbara Dick- The premiere of the musical provoked an overall mixed
son, Bjrn Skifs to favourable verdict from the critics and, according to
Variety, created one of the bigger West End mob scenes
Music videos (all of which can be found on Chess Moves): in recent memory. Most of the naysaying notices had
comments ranging from far too long and shallow, im-
One Night in Bangkok Murray Head probable story masquerading as a serious musical from
The Sunday Times to The Guardian's conclusion that, A
Nobodys Side Elaine Paige musical is only as good as its book, and here one is con-
The Arbiter Bjrn Skifs fronted by an inchoate mess. Other newspapers posted
rave reviews however. The Daily Telegraph wrote that the
I Know Him So Well Elaine Paige, Barbara show was gift-wrapped and gorgeous...compels admira-
Dickson tion, The Times noted that it turns out to be a ne piece
of work that shows the dinosaur mega-musical evolving
Pity the Child Murray Head into an intelligent form of life and Today called it grip-
ping, eye-catching.. nearly a major triumph. In addi-
tion, Michael Ratclie wrote in Observer that the op-
4 British stage version eretta plot which would have delighted a mature Lehar
is dramatised in a buoyant, eclectic and stirring theatre-
4.1 History of the original West End pro- score and called Krberg the indisputable star of the
show. Sheridan Morley in International Herald Tribune
duction (19861989)
complimented the shows remarkably coherent dramatic
shape and staging of considerable intelligence and in-
Chess premiered in Londons West End on 14 May 1986
[12] vention.
at the Prince Edward Theatre. The original produc-
tion was originally set to be directed by Michael Ben-
nett, but after casting the show and commissioning the
4.2 Plot summary
expansive set and costume designs, he withdrew from the
project due to health reasons and died on 2 July 1987
4.2.1 Act 1
from AIDS-related lymphoma at the age of 44. Trevor
Nunn took over as director. Set designer Robin Wagner The president of the International Chess Federation
later told Lynn Pecktal, author of the book Set Design, The Arbiterspeculates on the origins of the game of
that Bennett had planned a multimedia show, with an chess (Story of Chess) before announcing the location
elaborate tilting oor, banks of television monitors, and of the upcoming world chess championship: Merano,
other technological touches. Nunn applied his realistic Italy. As the townsfolk prepare for the occasion (Mer-
style to the show instead, although the basics of the mam- ano), the current world champion, Freddie Trumper
moth set design were still present in the nal production. of the United States, arrives with his second and pre-
These included three videowalls, the main of which fea- sumed lover: Hungarian-born, English-raised Florence
tured commentary from chess master William Hartston, Vassy (Freddies Entrance). Florence confronts Fred-
and appearances from various BBC newsreaders round- die about his brash behavior and rocky relationship with
ing out the package. Costs were estimated at up to $12 the press (Commie Newspapers), which immediately
million. gets out of hand when he assaults a journalist who ques-
The London version expanded the storyline of the con- tions his relationship with Florence (Press Conference).
cept album, adding considerable new recitative. The Meanwhile, Freddies Soviet Russian challenger, Anatoly
three principal singers from the concept album, Elaine Sergievsky, argues with his own second, the scheming
Paige, Tommy Krberg and Murray Head reprised their Molokov (Anatoly and Molokov). Afterwards, in pri-
4 4 BRITISH STAGE VERSION

vate, Anatoly cynically reects on the selling out of his Bangkok nightlife (One Night in Bangkok); he is Global
dreams to get to where he is today (Where I Want to TVs ocial commentator for the tournament. Florence
Be). and Anatoly are now openly lovers, and worry about Fred-
The opening ceremony features the American and So- dies sudden reappearance as well as the impending ar-
viet delegates each vowing their side will win (Diplo- rival of Anatolys estranged wife, Svetlana, from Russia
mats), The Arbiter insisting on a clean game (The Ar- (One More Opponent / You and I), which Anatoly
biter), and marketers looking to make a prot (Hymn suspects is part of Molokovs plan to shame him into re-
to Chess / Merchandisers). During the increasingly turning to the Soviet Union. Molokov, meanwhile, has
trained a new protg, Leonid Viigand, to challenge, de-
intense match, Freddie suddenly throws the chessboard
to the oor and storms out of the arena (Chess #1), feat, and humiliate Anatoly (The Soviet Machine).
leaving Florence to negotiate with Anatoly, Molokov, and Walter, now Freddies boss, manipulates Freddie into em-
The Arbiter (Quartet). Florence manages to arrange barrassing Anatoly on live TV during an eventually heated
a meeting between the two players, after trading heated interview between them (The Interview). Molokov,
words with Molokov. It turns out that Freddie engineered who indeed is responsible for Svetlanas presence in
the outburst in the hopes of extracting more money Bangkok, blackmails her into urging Anatoly to throw
from his sponsor, an American sensationalist media com- the match. Walter, who has been promised the release of
pany called Global Television, though Walterthe com- certain captured American agents if he can ruin Anatolys
panys representative in Freddies delegationcriticizes performance, informs Florence that her father is still alive
the stunt as ludicrous (Florence and Molokov). Flo- though imprisoned, and that he too will be released if she
rence later scolds Freddie, and they ght about the pol- can convince Anatoly to lose. Despite Molokov and Wal-
itics of the tournament until he viciously turns the ar- ters eorts, none of their ploys work to get Anatoly to
gument toward her missing father, believed captured or throw the game. As a result, Molokov and Walter team
killed by Soviet forces during the 1956 Hungarian Rev- up to get Freddie to personally persuade Anatoly and Flo-
olution (1956: Budapest is Rising). She laments the rence, knowing that Freddie is vengeful toward Anatoly
situation alone (Nobodys Side) before heading o to and interested in winning back the love of Florence; how-
the Merano Mountain Inn for the reconciliatory meeting ever, Freddies attempts also fail (The Deal).
she has scheduled between Freddie and Anatoly (Der Surprisingly, Svetlana and Florence end up bonding over
Kleine Franz). Freddie does not immediately turn up, their respective relationships with Anatoly. Florence ulti-
though, leaving Anatoly and Florence awkwardly alone mately admits that it would be best for Anatoly to return
together; however, they eventually embrace as romantic
to his children and Svetlana (I Know Him So Well).
feelings arise before being nally interrupted by Freddie, Anatoly, meanwhile, follows an anonymous letter guid-
who was working out new nancial terms with Global TV
ing him to Wat Pho, where Freddie appears to tell him
(Mountain Duet). that he is willing to put their conict behind him. Hav-
The chess tournament proceeds. Distracted by the loss of ing decided that he only wants Anatoly to be true to the
Florences love, however, Freddie ounders, leaving him- game, Freddie informs Anatoly of a signicant aw in
self just one more loss away from losing his title (Chess Viigands strategy that will help Anatoly win (Talking
#2). Due to Freddies atrocious attitude, Florence nally Chess).
deserts him (Florence Quits), whereby Freddie ponders In the deciding game of the match, with the score tied
how his unhappy childhood left him the man he is today at ve games all, Svetlana castigates Anatoly for wallow-
(Pity the Child). He sends The Arbiter a letter of res- ing in the crowds empty praise and Florence expresses
ignation, resulting in Anatolys becoming the new world similar annoyance with him for casting aside his ideals;
champion. Anatoly immediately defects from the So- regardless, Anatoly achieves a superb victory against Vi-
viet Union and seeks asylum at the British embassy (De- igand (Endgame). Later, Florence confesses her feel-
fection / Embassy Lament). Florence, accompanying ings that he should return to his family in the Soviet
Anatoly, reects on their newfound romance (Heaven Union. The pair reects on the conclusion of their ro-
Help My Heart). Meanwhile, Walter tips o the press mance (You and I: Reprise). Walter later approaches
about this scandal. When the mob of reporters ambush Florence with the news that Anatoly has defected back
Anatoly and ask why he is deserting his country (Anatoly to the U.S.S.R., meaning that her father will certainly be
and the Press), he tells them that he will never truly leave released. He startlingly admits, however, that no one ac-
his country, and that his lands only borders lie around his tually knows if her father is still alive. Florence breaks
heart (Anthem). down, realising that she too has been used, and she sadly
mirrors Anatolys earlier sentiment that her only borders
4.2.2 Act 2 lie around her heart (Anthem: Reprise).

A year later, Anatoly is set to defend his championship

in Bangkok, Thailand (Golden Bangkok). Freddie is
already there, chatting up locals and experiencing the
5.1 History of the original Broadway production (1988) 5

4.3 Original West End cast
Frederick Trumper, The American Murray Head
Florence Vassy Elaine Paige
Anatoly Sergievsky, The Russian Tommy Krberg down to 3 hours 15 minutes. But despite a healthy box-
Alexander Molokov John Turner
Walter de Courcey Kevin Colson
The Arbiter Tom Jobe
Svetlana Sergievsky Siobhn McCarthy
Mayor of Merano Richard Mitchell
T.V. Presenter Peter Karrie
Civil Servants Richard Lyndon, Paul Wilson
4.4 Songs
the show, in an attempt to give it a sense of cinematic
uidity.
The rst preview on 11 April 1988 ran 4 hours with a 90-
minute intermission (the stage crew reportedly had prob-
lems with the sets); by opening night on 28 April, it was
oce advance, the Broadway production did not man-
age to sustain a consistently large audience and closed on
25 June, after 17 previews and 68 regular performances.
And there I was, on closing night, singing and sobbing
along, later wrote Time magazine critic Richard Corliss.
Overall, the show (capitalized at $6 million) since its
opening, according to Variety, has been doing moder-
ate business, mainly on the strength of theater party ad-
vances. Gerald Schoenfeld, co-producer of the show,
noted: The musical had been playing to about 80 percent
capacity, which is considered good, but about 50 percent
of the audience have held special, half-priced tickets. If
we lled the house at 100 percent at half price, we'd go
broke and I haven't seen any surge of tourist business yet
this season. The show needs a $350,000 weekly gross to
break even, but only a few weeks since its April 28 open-

The multiple songs listed here are often merged on ing have reached that.... You have to consider what your
recordings into a single track. grosses are going to be in the future.[15]

Song is alternately titled U.S. vs U.S.S.R. The Broadway production was nominated for several ma-

This song actually originated with the American jor awards. It got ve nods from the Drama Desk Awards:
(Broadway) version of the musical, but has since been Outstanding Actor in a Musical (David Carroll), Out-
also included in productions and recordings otherwise ad- standing Actress in a Musical (Judy Kuhn), Outstanding
hering to the British version. Featured Actor in a Musical (Harry Goz), Outstanding
Music (Andersson and Ulvaeus) and Outstanding Light-
ing Design (David Hersey). Carroll and Kuhn also re-
5 American stage version ceived Tony Award nominations in Leading Actor in a
Musical and Leading Actress in a Musical categories.
None of the nominations resulted in a win, but Philip Cas-
5.1 History of the original Broadway pro- no received a 1988 Theatre World Award for Best Debut
duction (1988) Performance. The Original Broadway Cast recording of
the musical was nominated for the 1988 Grammy Award
After the West End production, the creative team decided in the category Best Musical Cast Show Album (won by
to reimagine the show from the top down, leading to a Into the Woods).
second major stage version of the musical intended for
American audiences, with considerable dierences from Later, the musical developed a cult following based pri-
the British version in both plot and music. Trevor Nunn marily on the score (Frank Rich noted in his book Hot
brought in playwright Richard Nelson to recreate the mu- Seat that the score retains its devoted fans), while Nel-
sical as a straightforward book show for Broadway au- sons book received more mixed notices. Many attempts
diences. Nunn brought in new, younger principals after were made to x the Broadway versions perceived prob-
he disqualied Paige from the role of Florence by insist- lems. In 2001, in an interview with the San Francisco
ing Nelson recreate the character as an American. The Chronicle, Tim Rice admitted that after the comparative
story changed drastically, with dierent settings, charac- failure of Chess, his all-time favourite, he became disillu-
ters, and many dierent plot elements, although the basic sioned with theatre. He commented, It may sound ar-
plot remained the same. Benny Andersson told Variety: rogant, but Chess is as good as anything I've ever done.
The main dierence between London and here is that And maybe it costs too much brainpower for the average
in London there is only about two or three minutes of person to follow it.
spoken dialog. Here, in order to clarify some points, it
is almost one-third dialog. The score was reordered,
and comparisons of the Broadway cast recording and the 5.1.1 Critical reception
original concept album reveal the dramatic extent of the
changes. Robin Wagner designed a new set, which fea- Many critics panned the show, most notably Frank Rich
tured mobile towers that shifted continuously throughout of The New York Times, who wrote that the evening has
6 5 AMERICAN STAGE VERSION

the theatrical consistency of quicksand and described it conclusion, and is set in Budapest, Hungary. Also, the
as a suite of temper tantrums, [where] the characters incumbent champion is switched in the American ver-
... yell at one another to rock music. Howard Kissel of sion (that is, to Anatoly Sergievsky rather than Freddie
New York Daily News complained that the show is shrilly Trumper) as is the winner of the Sergievsky-Trumper
overamplied and neither of the love stories is emo- tournament.
tionally involving, while Newsweek magazine called the
show a Broadways monster and opined that Chess as-
saults the audience with a relentless barrage of scenes and 5.2.1 Prologue
numbers that are muscle-bound with self-importance.
In 1956, a Hungarian revolutionary, Gregor Vassy,
A few reviewers, however, praised it highly. William A.
calmly explains to his 4-year-old daughter, Florence, the
Henry III wrote an exceptionally sympathetic review in
history of chess, before the two are separated in the midst
Time: Clear narrative drive, Nunns cinematic staging,
of a violent rebellion in Budapest (Prologue / The
three superb leading performances by actors willing to be
Story of Chess).
complex and unlikeable and one of the best rock scores
ever produced in the theater. This is an angry, di-
cult, demanding and rewarding show, one that pushes the 5.2.2 Act 1
boundaries of the form (Time, May 9, 1988). His sen-
timents were echoed by William K. Gale in Providence Decades later at an international chess tournament in
Journal: A show with a solid, even wonderfully old- Bangkok, Thailand, the wild-tempered American chal-
fashioned story that still has a bitter-sweet, rough-edged lenger, Freddie Trumper, arrives with his second and
view of the world ... exciting, dynamic theater ... a match presumed lover: a now-adult Florence (Freddies En-
of wit and passion. trance). At a press meeting, Freddie loses his temper
Richard Christiansen of Chicago Tribune suggested that with the reporters as Florence scolds them for their sensa-
"Chess falters despite new strategy, yet concluded his re- tionalism (Press Conference). The current world cham-
view: Audiences forgive a lot of failings when they nd a pion, a Soviet Russian named Anatoly Sergievsky, dis-
show that touches them with its music, and Chess, clumsy cusses this with his second, Molokov. Afterwards, in
and overblown as it sometimes is in its three hours-plus private, Anatoly cynically reects on how his career as
running time, gives them that heart. Welton Jones wrote world champion has been characterized by empty fame
in The San Diego Union-Tribune that Chess has one of (Where I Want to Be). Meanwhile, Florence grows
the richest, most exciting scores heard on Broadway in frustrated with Freddies seedy nancial agent, Walter,
years ... Sadly, the music has been encumbered with an and complains to Freddie that her intellectual capabilities
overwritten book and an uninspired staging ... Truly, this are under-appreciated (Argument).
is a score to be treasured, held ransom by a questionable The opening ceremony features merchandise vendors and
book and production. Walter relishing in the tournaments money-making op-
All critics agreed, though, on the three leading perfor- portunities (Merchandisers); the American and Soviet
mances by Judy Kuhn, David Carroll and Philip Cas- delegates each vowing their side will win (Diplomats);
no. They were showered with praise splendid and and the beginning of the tournaments rst round (Chess
gallant (Newsweek), powerful singers (The New York #1). When Anatoly begins eating yogurt during the
Times), remarkably ne (New York Post) especially match, Freddie accuses him of cheating before storm-
Kuhn, whose performance Variety called a shows chief ing out of the arena, leaving Florence to negotiate with
pleasure. the tournaments Arbiter, Molokov, and Anatoly, eventu-
ally promising to retrieve Freddie (Quartet). Florence
Benny Andersson commented in Variety on the negative
later scolds Freddie, and they ght about the tournaments
Broadway reviews: I really don't know why they don't
politics until he viciously turns the argument toward her
like it. ... I do know that most of the audiences so far
missing father (The American and Florence); alone,
stand up and cheer for everyone at the end. They appear
Florence begins to realize her need to abandon Freddie
to get emotionally involved with the show, and they really
(Someone Elses Story).
like it.
Instead of heading o to the Generous Sole restaurant
for the reconciliatory meeting Florence has scheduled be-
5.2 Plot summary tween Freddie and Anatoly, Freddie is sidetracked by
the Bangkok nightlife (One Night in Bangkok), leav-
The plays American incarnation has noticeably dierent ing Anatoly and Florence awkwardly alone together; how-
settings, lyrics, song orders, and a completely dierent ever, they eventually embrace as romantic feelings arise
Act 2 from the British version. In particular, in the Amer- before being nally interrupted by Freddie (Terrace
ican Chess the entire show is about one chess match, not Duet / Who'd Ever Think It?"). Anatoly apologizes
two. Act 1 involves the rst part of the match, which for the yogurt incident and Freddie returns to the match,
is held in Bangkok, Thailand, while Act 2 handles the but only after a hefty bribe. Distracted by the loss of
5.3 Original Broadway cast
Florences love, however, Freddie ounders, nishing the
most recent round with one win and ve losses; one
more loss will cost him the match (Chess #2). Furi-
ous, he blames his issues on Florence, who nally leaves
him as he reects on his stature (Florence Quits / A
Taste of Pity). Florence contemplates her new freedom
from Freddie (Nobodys Side), while Walter secretly
arranges for Anatoly to defect from the Soviet Union to
the United States. When a mob of reporters ambush Ana-
toly and ask about his newfound relationship with Flo-
rence and why he is deserting his country (Reporters),
he tells them that he will never truly leave his country, and
his lands only borders lie around his heart (Anthem).
5.2.3 Act 2
Eight weeks later, everyone is in Budapest to witness the
conclusion of the match between Anatoly and Freddie
(The Arbiter / Hungarian Folk Song). Florence is
elated to be back in her hometown, but dismayed that
she remembers none of it (Heaven Help My Heart).
Molokov oers to help her nd her missing father and
starts investigating. Freddie, under protestations from
Walter, is condent that he will win (Winning). Flo-
rence and Anatoly are now openly lovers, though their re-
lationship is complicated by the arrival of Svetlana, Ana-
tolys estranged wife, in Budapest (You and I). Anatoly
discovers that Molokov is threatening his brothers family
to get him to return to Russia and begins to break down,
losing a string of matches and leaving the score tied at ve
games all (Freddie Goes Metal). Molokov and Walter,
interested in exchanging key individuals for their respec-
tive countries, collaborate to achieve their separate goals
(Lets Work Together), and Molokov reveals to Walter
that Florences father is alive in Budapest, who in turn re-
veals this to Florence. Pressured by this information and
the strain on her relationship with Anatoly, Florence turns
to Svetlana for solace (I Know Him So Well). Ana-
toly, having heard the news of Florences father, cannot
focus on the match at hand, and so Florence asks Freddie
for a postponement, but he refuses and breaks down on
live television, reecting how his broken childhood made
him who he is today (Pity the Child). In the mean-
time, Molokov brings Florence to see a man claiming to
be her father and the two joyously reconnect (Fathers
Lullaby).
In the deciding game of the match, Anatoly resolves to
ensure that Florence is reunited with her father. He thus
chooses to recant his defection and makes a tactical error
during the game. Freddie immediately takes advantage of
the blunder and proceeds to win the tournament, becom-
ing the new world champion (Endgame). Florence and
Anatoly reect on the conclusion of their romance (You
and I: Reprise). Florence is left alone to wait for her
father when she is approached by Walter, who confesses
that the old man is not her father, who is most likely dead.
It seems that Molokov struck a deal with Walter that if the
7
Russians managed to get Anatoly back, they would re-
lease a captured American spy; using Florence, they suc-
ceeded. Florence has now left Freddie, been abandoned
by Anatoly, and lost the father she never had, realising
that she too has been used, and she sadly mirrors Ana-
tolys earlier sentiment that her only borders lie around
her heart (Anthem: Reprise).
5.3 Original Broadway cast
Frederick Trumper, The American Philip Casno
Florence Vassy Judy Kuhn
Anatoly Sergievsky, The Russian David Carroll
Ivan Molokov Harry Goz
Walter Anderson Dennis Parlato
Arbiter Paul Harman
Svetlana Sergievsky Marcia Mitzman
Gregor Vassy Neal Ben-Ari
Young Florence Gina Gallagher
Nikolai Kurt Johns
Joe and Harold (embassy ocials) Richard Muenz
and Eric Johnson
Ben Kip Niven
5.4 Songs
This song appears on the Broadway cast album, but was
deleted from production and is not found in the script li-
censed for production.
This song features in productions, but it was not
recorded for the Broadway album.
The titles here refer to the published score names of
the songs. Several songs in the American version are
identied by alternative titles. Freddies Entrance is
also called What a Scene! What a Joy!"; Argument is
called How Many Women"; Diplomats is called U.S.
vs. U.S.S.R."; American and Florence is called You
Want to Lose Your Only Friend?"; Florence Quits is
called So You Got What You Want"; Reporters is
called Anatoly and the Press"; Winning is called No
Contest"; and Freddie Goes Metal is called A Whole
New Board Game.
6 Revivals, concerts, and record-
ings
8 6 REVIVALS, CONCERTS, AND RECORDINGS

6.1 1989: Carnegie Hall and Sweden The Soviet Machine and The Deal were also extended
considerably. A later Australian production played at
Soon after the show closed on Broadway, a concert ver- the Princess Theatre, Melbourne, in 1997, with Barbara
sion was performed in January 1989 at Carnegie Hall by Dickson as Florence (she had sung Svetlana on the origi-
the original cast in a sold-out benet performance. In nal studio cast album). Co-stars included Derek Metzger
September of that year, Judy Kuhn, and two principals and Daryl Braithwaite.
from the West End production (Krberg and Head), gave
A concert performance was given at Eriksbergshallen in
concerts of the musical in Skellefte, Sweden, during the
Gothenburg, Sweden in 1994. The songs and lyrics were
nals of the 1989 chess World Cup tournament.
largely identical to the original album, with the addition
of Someone Elses Story from the American version
6.2 1990s and The Soviet Machine from the British version. The
concert was recorded. The cast included Anders Glen-
The seven-month-long 1990 American tour acknowl- mark as Frederick, Karin Glenmark as Florence, and
edged the ending of the Cold War. The tour starred Tommy Krberg as Anatoly.[16]
Carolee Carmello, John Herrera, and Stephen Bogardus In 1995, a Los Angeles production at Hollywoods Hud-
and was staged by Des McAnu. Playwright Robert Coe son Theater received critical praise. It starred Marcia
worked with McAnu on revising the show, mostly using Mitzman (who played Svetlana in the rst Broadway pro-
the Nelson script and restoring most of the original song duction) as Florence and Sean Smith as Anatoly. For their
order from the British version of the musical and delet- performances both Mitzman and Smith won an Ovation
ing the new songs written for the American version. A Award and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award.
UK tour starring Rebecca Storm and mostly based on the Chess toured in the U.K. in 1996. The cast included
London production, was a bigger success. Jacqui Scott, and Nobodys Side was used as the nale.
Once the Soviet Union fell, the modernization attempts
died out: A Tim Rice rewrite played a brief run o
Broadway in 1990 and set the show back to 1972. Also 6.3 2000 2009
in 1990, a revival was staged at the Marriott Theatre in
Lincolnshire, Illinois. Directed by David H. Bell and star- A Danish tour began in 2001. The English-language ver-
ring Susie McMonagle, David Studwell and Kim Strauss, sion starred mostly British principals, directed by Craig
it featured another reworking of the Nelson script. Bells Revel Horwood. A two-CD album was released, ti-
version has been performed in Sacramento, California tled Chess: Complete Cast Album, the only major com-
and Atlanta, Georgia. plete recording of the British version of the musical (plus
A 1990 production in Sydney, Australia, directed by Jim the addition of the American versions Someone Elses
Story for Svetlana in Act 2). The production also fol-
Sharman, was a critical and popular success at the Theatre
Royal. It used a new version of the book rewritten primar- lowed the British version of the plot, though later per-
formances used a much shorter, trimmed-down version
ily by Rice to streamline the plot, using parts from each
of the previous versions, as well as his original conception closer to the original concept album. The cast included
for the American version. It starred Jodie Gillies as Flo- Zubin Varla as Frederick, Emma Kershaw as Florence,
rence, David McLeod as Frederick, and Robbie Krupski Stig Rossen as Anatoly, Simon Clark as Alexander, and
as Anatoly, and featured John Wood as Alexander, David James Graeme as Walter, Gunilla Backman as Svetlana,
Whitney as Walter, Laurence Cliord as the Arbiter, and and Michael Cormick as the Arbiter.[17]
Maria Mercedes as Svetlana. The action was shifted to A 2002 Swedish version, with lyrics and book by Bjrn
an international hotel in Bangkok during the chess cham- Ulvaeus, Lars Rudolson, and Jan Mark, attempted to
pionships. No cast recording was made of this version. streamline the story back to its original form and elim-
Both acts took place at a single chess match in a single inate political aspects. It featured new musical num-
city (Bangkok) in the late 1980s. Florences nationality bers (Svetlanas Han r en man, han r ett barn (He
was changed from Hungarian to Czech, with an accompa- is a man, he is a child) and Molokovs Glm mig om
nying change in the lyrics of Nobodys Side from Bu- du kan (Forget me if you can from the demo song
dapest is falling to Prague and Mr. Dubek"). As in the When The Waves Roll Out to Sea) and focused on ma-
British version, Anatoly defects from the Soviet Union, terial from the concept album. Cast members included
wins the match, then decides to return to the Soviet Union Tommy Krberg, reprising his role as Anatolij, Helen
at the end, leading to the possibility that Florences father, Sjholm as Florence, Josen Nilsson as Svetlana, Anders
if he is still alive, will be released from prison. Many Ekborg as Freddie and Per Myrberg as Alexander. It was
of the numbers from the British version were lengthened lmed for Swedish television, and has been released on
considerably, with an extended One Night in Bangkok a Swedish-language DVD. It was nominated for eight na-
near the top of the show. Heaven Help My Heart tional Swedish Theatre Awards Guldmasken, winning six,
ended the rst act, with Anthem and Someone Elses including Best Leading Actress (Sjholm), Best Leading
Story (sung by Svetlana with new lyrics) in the second. Actor (Krberg), and Best Stage Design (Robin Wagner).
6.4 2010 to present
Chess P Svenska - DVD Cover
The cast CD Chess P Svenska peaked at number 2 on
the Swedish album chart.
An Actors Fund of America Benet Concert was given
in 2003 in the New Amsterdam Theater on Broadway. It
was produced without set or costume changes, and with
the orchestra onstage. The show was a combination of
both the American and British versions, mostly following
the British version with regard to music but the Ameri-
can version with regard to the plot, though the American
versions subplot with Florences father was cut. Act 1
was set in Merano, and Act 2 was set in Bangkok, like in
the British version. The show, which was recorded, was
directed by Peter Flynn, choreographed by Christopher
Gattelli and conducted by Seth Rudetsky. The cast in-
cluded Adam Pascal as Frederick, Julia Murney as Flo-
rence, Josh Groban as Anatoly, Norm Lewis as Alexan-
der, Ral Esparza as the Arbiter, and Sutton Foster as
Svetlana.[18]
A concert version was presented in 2007 at the Ford Am-
phitheatre, Los Angeles, California, mixing the British
and American versions. The cast included Susan Egan as
Svetlana, Kevin Earley as Anatoly, Ty Taylor as Fred-
die, Cindy Robinson as Florence, Thomas Grith as
Alexander, and Matthew Morrison as the Arbiter. The
concert was directed by Brian Michael Purcell. A por-
tion of the proceeds went to Broadway Cares/Equity
Fights AIDS.[19] A German language version premiered
in 2008 at Staatsoperette Dresden. It ran two seasons un-
til 2010.[20]
9
In 2008, Warner Bros. Records produced a two-
performance concert version of Chess together with the
London Philharmonic Orchestra, at the Royal Albert
Hall. This version, including almost no dialogue or set,
but otherwise following the British version in plot and
music, was recorded and released as a 2-CD cast album
and DVD, both titled Chess in Concert. It was also broad-
cast on American PBS channels in June 2009.[21] Tim
Rice stated in the concerts programme that this version
of Chess is the ocial version, after years of dierent
plot and song combinations. Though the plot and score
is entirely based on that of the British version, this ver-
sion also adds in two American-originated songs: Pro-
logue and Someone Elses Story. The cast included
Adam Pascal as Frederick, Idina Menzel as Florence,
Josh Groban as Anatoly, Kerry Ellis as Svetlana, Marti
Pellow as the Arbiter, David Bedella as Alexander, and
Clarke Peters as Walter. The Civil Servants (in Embassy
Lament) were sung by Cantabile[22]
6.4 2010 to present
A Hungarian revival of Chess ran in 2010 in Budapest.
This concert production closely followed the script of
the Royal Albert Hall production of 2008, though the
songs Hymn of Chess, The Merchandisers, The Ar-
biter (reprise) and Talking Chess were cut. It was pro-
duced by PS Produkci and directed by Cornelius Baltus.
The Hungarian lyrics were written by gnes Romhnyi
and the choreographer was Karen Bruce.[23] The rst
major American revival of Chess since 1993 ran at the
Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia in 2010.[24] The
show followed the story of the American version, though
it streamlined the book and reordered some of the songs.
It was directed by Eric D. Schaeer. The cast included
Jeremy Kushnier as Freddie, Euan Morton as Anatoly,
and Jill Paice as Florence.[25][26]
A production directed by Craig Revel Horwood toured
for 10 months in the UK and Ireland in 20102011. It
was an actor-musician production, with 25 out of the
30 cast members playing instruments. Changes to the
libretto included the removal of Merano and Walter
and Florence. The cast included James Fox as Freder-
ick, Shona White as Florence, Steve Varnom as Alexan-
der, James Graeme as Walter, David Erik as the Arbiter,
and Poppy Tierney as Svetlanana. Mirvish Productions
staged a Toronto run in 2011, following the U.K. tour,
using most of the UK Tour cast. Changes to the libretto
included the removal of The Merchandisers. Another
German version (with the songs performed in English)
was produced by the Theater Bielefeld (Municipal The-
atre Bielefeld) in Bielefeld, Germany in 20112012.[27]
A one-night concert was given at Lincoln Center, in New
York in 2012, billed as Chess in Concept 2012: A benet
performance for the Actors Fund of America. The cast
included Robert Cuccioli as Anatoly, Natascia Diaz as
Florence, Drew Sarich as Frederick, and Tamra Hayden
10
as Svetlana. This version returned to the original concept
album for its musical structure, Tim Rices original sce-
nario, and incorporated virtually all of the British score.
It was produced and directed, and the score was arranged,
by Christopher Martin.[28]
A New Zealand production of Chess ran in 2012, in the
Regent On Broadway, directed by Steven Sayer. The
show was produced by the Abbey Musical Theatre.[29]
A 2012 Melbourne, Australia production was directed
by Gale Edwards and mounted by The Production Com-
pany.[30] The cast featured Martin Crewes as Frederick,
Michael Falzon as the Arbiter, Silvie Paladino as Flo-
rence, and Simon Gleeson as Anatoly,[31] It was staged
at the State Theatre, backed by Orchestra Victoria.[32]
The role of the Arbiter was expanded slightly by shar-
ing Florences song Nobodys Side.[33] The show ran for
10 performances[34] and was nominated for twelve Green
Room Awards in 2012,[35] eventually winning seven.[36]
Chess was also nominated for two 2013 Helpmann
Awards,[37] with Paladino winning Actress in a Leading
Role.[38]
The Union Theatre in London revived Chess in 2013, fol-
lowing the story line of the 2008 Chess in Concert.[39]
East West Players, the longest running professional the-
ater of color in the US, staged a revival of the UK ver- [10] Holden, Stephen (May 9, 1985). Critics Notebook;
sion of Chess with a multi-cultural cast in 2013 at the
David Henry Hwang Theatre in Los Angeles, California,
directed by Tim Dang. The production garnered an ex- [11] Gans, Andrew. Deluxe Edition of Original Chess
cellent review from the Los Angeles Times.[40]
7 Principal Roles and Casting His-
tory
The casts listed below are based on both major produc- [14] Previous Winners: Olivier Winners 1986. Olivier
tions of the show and commercially-available cast record-
ings.
8 Main characters
9 Dierences between the major
versions
10 References
[1] Harold C. Schonberg (1998-05-08). Does Anyone Make
a Bad Move In 'Chess?". New York Times. Retrieved
2008-04-27. Bernie Jacobs, the grand Rhadamanthus
of the Shubert Organization, one of the presenters of the
musical, says that Bobby originally was the model for the
American player but that in the course of events his image
got a little diluted.
10 REFERENCES
[2] Ray Keene. Keene on Chess: Viktor Korchnoi.
Chessville. Archived from the original on 2007-10-29.
[3] Marynowski, Jenna. Chess an epic story of love and Cold
War politics. After the houselights.com, accessed 20
May 2017.
[4] Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M.
Siracusa (2008). Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting
the End of the Cold War. Westport, Connecticut: Green-
wood Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-313-35241-6.
[5] BBC - Radio 2 - Elaine Paige.
[6] CHESS seeks to shed its checkered past Archived June
27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Stephen Holden, The
New York Times, 24 April 1988
[7] How to spend 4 million in one night Archived June 27,
2009, at the Wayback Machine., Tim Rice, The Sunday
Times, 11 May 1986
[8] Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of ABBA,
Carl Magnus Palm, p. 471
[9] William Roland Hartston; Tim Rice; Benny Andersson
(1986). Chess: the making of a musical. Pavilion. ISBN
978-1-85145-006-0.
Building a Musical Around a Record Album. The New
York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Recording Will Feature Two CDs and DVD; Track List-
ing Announced Playbill.com, November 12, 2014
[12] Chess. Samuel French. 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2013-
10-21.
[13] Albemarle - Awards. Albemarle-london.com. Archived
from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
Awards. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Re-
trieved 2013-10-21.
[15] USA Today, June 21, 1988
[16] CHESS The Musical Collection - London, Broadway, In
Concert, Pa (download torrent) - TPB. Thepiratebay.se.
Retrieved 2013-08-15.
[17] Chess on WorldCat.
[18] Gans, Andrew. Heaven Help Her Heart: Julia Murney
Heads Cast of All-Star Chess Concert Sept. 22, play-
bill.com, September 22, 2003, accessed September 9,
2016
[19] Gans, Andrew. One Night in Hollywood: Chess Ben-
et Presented Sept. 17 Archived June 5, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine., playbill.com, September 17, 2007
[20] Chess: Mehr als nur schwarz und wei, Musicalzentrale,
accessed August 9, 2015
[21] Royal Albert Hall Chess in Concert, Chess in Concert.
Retrieved 29 December 2008.
 11

[22] Production of Chess. Theatricalia. 2008-05-13. Re-

trieved 2013-08-15.
[23] Sakk, Chess (in Hungarian). PS Produkci. Retrieved
2010-08-11.
[24] Signature Theatre. Sig-online.org. Retrieved 2012-02-
09.
[25] 2010-2011 Season.
[26] Jones, Kenneth. " Chess, Starring Jill Paice, Jeremy Kush-
nier and Euan Morton, Opens at Signature in VA, Play-
bill.com, August 29, 2010
[27] Chess: One Night in Bankok, Musicalzentrale, accessed
August 9, 2015
[28] Chess in Concert 2012
[29] Abbey Musical Theatre : Homepage. Abbeymusi-
caltheatre.co.nz. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
[30] Michelle Pountney (13 August 2012). Players back in
the game. Herald Sun. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
[31] Erin James (30 July 2012). Chess rehearsals begin, Mel-
bourne. Aussie Theatre. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
[32] Tim Carney August 24, 2012
[33] AussieTheatre.com.au. Chess Rooked!". Aussiethe-
atre.com.au. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
[34] Erin James (18 August 2012). Chess opens in Mel-
bourne. Aussie Theatre. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
[35] 2012 Green Room Awards Recipients. Australian Stage
Online. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
[36] 2012 Green Room Awards Nominations. Stage Whis-
pers. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
[37] 2013 Helpmann Award Nominations. Stage Whispers.
24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
[38] 2013 Helpmann Award Winners. Stage Whispers. 29
July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
[39] The denitive version of CHESS to premiere at Lon-
dons Union Theatre | icethesite - Benny Andersson and
Bjrn Ulvaeus news site. icethesite. Retrieved 2013-08-
15.
[40] Nichols, David C. (2013-05-17). Review: 'Chess revival
takes an inventive spin at East West Players. latimes.com.
Retrieved 2013-08-15.

11 External links
Chess at the Internet Broadway Database
icethesite Benny Andersson & Bjrn Ulvaeus
news site, including West End and Broadway re-
views of Chess
Plot summary & casting breakdown
Chess the Musical 2010
Chess musical
12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Chess (musical) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_(musical)?oldid=781449308 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Derek Ross, Shsil-
ver, Rbrwr, Edward, Gabbe, Kingturtle, Cyan, Jeandr du Toit, GRAHAMUK, Dcoetzee, RickK, Ike9898, Invalidname, E23~enwiki,
VeryVerily, Bgruber, Arslan ibn Da'ud, Thunderbolt16, Seth Ilys, David Gerard, ScudLee, Jao, Nunh-huh, Jrdioko, Jla, Andycjp, Cjewell,
OwenBlacker, Rosemaryamey, Kaisersanders, Neutrality, Sam, Arminius, Qui1che, Rich Farmbrough, Stephenpace, MockTurtle, War-
pozio, Chrisglew, BrokenSegue, Guidod, Cadriel, Wendell, Guy Harris, Ashley Pomeroy, SidP, Uucp, SteinbDJ, Jess Cully, Fryede, Di-
enstag, Megan1967, Woohookitty, Spikex, Jpers36, Lkjhgfdsa, Plrk, Mandarax, Discipline~enwiki, BD2412, Kbdank71, Zephyrprince,
Melesse, Rjwilmsi, Okj579, Koavf, Gryndor, XLerate, Cmouse, Gurch, Str1977, Sherool, Bgwhite, Noclador, RussBot, Hede2000, Xihr,
Maadio, Voyevoda, Korny O'Near, Krakatoa, CecilWard, Mikeblas, Chrishota, Omtay38, Tom Morris, AndrewWTaylor, SmackBot, Har-
bek, Harperbruce, Piccadilly, Gregmce, Commander Keane bot, Fetofs, MaskedSheik, Chris the speller, Stevotower, Fizzerbear, Oatmeal
batman, Jaculis, Sct72, Mensuur, GVnayR, Hoof Hearted, Derek R Bullamore, BullRangifer, LordCalvert, Alcuin, G-Bot~enwiki, Music-
Maker5376, Khazar, RomanSpa, Kyoko, Phaeton23, Norm mit, Simon12, Woodshed, Travisl, Spacini, Pudmaker, Wolfdog, Loobyloo,
Mark E, ShelfSkewed, Markneill, Mccojr02, Shadwstalkr, Otto4711, Ssilvers, Thijs!bot, Supparluca, Gopman1, JustAGal, Dugwiki, Hires
an editor, AntiVandalBot, Jvd897, Ozzieboy, Erwin85Bot, Kauczuk, Glennwells, Ani td, Scholar91, Geniac, Wasell, Mrund, Echriscopal,
Flami72, Pern, J.delanoy, BigrTex, Rob Burbidge, Megaleech, Dmz5, Belovedfreak, VolkovBot, Jacob Lundberg, Voorlandt, Absalom89,
Cdncuteboy, Gibson Flying V, Rarmin, Number87, Shawncorps1, Softlavender, Jokkis~enwiki, SieBot, Sposato, Ttony21, WereSpielChe-
quers, Jack Merridew, Hibernius, Barliner, Dreamer.se, Lightmouse, Helikophis, HighInBC, ImageRemovalBot, Xanadubroadway, Clue-
Bot, Dustman15, Elaela2, Arakunem, Mazz0626, Mezigue, Niceguyedc, Crywalt, Sundiszno, Rhododendrites, Sun Creator, TheRed-
PenOfDoom, Unclemikejb, Sustructu, Tuzapicabit, XLinkBot, Little Mountain 5, NonNobisSolum, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Vanished user
zdkjeirj3i46k67, Smetanahue, Vzf2ps, LaaknorBot, Chamal N, Barnyingram, Tassedethe, Mrmopy, Lightbot, Gpartington, Arbitrarily0,
Rolyphoned1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, AnomieBOT, Keithwjones, Broadwaylover, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Gymnophoria, Distant
Cousin, Bihco, Julle, GrouchoBot, Scholar90, Maguroyama, Cowboyhat64, Preobrazhenskiy, FrescoBot, Sullivana240894, Qwerty786,
RedBot, ScottMHoward, Matthew Beta, Gracefoo, Discographer, Melthamman, Ais67, Matthewwalker17, Bento00, Beyond My Ken, John
of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, GoingBatty, Kristique, Princess Lirin, Kent tyler, NearTheZoo, ZroBot, KuduIO,
Wayne126, Unreal7, Ulf Dunkel, RaqiwasSushi, Billbob2994u29292, Johhnwww, Jeremymoskowitz, ClueBot NG, Colapeninsula, Snot-
bot, PeterDerren, Adarlin, Oeiriad, Helpful Pixie Bot, YborCityJohn, Stefanotrieste, BG19bot, Jaykepearce, Toyahfan, PhnomPencil,
Marbella123, Cchuynh, Isaacmiller1993, Djwilsondc, Palmiepaul, Philipandre, Jimw338, Khazar2, EditorE, Mrtorrentialrain, Janinehe-
garty, Wyvex, UW Dawgs, Schmendel85, I hate thinking of names, Kvrne Hansen, A.sky245, Synthwave.94, Abbamouse, Johnhavu,
Duerer38, Yasinator360, Decent Dan Moore, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot, Bender the Bot, Cedricdouglas and Anonymous: 295

12.2 Images
File:ChessDVD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/ChessDVD.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

12.3 Content license

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