vel 1.2 Seon a JL/PH846, BRIDGEWORKs DESIGN DETAILS SECTION G - INSPECTION, ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR 80D NO. G1 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS FOR INITIAL ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION Assessment is carried out using limit state philosophy with the exception of cast iron construction and brick or stone masonry arches (ref BD 21/93 Section 2.1). Chapter 4 of BD 21/93 The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures gives recommendations on the characteristic strength of materials to be used for section analysis in the initial assessment. Testing is normally carried out only if the initial assessment indicates the material strength is inadequate, or if there is some doubt about the nature and quality of the material. Guidance is given in BD 21/93 on the characteristic strength of: Structural steel Steel reinforcement Prestressing tendons Concrete Wrought ron Brick and stone masonry Guidance is also given on the permissible stress to be used in cast iron. This BDD gives additional guidance. on the characteristics strength of : - GI/ -1.3 14 Structural steel - See Section 2 Steel reinforcement ~ See Section 3 Presstressing tendons - See Section 4 Concrete - See Section 5 Particular reference is made to relevant British Standards relating to material specifications. The characteristic strength is the strength below which not more than 5% of all test results may be expected to fall. It is for : Steel reinforcement - the yield or 0.2% proof strength Prestressing tendons = the breaking load of a tendon Concrete ~ the 28 day cube strength of the concrete For structural steel the nominal yield strength is used. Characteristic strengths given within brackets in sections 2, 3 and 5 are the metric conversions in N/mm2 of strengths given in imperial units in t/in? or 1b/in2 taken from the relevant standard. Notes1t/in2 = 15.44 N/mm2 1 1b/in? 0.006895 N/mm? Characteristic breaking loads given in brackets in Section 4 are either : a) the metric conversion in kN of either the breaking load in Ibf or of the equivalent minimum tensile stress in t/in2 taken from the relevant standard. - G1/2 -15 Note:1 Ibf 4.408 x 10 73 kN 1 tin? 9.964 x Td? KN = 7.826 d2kN 4 where d = diameter of prestressing wire in inches. or b) the value in kN corresponding to the minimum tensile stress in Kgf/mn2 or N/nm@ taken from the relevant standard. Notes1 kgf /mm2 9.807 x TL_d2 kN = .0077 d2 KN 10004 1 N/m? +7854 x 10-42 kN where d= diameter of prestressing wire in mm. This BDD relates specifically to characteristic strength of materials, but some guidance is also given on section sizes. It is beyond the scope of this 80D to give comprehensive details of section sizes of all hot rolled structural steel sections, but some guidance on British Standards on which to refer is given in Appendix I. Details of preferred mesh sizes of fabric reinforcement is given in Appendix II, Areas of prestressing strand are given in Section 4 along with the characteristic strength of the strand. + G1/3 -STRUCTURAL STEEL 2a 0 21/93 | Section 4.3 of BD 21/93 states that in the absence of definite information, a characteristic yield strength of 230 N/mm? may be assumed for steel produced before 1955 from when steel has been available in various grades and reference should be made to the relevant British Standard. Appendix C2 to BD 21/93 (reproduced on the following page) | gives a table of minimum yield stresses specified in various post 1955 British Standards, see 2.2. - G1/4 -Minimunt British Standard Yield Strengths N/mm? Mild Steel BS 15: 1948 Amendment No 1 April 1959 Up to 20mm thickness aur 21mm to 51mm thickness ¢ 230 BS 2762: 1956 Notch ductile IA Up to 51mm thickness 220 Notch ductile IB Up to 51mm thickness 235 Notch ductile IIA Up to 51mm thicknes: 220 Notch ductile IIB Up to 51mm thirkness 235 High Yield Steel BS 968: 1962 Up to 16mm thickness 355 1am to 32mm thickness 347 33mm to Simm thickness 340 L * The above table is only valid for plates, flats and sections up to 51mm thickness. 4 BS 15 revision September 1961. Universal beams and universal columns with flange thicknesses less than 38mm have minimum yield stresses of 247N/mm2, TABLE OF MINIMUM YIELD STRESSES TO POST 1955 BRITISH STANDARDS Ref 8D Zits App C22.2 2.2.1 British Standard Material Specifications Relevant British Standards specifying the yield strength (or failing that the tensile strength) of steel are : i) Mild steel ( pre 1968) to BS 15 ii) Mild steel (pre 1968) to BS 2762 and BS 3706 iii) High yield steel (pre 1968) to BS 548 and BS 968 iv) All grades of structural steel (post 1968) to BS 4360 and BS EN 10 025 BS 5400 : Part 3 (as amended by BD 13/90) gives yield strength Gf steels covered by BS 4360 : 1990 and BS EN 10 025 : 1990, see 2.3. Mild Steel (Pre 1968 to BS 15: BS 15 : 1906 Standard specification for structural steel for bridges and general building construction. BS 15 : 1912 + ditto - BS 15 : 1930 = ditto - BS 15 : 1936 - ditto - Each of these standards gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28 t/in@ but none gave the yield strength (but see BS 15 : 1948, which also specified a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28t/in? and yield strengths for differing thicknesses) . BS 15: 1948 Structural steel This standard gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28 t/in@ and yield strengths as follows:~ - G1/5 -Upto and including %" thick 16 t/in? (247 N/mm2) Over %" upto 14" thick 18 t/in® (232 N/mm2) Over 14" thick 14.75 t/in2@(228 N/mm2) BS 15 : 1961 Mild steel for general structural purposes Uc’ + UBS Flonges < 36mm Oy = 247 Nima i Yield strengths were as BS 15 : 1948 BS 15: 1961 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968 2.2.2 Mild Steel (pre 1968) to BS 2762 and BS 3706 BS 2762 : 1956 Notch ductile steel for general structural purposes This standard covered mild steels whose notch ductility was better than ordinary mild steel to BS 15. Yield strength was given as follows : Grade | Class | Nominal thickness Minimum yield stress in. t/in2 (N/mm) NOI 0.40 to 0.75 15.00 (232) NDIT A over 0.75 14.25 (220) NOIII Nolv 0.40 to 0.75 16.00 (247) 8 over 0.75 15.25 (236) BS 2762 : 1956 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968 - G1/6 -2.2.3 BS 3706 : 1964 Specification for mild steel for general engineering purposes. This standard covered mild steels generally similar to BS 15 but without a specified yield strength. Minimum tensile strength specified as 26 t/in? for plates, sections and bars and 25 t/in? for rivet bars. BS 2762 : 1964 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968 High yield steel (Pre 1968) to BS 548 and BS 968 BS 548 : 1934 High tensile structural steel for bridges and general building construction. This standard gave the following minimum yield strength : Thickness Minimum yield strength (N/mm?) ‘Thickness upto and including 1%" Over 14" upto and including 1%" (340) Over 1%" upto and including 24" (324) Over 2%" upto and including 2%" (309) Over 23" (293) BS 548 : 1934 was withdrawn in 1965. BS 968 : 1941 (War emergency standard) High tensile (welding quality) structural steel for bridges and general building construction Minimum yield stresses were as BS 548:1934 upto Amendment No.1. Amendment No. 1:1943 Thickness Minimum yield strength t/in® Thickness upto and including 4" Over 3" 19 - G1/7 -2.2.4 BS 968 : 1962 High tensile (welding quality) structural steel for bridges or general building purposes. This standard gave the following minimum yield strength : Thickness Minimum yield strength tfine | (W/m?) Thickness upto and including 5/8" 23 (355) Over 5/8" upto and including 1%" 22.5 (347) Over 1%" upto and including 2" 22 (340) Over 2" to be agreed BS 968 : 1962 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968 All grades of structural steel (Post 1968) to BS 4360 and BS_EN 10 025 BS 4360 : 1968 Weldable structural steels Part 1 This standard included comprehensive specification in imperial units covering steels previously covered by : BS 15 BS 968 BS 2762 BS 3706 and it also included an increased range of steels. Four groups were specified (40, 43, 50 and 55 corresponding to minimum tensile strengths of 26, 28, 32 and 36 t/in? respectively i.e. approximately 400, 430, 500 and 550 N/mm?) . BS 4360 : 1969 Weldable structural steels Part 2 This standard was the same as BS 4360 : 1968 except it was given in metric units. - G1/8 -BS 4360 : 1972 Meldable structural steels This standard included weathering steel grade 50. BS 4360 : 1979 Weldable structural steels BS 4360 : 1986 Weldable structural steels BS 4360 : 1990 Weldable structural steels BS EN 10 025: 1990 Hot rolled products of non alloy structural steels and their technical delivery conditions. BS EN 10 025 : 1990 is the Euro standard covering structural steels and is complemented by BS 4360°: 1990 which covers steel not included in BS EN 10 025 : 1990, The minimum yield stresses to all grades of steel covered by BS 4360 : 1969 to BS 4360 : 1986 are contained on the following pages. The minimum yield stress for steel after 1990 may be obtained from BS 5400 : Part 3 . - G1/9 -Conversion table for values of minimum yield stress given in BS 4360 : 1968 tLin? N/mm? 13.5 208 14.25, 220 14.5 224 15.0 232 15.5 239 16.0 247 16.5 255 17.0 262 17.5 270 18.0 278 21.0 324 21.5 332 22.0 340 22.5 347 23.0 355 26.0 401 27.0 47 28.0 432 29.0 448 00 AGS at 479 wo Aap - G1/10 - (1t/in2= 15.44 N/mm2)Soumya sree wae for Bat Ba over 4 in this to Be BS 4360 : 1968, NOTES steed between the manufacture ad the purchaser Sa 3. alheum tense tenth 94s! for material ovr 2 in bck he 4. Minimum sctJsites 160 tonfin Tor unersal bea, columns and Bearing pleco BS 4 Stactural sel sections” Par * Hotoed sesions" wih ange thckneues nt exceeding 13 in 4 For unnersal beams. columas sa teri ples the maximo tense strength maybe insteased to 28 roti Yield ies in Tene ‘ Grade Tate pw Ove Ove Over Over | * Yield s,m ee Sie ae inelig op aod wptoad aptoand vp ioand Tease — - TE Gklidig Wkding lodine Sloine Grade strength Uptoand — Over Over Over Tis Nis tale Tete Ge i ae “tie wpiodal wpinand yh ted toaffiat tonfin® tontfin® tonfia® cogfiat toaflin® Tiyine Dein! aint 40a 26/51 i a Coatlat tonto" conifist —tonfia® confit 4p BSL 5S SSMS “on SL “ op iLO 35 40cm) SS 15S 4S SS 4oC 51150145 135 op 2S 155 15D SSS sop 1170160 aS ; HOE L165” GO 55 SO | MAS. WE 1706S i sa wee, | = 43AL , 28/33. — — aaa 453A, 28/53 165; 160 155) 150 | 145 BA B/S 16-0 155) 150 140 1 ‘ 4 7 4B 5° 160 155 = 150180 438 | 251890) 165 | 160 | 155%! 150 | 145 SC 28185, 160155 1505185 | 4c | m0s 65 GO| SS | SO | 145 ‘sp 8s so NSS 8D WSS 165 GO, SSO |S “SE 28/33 180 1s 165 185 BE | 28/35 1TH TO 16H | 160 | 155 | 1 a == eA wo sop 32K00 205 BOLO ! son, no! 250 225 | as | m0 | ab \ ee ee eC S240 230 | 225 | m5 | m0 | ALO By agree ' i sop, 30 250 mas mao Bam ete rant as | ms | ms | m0 | wy | agree — | | | ment psoas aa [Eee eee tang | ssc izes | a0 | a0 | aro | — | — on i _ ssc! seus me S509 35}45 290 280 + 270 * 250 SE. S65 290 BOO ! SECTIONS (OTHER THAN HOLLOW SECTIONS) AND FLAT BARS PLATES NOTES Minimum tensile strength 31 toafia for materia over 219 in thick, Minioum yield stress values for material over in thick (0 be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, NIA Minin yield stess 189 toniin for mat Minimum Sil! stress 160 tonfin® for material up al up to and including 3 i thick 1d including %¢ in thick.BS 4260 : 1963 NOTES 1, Values for thicknesses over $4 a ae subject to agreement between the manufacture and the purchaser ied stress, mi. Teale Uptotnd Over Grade strength Wading "ooffint tonffin® tonflint tonflia® tonfin’ —toaffin® 21 | aes 28 | 155150) 4S 1425S Ml. 5 150s 1425S op jas. i iss 9 150 5 45 425 185. foe [ost » 65 | 60 155 5014s —_—— ; wat |aoss | | = wa | 233 | 165 | ee sp | 203 | 16s 155150 * 145 ssc |2ass | 165 15150 | 145 ssp | 2933 65 | 60 55 | 4S. ase | 253 | ars | ano atta ee es oy |aK0") a0 | 0 a0 i | | 1 soc | sao] aso | 230 | 25 as | 210 sop Vic tees in ra erste ES Grate serenzth —incading Sn tent i tin? asc 28,35 165 “3 20455 165 a3 28135 115 508 32180 23 soc 32140 2s sop 32140 23 55C 36185 Ey 55E 36185 2 HOLLOW ‘SECTIONS ssc 556 ROUND AND SQUARE BARS NOTES 1 Miniznum yield stress values for round and square bars over 61h in may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, as muy ‘minimum yk stress values for grade SOD over +i, 2 N/A 5X Minimum tensile strength 3 tonflin® for fates over 314i8S 4360: Part 2: 196y NOTES ress 34a fe Had Sars over 120 em Hg ced Beten Se manasturer and the purchaser. B Sitinam seas 1948 bar for material aver $0 i sean 345 hae for unr Sea i nee Thiskesses not exceeding 40 For universi seams, columns and bearing ples the asians 9 BS-4 Seructuri steel sstions* Part 1* Hotolles te seength ra be increased 0 $4 bar 3 Tee wi | 5 | | cute Bitty cae gue gue gue, Que, Ved tes. Vy inchs uttct vptoasd vptoand eptozed viides qnigies welts Wis Hed erste Se dee tee Grae ith Uptoand ove a mene Vesa ie, om a eee mim Bide maine "ana comm! ee eer - ee oso os OO wart nbare Mars her B® 1 eo ms mo ato a : ; ; Oe OH gs mee foo se to OS BOD foc fms 30s DD for 55H ho HOS fon 9-0 SOS __ ed sa BRO ~ , : Sa Gsm 25 sO wD BS woe 0h os oe a ® %o ae BB SLO 255 45 HOM 250 VG. o a Se st ss oS DOS er == 7 ee 43D 43/5L 55 HG HD SO AH A ays HS MOH wSD-BO Gr ait 7700S SO so om 4s HOM Bo m0 oA oe ae aysl| 25 HOM) SSS 50B SO} 55 SHS HO HS gp wm 0 m0 5 HO sec sosat) 85S HORS ep er eee otra et tase eae) sp soe SSS HOB son oT ‘ foo ene 355 SOS — 4 my oe sum S590 0 GO SO soc soa 59 HS - ws J es Vhhbar = 10" Nim’ aoe lon fant pies Tighe SECTIONS (OTHER THAN = HOLLOW SECTIONS) AND FLAT BARS ssc | 50 GOO | Tine TO a : pe Lon|met sland | NoTES ‘Minimum tensile strength 48 Nar for materi over 63 mm thick Minion yield ses taues for material over 100 mm thick to be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser Wa Stim yield ses 23 bar for materia upto afd including 19 mm thick Minimum yield ses 24:5 ha for material upto ad including 19 rm thick¢ ‘Vie tees, in Tense Uptoand Over Over Quer Over Grade Steeath iacoding Simm sdeom, Sam 100-0, "Simm yptoand yptoand uploand uptoam TRloding Taclading Uncudiog aca ‘Som hmm “TOD 160mm hbae* bart hbar® —hbar* 40a 408 — - 408 «443-20 0S D2 wc me OS DAO sop 08280 BS mB] BLO WE OHS 55S DSO asar | ayst Ss BA 45/51 2550S DB 4B ASSL 255 = 5 BHO BOOS HC 4551, 255 SO 230 RS 4D 4ysl SS OSD RS. 4SE 4ySL OT OHS HHO 0A 5062 — — 0B SOK 555 SSS MS SO OS soc 50am 355 SSMS sop 50/62 5 MS oe Over Over Uptoand 1emm, 28m Including upto and ; upto aod , vp to and “emm “lacading cluding eluding Sum" "0mm “esmm 55 ao 0S SSE 570 4500S 00 BS 4360: Part > 1969 NOTES Yalues for hickneses over 16 mim ate subject to agreement Between the manufacturer and the purchase. Sy nbar = 10" Nim 21M /mm* ROUND AND SQUARE BARS or 1 Minimum yiek simimimn yi 2 NIA tess value for grade SOD over 100 rm 3 Menu tensile strength 48 bar for material over 830 mm. Tensile Vieldstess in, Gade strengte “Upto and ‘aelaing Taber = 10 Nia tonfenn® HOLLOW SECTIONS sues values for coun ad square bars over 160 rim may Be agreed between the manuictrer ad the purchaser 88 mayBS 4360: 1972 Gwe Tensile srengen | Yield zea min Uptomnd Ove mm Over mm Ove 6 mm inching uptoand”—uptoand up toand Tm including cling coding 40mm 6 mm 100mm Ninn? Nam? Ninn? Niwm? Ne soa 007480 s — — soa so0res0 230 2s, 20 20 toe 007480 no 2s® 220 x0 soo sonvse0 260 as 40 ns 40 4007480 260 us 240 ns mal 30/510 = = — Ga 430/810 as 2400 230 220 oa 430/810 as 20 20 220 aac S30rs10 2as 2400 as ns 20 ss0/si0 280 270 285 m0 ae 430/510 280 x0 285 m0 Soa 4301620) = : = soo 43076200 | 385 was 340 33 soc 90160 | ass us do ns 300 4904620 8s, as 40 87 azeement soot 4901620 385 as - Upwomd Over t6mm Ove 25 mm Over 40mm inciting = uptoand”—uptoand.”—uptoand {mm including tactading inching am mms 6mm ssc ss07100 450 30 ais = Sse ssorr00 430 40 as 400 plates Notes 1. Minimum yield stress valves or material over 100 mm thick tobe agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 2 N/A a NYA “oN 8 N/A 6. Minimum yield stress 230 N/mm? for materia up to and including 19 mm thick. 7. Minimum yield stress 245 N/mm: for material up to and inching 19 mm thick {8 Minimum tensile strength 480 N/mm? for material over 63 mm thick, .BS 4360: 1972 | Grade Tense Yield stress min | strength __ Cpto and Over 16 mm Over 25 mm Over 40mm Over 63 mm including uptoand—uptoand—uptoand. up toand 16mm including including cluding includ 25mm mm 63mm 100 mi Sonn Simm? Simm? Nimm* Simm? Nim as 400.480 = = — _ “08 4001480 280, as 0 20 anc 400480240, ns 220 20 400 soos; 240 as 20 no 40 sooisa | ass 24s 280 230 ns BAL 43075100 = = BA 4305100 | 255, 24s 260 20 ns 38 430/510 | 285, HS 2800 230 ns ac aosio | 285, das 240 230 22s «0 soso | 25s ms 20 230 ns GE soso | 270 260 255 as 240 S04 490/620 = = = = = 508 390/620 | 355, as 34s 340 35 sec 490/620 | 35s 3s aus Mo as sop. 490620 | 385 us Ms M40 By agreement ssc sso700 | 450 50 ais = = SSE sso700 | 4s0 420 ais 400 = sections (other than hollow sections) and flat bars NoTES 1. For universal beams, columns and bearing pies the yield stress obtained on test pieces taken from the web shall be not less than 15 N/mm? greater than the specified minimum valve 2 ona 3, Minimum yield stress values fr flat bars over 100-mm thick (o be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. SMA 5. NIB & NIA 7. For univertal beams, columns and bearing ples the maximum tense strength may be increased to $40 N/mm’ 8. Minimum yield stress 245 N/m’ for universal beams, columns and bearing piles to BS 4: Part 1 with lange thicknesses not exceeding 40 mm. 9. Minimum tense strength 480 N/m? for material over SO mm thickose aren cau 0r¢9 240 feateU 20) UU) OB HRUENE apFUR: AMAA su 901 #9A0 GOS 2Pest 20) sone 9 sy pur sonyseynuews ain weomieg pooide 9q Aus uu Q9T £040 $189 arenbr pu Puno 5 vin > € SALON sieq exenbs pue punos oor sir ocr osy ootioss ass = sty or ose oocioss oss _ ‘wu ¢9 ww oF wl $2 supepur = Supnpm SPN wu 9 pironds poured © puwandn © Bupa wugymag wurszzeag — wurgT IAQ puro dc, o- ce sve se se 079/08 os ste ore sve sse sse enrs/o6r 20s see oe sve sse sse ozsioey 0s iz _ — aa ~ — ‘079/06 ‘yos. ove sw ssz ost one aisfory ae ste oer ove sw ssz ors ace stz ez ow cd ssz oer sz oz ove sve Sst ate - oz ove sw sr ver = ze — — —~ ols iver st ore ove swe st osr/oor aor oir ore sez oez prior aor oz ore sez ore osr/oor 20 oz owe sz ez oerioor aor = = = = ogr/oor yor sau aun uN oy syn 1m 991 “wus 901 ‘ww £9 uur 05 poet Spay upeey | SUPPR|UT sw 52 prods povordn —purordn ——purondn——_Supnpsu) ww 901 #4 weg 149 Mos aA STII PLE ON ga mu ‘wons pia | wfuans onus 2PHD) cL6L O9E SAby teUU Ie Grade Tense Yield sess, mn : soenath | Cptoand Over 2mm Over 25 mm — Over 40mm Over 63 mm uptoand.upioand.—uptoand——_ up oand including including eluding me 40mm 3mm 108 Sin Nemn Sou Sam S a Sum wResnar 480 ae ais a 7 - wRSON 480 sao ~ wesos1 480 Ms os us ne wRsop 380 ‘ues us - wesc 480 Less Hs Ms = plates, sections (other than hollow sections) and flat bars — weather resistant grades Gnie Tensile "Yel es, strength " Uptoand — Over 25 mm Over SO mm ‘Over 63mm Over 75 mm ecimt Sp wand.” uptoand”uptoand up toand imsoding Rung lading including including Sam? Glam) 78mm 100mm Niawn? Nimm! | Nime? Nim! N/mm? N/mm? wRsoar 480 40 as mas = - wrsoa 480 40 = = - ~ eso! 480 as os us wo 340 wrsop 480 as M40 S wrsoc 480 us sas as a40 : ( round and square bars — weather resistant grades Grade Supply Tenate Yield stress, contiion strength min. Upto ind including 16mm thicknes* Nimm? N/mm? Hot finished 500/620 355 0 i‘ Ue Normalized 500/620 355 hollow sections — weather resistant grades + Values for thicknesses over 16 mm ate subject to agreement between manufacturer and purchase.: Uptoand Ow mm Owrd0mm Ovi Gimm Simm" lading weisang 83nd SS? Emm’? teeing Now mt Nine Wi? Wr Jeon 200.480 : “ : foe foes i230 fas aa aio joc fons jz = dass BS to soo sooiaen | 260 20s x0 22 soe so0r480 | 250 a0 ns jesar ) a30/510 | - 2a'| ost [mex jana | Saoeto | ee 35 aac | sausio [ae 225 exo asorse | 200 se | aso 200 a0 oa mats sox | as01ez0 e = 508 | 490/620 | 355 45 340 326 soc | 490/620© | 355 345 340 325 soos | econo Joss aus - 5 s00 | sson20 [305 aes 0 By arent | oe | ssore20 ass ts oo By sreement | Uptoand Over 1G nm Owr 25m Over mm Wnuding’ Sptoand”” Sptoand™” Sotonnd i Tomm* Melody Weare wean Som" Some ue sar |ss0e20 |390 00 a0 ssc | ssorco [so aso a - sse_|ssorco so aso as 409 sar | sora aso 430 ats Plates po Nort 1, Winsmum 9 es 8S 4360: 1979 stvengin values for material over 100 min thick 1 be ag/ted beraen the manutocturer and the purchaser 2. NVA a Nia nye 5. Minimum yield strength 230 N/m for material up to and snelucing 19 mm thick & 2. Minimum tensile strength 480 Nimo" for material over 63 mn Revisions, Vat| rate 8S 4360 : 1979 Tanuie Yt ng, Ss. 2, Up t0 ‘Over Over Over Over ; andines, Emm 28m Som Fm iSmm nfo ote” plo” a i Bedocl, Sndinet. Sedna, Yaa 35mm fmm” Samm 300.nmn? Vow Vom! Nam! Ninn? iam? wes sont | coosas0 - ee, oa [ooo i240 02st soc fondo 24020 as 400 | a00weo fo oso g 40€ 409/480 | 285, 245 240 230, 226 waar8| a20V51 . : : 4A |aa0srot 255 usta? a0 as ae | asosios [asses eo? a0 as aac faaosto fas sane sop [anoso 25s es do 2088 sxe [asi [ar 00st soa | so0r20 | - -— so8 | 490/620 8 355 345, 345, 340 325, soc | 4906208 385 345, 345, 340, 325 soo | 90120 ass ate asad ssc [sso [aso ao ats sse | ssor00 [aso 20 at s00 flat bars, wide flats, universal wide flats” and sections (other than hollow sections)> NOTES to tobie 19 AD wnt reer ee) 2. For universal beams, colurnns and bearing piles the specitog minimum yield strangt it related tothe thickners at the sample Dositian. The yield strength obtained from test pices taken Irom ‘he web shal be not ess than 15 Nira? greater than the epecfied ‘minimum value 3. NIA 4, Minimum vied strength valves for flat bors, vee ubluacealende-ers over 100 mm thick to be ayteed Between the ‘monutecturer ond the purchaser 5 N/R 5 a NA 28. For universal beams, columas and bearing piles the maximum tensile strength may be increased to 540 Niemen 8, Minimum yield strength 245 N/mm? for universal beams, calummne and baering piles to 8S 4 Part t with Hangethicknestes fot exeseding 40 mm sil strength 480 N/mm? for material over 60 mm 10. Minima thiek8S 4360 : 1979 a pte Om Over Senet 33m $66 mm i Somme" mm” ome Tomes! pea as \ Tots [Aree 408 J4o0/ag0 | 240 230 225 220 210 fim Up to and toc favoraao | 200 ban aso Hho ‘eisai 16mm 40D }400/480 | 240 230 25 220 210 ‘thickness? soz |eooran } ass 2454025020 ee nee nee Tr ~ ~ | asc eases esa tt azar fasorsio E . - | 430 | 430/540 75 43a 430/510 | 255 245 240 230 | ] bieeks 438 430/510 | 255 245 240 230 225 | se fesorsta [ass aes 200 a0 2a ane | 20/540 as 430 430/510 | 255. 245 240 230 225 pa 29s ase feooisio [20 260255248240 soe [49020 | 355 ee [asoreco |e S00 [aoe [358 soa ors, — : 505 [toor709 | 355 asses Saas 0c |490/63 355 355 345 330 325 SOE | 490/640 baal ‘50D 490/620 | 355 355, 345 330, 2 - ssc | 520100 [aso Use Ow Ow om saint. fSimm Simm $3'om Brom" apie” apie” opie rn land incl. and inet. and inet. ‘s6€ | 550/700 a Som” Soran Sino I. ssc fesorr00 [aso aso ats ssc [ssorco aso «30 a8 a0 hollow sections notes rn bars round and square Pan 2, Val or hicks oe 16 me ate subi Yo armen works Sewean the manufacture andthe porch 1. Minimum yield strength vals for round and square bars over te apred Detmeun the nuactures ana the Aeiehaer” at oy mumimar veld see values for grade 300 ver 100 men + Revisions 1982 |[Gina Toons Velvregin fy mn | Te" pga Ow apm Ov Bam i Timm? lung ig Sim” Simm wasoaneso” es” 5 a wrsoa so [aes : wr5081' 480 345, 345, 345 wrsos | sso [25s us wrsoct| «50 ses es os wesoc |aso [oases os Over 40mm 50 rane Nom 240 30 3402 plates, flat bars, wide flats, universal wide flats, sections (other than hollow sections) and round and square bars : weather resistant grades nores 1 Round and square bars av lable at greater thicknesses, properties by sreement. BS 4360 1979 orate | Tensile | Yield ™ oS toad treluding Yemm tikes Nimes? Nim? jwasoc | s00re20 [955 jwnsoo | s0ovez0 |358 hollow sections: weather resistant grades8S 4360 1986 Grade Tensile srangth, Minimum yield wrength Ry, or thicknesses (in mm) Uptoand | Ow is 101 ‘Over 63! Over 100 including | uptoand , uptoand | upto and | up to and 16 Including | inclading | including | inelading | i “ a too” | 150 Nimm? Timm? | Nie? | wim? | ime? | Mime? 40a 340/500 ns | 225 215 205 | 185 408 340/500 25, 225 [as 208 | 185 aoe 340/800 238 2250) | 218 210 | 185 #00 340/600 235 28 25 218 205 aoce 340/500 260, 245 240 225 2085, wa wsoseow) | 276 265 255 2s «| 28 338 50158019) | 275 265, 255 245 28 ac aso/se0 (9) | 278 265 255 245 225 420 430/660 (9) 275 265 255 245 225 43Ee 430/50 (9), 78 | 265 255 245, 25 50a ‘90/680 (ONL) | 385 305 «| 380 305 305 | | | 508 s90i640 (00111) | 355 340 325 308 0c 90640 (101011) | 368 348, 340 325 305 00 490/640 (100119) | 356 34s 340 325 308 5000 | as0ve40 (r0Nin1) | 355, 345 340 325 305 soe | asoyea0(nuyra) | 38s | 34 340 325 305 SOF 490/640 390 390 - - 5 Upto and | owert6 | Owr2s | Over 40 Including | vp to and | up to and | up to and 6 ineuaiog | incling | inching 3 « 8 980 3601700 80 0 S Z ssee | 550/700 450 400 a5, 400 55 350/700 450 490 a8 E Lo plate, strip and wide fats (8) Minimum yield strength 230 N/own? for material up to 19 mm thick (9) Minimum tensile strength 410 N/mm? for material over 100 mm thick, (10) Minimum tensile strength 460 Nimen? for material over 63 mm thick up to and inelading 100 mm thick (1) Minimum tensile stength 460 N/mm? for material over 100 mm thick (12) Minimum tensile strength 480 Nim? for mat ial over 16 mm thick upto end including 100 mm thickBS 4360, 1986 Geode | Tensile Minimum yield strength, Re, for thickness | stengtn, in mel Any [Up to.and | Overt6 | Overs0 | Over63 | including | up toand | uptoand | upto and 6 Including | inetuding | including «0 3 100 J Nim? Nimm? | wim? | wim? | Nien oq} 3407500 | 235 25 215 205 40s | 340500 = |f235 | 225 25 205 aoc | 340/800 | 235 sia | 215 | 210 4op | 340/800 | 235, 225 215 215 4000 | 340/500 | 260 245 240 225 aaa | asorsso 275 | 265 255 245 aaa | asorsgo 275 | 205 | 255 245 aac | aaorseo 275 | 265 255 245 aap | 4301580 | 275, 265 255 245 4200 | soso | 275, 285 285 248 50a | 4907640 (5) | 355, 345 340 228 soe | 907640 (5) | 355, 345; 340 325 soc | 90/640 (5) | 365, 348 340 325 500 | ¢s0/e40 (5) | 355, 345 340 225 5000 | 4s0r640 (5) | 355, 345 340 025 soe | 907640 (8) | 355, 348 340 325 Uptoand | overt6 | over25 Ineluding | up to and | up to and 6 including | including 3 0 ssc | ssorroo | 450 430 as sections (other than hollow sections) (4) Minimum yield strength 230 N/mm for materi! up to an Including 19 mm thick. (5) Minimum tensile strength 480 Nienm? for materia) over 63 mm thik. (6) Minimum tense strength 480 N/mm? for material over 16 mm thick up to and including 100 mm thick8S 4360: 1986 “Tage | Teme nm pls ena Fe for thaxnawes | po | engin, am ‘ i Cad” Gouaeeean Uowomnd FOwie Owed | Owes 1 6 i including | including | including | | \ on | ae | Yoo | Nem? Nem? N/mm? Niemen? Nim? son | Sone |b” fz” [zis | 200 tos | 3anoo | 238 fs | ans | 205 oct || aroma a] osele allast | 2icg | 200 foo | aoe fas fza8 2s | 28 woe | some foo fats fate | as cam Tm = | li agin, | ty tor tree Bee | me wa] ss0neo [2m | 20s | 2s | as fae | sso favs 20s | 258 | 28s eeeieaaa aac | 430/880 25 265 255 245, | including | up to and fo | ssoseo | |ave f 20s fe | 28s | ee ade | 40 (2) [se | nso [ars [265 | ase 6 Lh -_ - - 7 soc | some [a” | 2s a zon | ssoreaor [ace as | a0 | a5 ae ee 508 490/640 (4) | 368 348 340 325 265 | LEG | feoreaote) | ass [aes =| 340 | 98 Ssopeota) | oss fans | ae | ms Se | Sooveaots) ass fans | an | aes soc | sooret0 [365 | a46 soo | «ooreeo ass | 248 ‘Upto and | Over 16 | Over 25 | Over 40 SOEE 400640 | 386 6 Including | upto ond | vptoand | op Te | Woluing | incling | ied Uptomed | ow 16 "| oe" |e incuing | and 1 | Gelding we | sor [ao [ao [as |— By See | ssonco jason | ats | 400 —— ssc | ssonao [aso | «a0 sece | ss07700 | aso | a0 I ser | ss0r700 | aso | a0 hallow sections (2 Onl eur hollow estos are vale in thekeses ovr 18 fas and round and square bars (4) Minimum tensile strength 480 N/mm? for material over 63 mm thick. {5) Minimum tensite strength 480 N/mm? for material over 16 mm thick up to and including 100 mn thick.BS 4360 : 1986 Grade | Minimum | Minimum yielé strength, Ry, forthicknoses tensile” | (inmml Uptoand | Over 12 | Over 25 | Over 40 including | up toand | up toand | up to and 2 ineluding | including | including ena 3 | a0 so rime? | Nom? | Nim? wrsoa | sas 325 228 z wrsos aes | aa 345 340 wasoc 25 vas | tas 340 (4) L es plates, strip, wide flats, flat, sections (other than hollow sections) and round ‘and square bars: weather resistant grades (4) Up 10 and including 63 mm, Temata [Minimom yield strength, Ay, for strength, | thicknesses (in ru) = Bn - Up to and Over 25, ncucing up to and 2mm Including | “0 wim? —[iiewm® | sumen? | mm wrsoa | 480 345 325 325 wrsos 480 345 348 345 wrsoc | 480 345 345 345 I hollow sections: weather resistant grades (2) Only cireular hollow sections are avallable in thicknesses over 16 mm.2.3 BS 5400 : Part 3 BS 5400 : Part 3 : 1983 Steel concrete and composite bridges Part 3, Code of practice for design of steel bridges as amended by BD 13//90 (reproduced on the following page) gives yield strength of steels covered by BS 4360 : 1990 and BS EN 10 025 : 1990, - GI/11 -‘The nominal yield stress o,, for steel supplied to a standard grade complying with the requirements of BS EN 10 025 or BS 4360 tested i accordance with those standards, should be taken as: ara " f I Steel grade in |Yield strength o,, for thickness (in mm) up to and | over 63 up to | over 100 up to BS EN 10 025) BS 4360 | including | and including | and including 63 100 150 Nm? NAm? N/m? Fe 360 40 225 215 195, Fe 430 43 265 245 225 Fe 510 50 355, 325 295 55 450 400 - WR 50 345 - - When steel to specifications other than BS EN 10 025 or BS 4360 is used the nominal yield stress should be taken as: Pe (2 100 where ) Cm ~ Ka x standard deviations from ym ) pe is the percentage tolerance below the specified thickness permitted by the relevant British Standard for material for the relevant thickness is the mean yield stress of material of the relevant thickness. is the coefficient as given in Table 7 of BS 2846:Part 3:1975, using the confidence level (1 -a@) = 0.95 and the proportion of the population P = 0.95." YIELD STRENGTH OF STEELS TAKEN FROM BS 5400 : PART 3 : 1983 AMENDED BY BD 13/903.1 STEEL REINFORCEMENT BO 21/93 Section 4.4 of BD 21/93 states that pre 1961 reinforcement may be assumed to have a characteristic strength not greater than 230 N/mm2, and for reinforcement after this date the strength shall be taken as specified in the appropriate design codes of the period for high yield and mild steel bars. With regard to the above, the characteristic strength of 230 N/mm2 relates to mild steel. It is not known to what the year 1961 relates, but BS 785 did not specify a minimum yield point for hot rolled mild steel bars until the 1967 revision. Characteristic strength (yield strengths) may be taken from the relevant British Standard material specification as values in design codes refer to material specifications. However design codes may not be specific to the exact type of reinforcement and where more than one type of bar may fit the design code the lower value of characteristic strength relating to these bars should be used for the initial assessment, unless records exist to indicate the exact type of bar used. For example a design code may call for high yield steel which may be either hot rolled or cold worked bars which subject to the period used may have different characteristics strengths. The ability of a bar to achieve its characteristic strength may be affected by its bond characteristics and the details of the bar as scheduled. | Some guidance on the detailing of reinforcement is given in 3.3 + GI/12 -3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 British Standard Material Specifications Relevant British Standards specifying yield strength (or failing that tensile strength) of bar reinforcement are : i) Bars to structural steel standards (pre 1938) i.e. BS 15 for mild steel and 8S 548 for high yield steel. ii) Hot rolled mild steel and high yield steel bars (pre 1988) to BS 785 and BS 4449, iii) Cold worked high yield steel bars (pre 1988) to BS 1144 and BS 4461. iv) Carbon steel bars (post 1988) to BS 4449 v) Stainless steel bars to BS 6744 vi) Steel fabric to BS 1221 and BS 4483. Bars to structural steel standards (pre 1938: The first British Standard for bars for the reinforcement of concrete (BS 785 :; 1938) was not introduced until 1938. Prior to this date bars were manufactured to the standards for structural steel, i.e. BS 15 for mild steel and BS 548 for high yield steel. BS 15 : 1906 ) Standard specification for structural BS 15 : 1912 ) steel for bridges and general building BS 15 : 1930 ) construction BS 15 : 1936 ) Each of these standards gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28t/in2 but none gave the yield strength - see 2.2.1. - G1/13 -3.2.1.2 3.2.2 #6021 - Fre-/961 stow! assumed characteristic strength not grester than 236 Ninn BS 548 : 1934 High tensile structural steel for bridges and general building construction. Yield point Size of bar (dia, side or square) vi /on? Upto and including 1" 2B (355) Over 1" upto and including 1" 22 (340) Over 1" upto and including 2" a (324) Over 2" upto and including 2" 20 (309) Over 2%" 19 (293) Hot rolled mild and high yield steel bars (pre 1988) to BS_785 and BS 4449 BS785 : 1938 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement Min.yield point Steel Mild Medium High steel tensile tensile steel steel t/in? | (N/mm)| t/in2| (N/nm2) Upto 1" dia. or thickness 19.5 | (301) | 23.0 | (355) Over 1" upto 14"dia None 18.5 | (286) | 22.0 | (340) or thickness Over 14" upto 2" dia specified] 17.5 | (270) | 21.0 | (324) or thickness Over 2" upto 24" dia 16.5 | (255) | 20.0 | (309) or thickness Over 2" upto 3" dia or 16.5 | (255) | 19.0 | (293) thickness - G1/14 -No minimum yield point was specified for mild steel, but it gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28 t/in2 (see BS 785 : 1967 which specified a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 63000 1b/in2 i.e. approximately equal to 28 t/in2 and also gave minimum yield stresses). BS 785 Part 1: 1967 Hot rolled bars and hard drawn wire for the reinforcement of concrete. Part 1 Hot rolled steel bars. This standard was extended to include deformed bars shaped such that its bond with concrete was increased by at least the percentage required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond strength. Material type Nominal size Min. yield stress Ib/in? | (N/mm?) Mild Upto & including 13" 36,000 | (248) Over 14" 33,000 (228) High yield 60 All sizes 60,000 (414) High yield 70 All sizes 70,000 (483) BS 785 Part 1: 1967 was superseded by BS 4449 : 1969 BS 4449 : 1969 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete Material type Specified characteristic strength. N/mn2 Mild Steel 250 High yield seel 410 = GI/15 -3.2.3 BS 4449 : 1978 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. Grade Specified characteristic strength. N/mm2 250 460 250 (mild steel) 460 (high yield steel) BS 4449 : 1978 was superseded by BS 4449 : 1988. Cold worked high yield steel bars (pre 1988) to BS_1144 and BS 4461 ¥ Soe 3-1 BS 1144 : 1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete ve /3/stee/ ein orcemen| reinforcenent. ee Type of bar Minm. yield stress Ib/ins (N/mm?) Single twisted bars under 3/8" 70,000 (483) diameter or thickness Ditto 3/8" and over 60,000 (414) Twin twisted bars under 3/8" 54,000 (372) diameter or thickness Ditto 3/8" and over 54,000 (372) BS 1144: 1967 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete This standard was extended to include deformed bars shaped such that its bonds was increased by at least the percentage required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond strength. = G1/16 -i Type and size of bar Minm.0.2% proof stress 1b/in (N/m Standard Grade : Upto and including 5/8" size 66,000 (455) Over 5/8" 60,000 (414) '72' grade all sizes 72,000 (496) BS 1144 : 1967 supers: : BS 4461 : 1969 Col con 1 Nominal size. mm eded by BS 4461 : 1969 d worked bars for the reinforcement of crete Specified characteristic strength. N/mm2 Upto and including 16 460 Over 16 425 BS 4461 : 1978 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of Nominal size mm Upto and including Over 16 BS 4461 : 1978 supers concrete Specified characteristic strength. N/m 460 425 increased to 460 with amendment No. 1 1983 eded by BS 4449 : 1988 - GI/I7 -3.2.4 3.2.5 Carbon steel bars (post 1988) to BS 4449 BS 4449 : 1988 Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. BS 4449 : 1988 superseded BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978 to combine the specification for mild steel plain round bars (grade 250) and hot rolled or cold worked deformed high yield steel bars (grade 460). Grade Specified characteristic strength. N/mm? 250 250 460 460 Stainless Steel bars to BS 6744 BS 6744 : 1986 Austenitic stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. This standard covers two types of stainless steel bars (i.e. type 304 and type 316) of 6mm to 40mm nominal diameter in 2 grades similar to carbon steel. i.e. Grade 250 plain round bars Grade 460 high yield deformed bars Grade Specified characteristic strength. N/mn2 250 250 460 460 Note : Plain round bars can also be obtained in grade 460. - G1/18 -3.2.6 Steel fabric to BS 1221 and BS 4483 See Appendix II for details of preferred mesh references BS 1221 : 1945 Steel fabric for concrete reinforcement This standard consisted of 3 parts each representing a different type of fabric: Part A ~ Hard drawn steel wire fabric: The fabric was made from hard drawn steel wire to BS 785. BS 785 : 1938 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 37 t/in2 but did not give the yield strength. Mesh references included : Oblong mesh - Ref 101 to 113 Square mesh - Ref 121 to 126 and 130 Part B - Twisted steel fabric: The fabric was made from cold twisted steel bars to BS1144 except in oblong mesh cross bars may be hard drawn steel wire ‘to BS 785. BS 1144:1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement gave : Size of bar Minm.yield stress Ib/in® (N/mm) Under 3/8" thickness 70,000 (483) 3/8" and over 60,000 (414) + G1/19 -BS 785 : 1938 see Part A Mesh references included : Oblong mesh - Ref 201 to 212 Square mesh - Ref 221 to 226 Part C - Expanded metal (steel) fabric : Minimum yield stress of 50,000 Tb/in2 (345 N/mm2) and minimum ultimate tensile strength of 75000 1b/in2. Mesh references included : 301 to 310, 321 to 330, 341 to 353. BS 1221 : 1964 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete This standard had 2 parts, incorporating Parts A and B of BS 1221 : 1945 into Part 1 and Part C into Part 2. Part 1 Welded hard drawn steel wire fabric, cold twisted square bar fabric and other cold worked deformed bar fabric. Hard drawn steel wire fabric was made from wire to BS 785. BS 785 : Part 2 : 1964 Hot rolled bars and hard drawn wire for the reinforcement of concrete. Part 2 Hard drawn mild steel wire gave a minimum tensile strength of 37 t/in2 (571 N/mm2) and a 0.2% proof stress of 70000 Ib/in2 (483 N/mm?). Mesh references included: Oblong mesh - Ref 100 to 113 Square mesh - Ref 120 to 126 and 130. = 61/20 -Cold twisted square bar fabric was made bars to BS 1144. BS 1144 : 1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement (details as given above) was not revised until 1967. BS 1144 : 1967 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete gave : Type and size of bar Minm 0.2% Proof Stress Ib/in? (N/mm?) Standard Grade + Upto and including 5/8" size 66000 (455) Over 5/8" 60000 (a1) "72" grade all sizes 72000 (496) For interwoven fabric mesh references included : Oblong mesh - Ref 200 to 212 Square mesh - Ref 220 to 226 For welded fabric either square twisted bars or other cold worked deformed bars, mesh references included : Oblong mesh - Ref 400 to 412 Square mesh - Ref 420 to 426 Part 2 Expanded metal steel fabric : Minimum 0.2% proof stress 50000 Ib/in2 (345N/nm@) and minimum ultimate tensile strength of 72000 Ib/in2. Mesh references included 321 to 332 and 341 to 353. BS 1211 : 1964 as superseded by BS4483. - G1/21 -BS 4483 : 1969 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. This standard introduced : a) Structural mesh in addition to oblong and square mesh. b) Wrapping fabric. c) Hard drawn indented or other deformed wire fabric. Expanded metal (steel) fabric was excluded as its use for concrete reinforcement was minimal. Welded wire for fabric was to BS 4482. BS 4482 : 1969 Hard drawn mild steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete gave the specified characteristic strength (0.2% proof stress) as 485 N/mm2- Welded or interweaved cold worked square Bars for fabric was to BS 4461. BS 4461 : 1969 Cold worked bars for the reinforcement of concrete gave the specified characteristic strength of 460 N/mm2 for bars upto and including 16mm nominal size. (Characteristic strength of wrapping fabric was 250 N/mn2) The preferred mesh sizes for fabric was : Square mesh A393, A252, A193, A142, A98 Structural mesh B1I31, 8785, 8503, 8385, 8283, B196 Long Mesh C785, C636, C503, C385, C283 Wrapping fabric 098 (from 1972) D49 (D31 withdrawn 1972) - G1/22 -3.3. 3.3.1 BS 4483 : 1985 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. This standard covered welded steel fabric manufactured from plain or deformed wires or bars complying with either BS 4449, BS 4461 or BS 4482 as follows : BS 4449 : 1978 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. BS 4461 : 1978 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete (including amendment No. 1 1983). BS 4482 : 1985 Cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete. BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978 were superseded by the combined standard BS 4449 : 1988 Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. All of these material standards gave a specified characteristic strength of wire or bars as appropriate of 460 N/nm?- The preferred mesh sizes for fabric were unchanged from BS 4482 y 1969. Detailing Reinforcement Bond Material specifications for hot rolled bars and cold worked bars first included reference to deformed bars in the 1967 revisions i.e BS 785 : 1967 and BS 1144 : 1967 respectively to the effect that the bond was to be increased by at least the percentage required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond strength. This was repeated in the material standards revised in 1969 i.e. BS 4449 : 1968 and BS 4461 : 1969 respectively. - 61/23 -CP 114 : 1965 Reinforced concrete in buildings and cP 114 Part 2: 1969 Reinforced concrete in buildings, indicated that for high bond bars the bond strength exceeded that of a plain round bar by 40%. BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978 introduced types 1 and 2 deformed bars. Type 1 = generally square twisted bars Type 2 - deformed bars having transverse ribs. This was continued in the combined revision BS 4449 : 1988 which superseded BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978. Department of Transport Technical Memoranda gave the same requirements for deformed bars. BE 1/73 Reinforced concrete for highway structures stated the bond strength of deformed bars was to exceed that of plain bars by 40%. Amendment No. 1 to BE 1/73 in 1979 revised this to subdivide deformed bars into types 1 and 2 in accordance with the material specifications in British Standards. BE 1/73 (Amendment No. 1) indicated that the bond strength of deformed bars were as follows : Bond strength of type 1 deformed bars plain bars. 1.25 x bond strength of Bond strength of type 2 deformed bars plain bars. 1.40 x bond strength of The subsequent issues of design standards (i.e. BS 5400 : Part 4 together with the appropriate BD for Use of BS 5400 : Part 4, these being BS 5400 : Part 4: 1978 plus BD 13/83, BS 5400 : Part 4 : 1984 plus BD 24/84 and BS 5400 : Part 4 : 1990 plus BD 24/93) as well as the assessment standard 80 44/90 The assessment of concrete highway structures, indicate that the ~ 61/24 -3.3.2 strength of deformed bars is dependent upon the grade of concrete but very approximately are as follows : Bond strength of type 1 deformed bars ® 1.4 x bond strength of plain bars. Bond strength of type 2 deformed bars © 1.8 x bond strength of plain bars. Detailing reinforcement to 8S 1478 and BS 4466 BS 1478 : 1948 Bending dimensions of bars for concrete reinforcement. This standard covered bars to BS 785 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn wire for concrete reinforcement and Bs 1144 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement Internal radius of bends = 2d. Shape codes referenced 1 to 7 with suffixes A, B etc. BS 1478 : 1964 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for the reinforcement of concrete. This standard covered bars to BS 785 : Part 1 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement. Part 1. Hot rolled steel bars, and BS 1144 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement. Scheduling was introduced in this revision of the BS with each bar given a unique ‘mark’ number. Bars were identified by abbreviations M, H, R and S indicating mild, high yield, round and square bars. For bars with yield stress greater than 60000 lbs/in2 or 66000 1b/in2 in the case of cold worked bars upto and including 5/8" diameter, an additional suffix was required to indicate the yield stress e.g. HR70 indicates yield stress of 70000 1b/in2. = G1/25 -Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel and 3d for high yield steel. Shape codes referenced 20 upwards. Non standard shapes referenced 99. BS 1478 : 1967 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for the reinforcement of concrete This standard covered bars to BS 785 and BS 1144 (as did BS 1478 : 1964) Bars were identified by a letter M,H,S or X plus the size of bar stated as a number which indicated the number of 1/8" in the diameter e.g. 4" = 4 (intermediate sizes 5/16" and 7/16" were indicated as 25 and 35). This revision was amended in 1969 to cover metric bars when the number was changed to indicate the diameter in millimetres, but the schedule had to indicate it was in metric. M-= plain mild steel bars to BS 785 Part 1. H = high yield steel having a high bond strength in the round range of areas to BS 785 Part 1 and BS 1144. S = high yield steel bars having a high bond strength in the square range of areas to BS 785 Part 1 and BS 1144. X= bars not covered by other letters. Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel and 3d for high yield steel. BS 4466 : 1969 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for the reinforcement of concrete This standard superseded 8S 1478 : 1967 and its metric version. + G1/26 -It covered bars to BS 4449 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete, and BS 4461 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. Bars were identified by a letter R, Y or X plus the size of bar in millimetres. R= round mild steel bars to BS 4449 Y= high yield steel bars having a high bond strength to BS 4449 and BS 4461 X= bars not covered by other letters BS 4466 : 1981 Bending dimensions and scheduling of reinforcement for concrete. This standard covered bars to BS 4449 and BS 4461 (as BS 4461 : 1969) as well as wire to BS 4482 Hard drawn mild steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete, and fabric to BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Bars were identified by a letter R, T or X plus the size of bar in millimetres R= plain or deformed mild (grade 250) steel bars to 854449 T= type 2 deformed high yeild (grade 460/425) steel bars to BS 4449 and BS 4461 X= bars not covered by other letters Internal radius of bends 2d for mild steel = 3d for high yield steel for d = 20 or less = 4d for high yield steel for d = 25 or more - G1/27 -BS 4466 : 1989 Scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel reinforcement for concrete This standard covers bars to BS 4499 Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. and BS 6744 Austenitic stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete, wire to BS 4482 Cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement: of concrete and fabric to BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Bars are identified by a letter R, T, S, W, D or X plus the size of bar in millimetres. R, T and X - as BS 4466 : 1981 See stainless steel to BS 6744 W = plain steel wire (grade 460) to BS 4482 oO type 1 deformed steel wire (grade 460) to BS 4482 Internal radius of bends 2d for mild steel bars type R = 3d for bars type T and S for d=20 or less = 4d for bars type T and S for d = 25 or more - G1/28 -4 4.2 4.3 PRESTRESSING TENDONS 8D 21/93 Section 4.6 of BD 21/93 states that the characteristic strength of tendons may be taken from relevant British Standards first introduced in 1955, and before this date taken from documents of the period and giving as a reference “First report on prestressed concrete” - Institution of Structural Engineers 1951, see 4.2 In the case of prestressing tendons, characteristic strength is the specified characteristic breaking load or tensile strength. First Report on Prestressed Concrete - Institution of Structural Engineers 1951 This report indicated that steel conmonly used for prestressed concrete was hard drawn wire with an ultimate strength about 90t/in2 (1390 N/mm@) for 0.275" diameter wire to 150 t/in® (2317 N/mm2) for 0.04" or 0.08" wire. These are similar to values given in BS 2691 : Part 1 : 1955, see 4.3.1. British Standard Material Specifications Relevant British Standards specifying either initially the minimum stress or breaking load or subsequently the characteristic breaking load (characteristic value is that for which there is a 95% probability that 95% of values will be equal to or greater than this lower limit) are : Steel wire (pre 1980) to BS 2691 7 wire strand ( pre 1980) to BS 3617 Wire and strand (post 1980) to BS 5890 Steel bars to BS 4486 bS475T ~ Nineteen Wire steel shand? This section also gives the relaxation characteristics of wire and strand and the nominal area of strand. - G1/29 -43d Steel Wire (pre 1980) to BS 2691 BS 2691 : Part 1: 1955 Steel for pre-stressed concrete Part 1: Plain hard drawn steel wire Dia. of Wire in Tensile range t/in? Min breaking Toad (kN) +276 95/105 (56.6) +200 100/110 (31.3) +160 110/120 (22.0) +128 120/130 (15.4) +104 130/140 (11.0) +080 140/150 (7.0) There was no indication of relaxation of stress for plain drawn wire. BS 2691 : 1963 Steel wire for prestressed concrete This standard included wire either plain or deformed by indenting or crimping, for drawn wire, and drawn stress relieved wire with a relaxation requirement. Wire sizes were given in imperial and metric. i) Cold drawn and stress relieved wire : Imperial Metric Nominal [Tensile | Minn. Nominal [Tensile | Minm. dia Strength [breaking | dia strength | breaking in (t/in2) Toad (kN) | mm. kgf/mm2 | load(kN) 276 95/100 | (56.6) | 7 150/165 | (56.6) 276 100/110 | (59.6) |7 160/175 | (60.4) -200 100/110 | (31.3) | 5 160/175 | (30.8) -200 110/120 | (34.4) | 5 175/190 | (33.7) -160 uo/iz0 | (22.0) | 4 175/190 | (21.6) 128 110/120, | (14.1) 3.25 175/190 | (14.2) 128 170/130 | (15.4) | 3.25 190/205 | (15.5) 2.5 190/205 | ( 9.1) = 61/30 -Relaxation of stress was 10,000 Ibs/in? for initial prestress | of 70% of specified minimum tensile strength. ii) “Cold drawn wire + Imperial Metric Nominal | Tensile | Minn. Nominal [Tensile | Ninm. dia strength | breaking | dia strength | breaking in (t/in2) Toad (kN) | mm. kgf/mm2__| load (kN) +200 100/110 | (31.3) 5 160/175 (30.8) -200 110/120 | (34.4) 5 175/190 | (33.7) -160 110/120 | (22.0) 4 175/190 | (21.6) | 128 110/120 | (14.1) 3.25 175/190 | (14.2) 128 120/130 | (15.4) 3.25 190/205 | (15.5) | 104 120/130 | (10.2) | 3 175/190 | (12.1) | +080 130/140 | (6.5) 2 205/220 | (6.3) There was no indication of relaxation of stress for cold drawn wire. - G1/31 -i) BS 2691 : 1969 Steel wire for prestressed concrete Wires were only given in metric sizes for plain or deformed wires of normal or low relaxation. Cold drawn and prestraightened wire Max retoxation Normal relaxation Low relaxation Nominal specified | specified dia.am charact character- | tnitial | toitial | tnitiat | tnitiat eristic istic toad | stress | stress | stress_—_| stress aox strength can 70% ax 70% N/m? 7 1470 (56.6) 7 1570 * 60.4) au an aut alt 5+ 1570 30.8) x ask m m 1720 33.8) o 170+ 1.6) * indicates preferred nominal diameter/specified characteristic strength wire. ii) Cold drawn wire in mill coils This wire is manufactured and supplied on mill coils such that it is not intended to pay out straight from the coil. It may be supplied as drawn or if required given low temperature heat treatment (for relaxation of wire). Nominal dia. mn ae 3.25 * 3.25 3e 2.65 Specified characteristic - 61/32 - strength N/mm2 Specified characteristic load (kN) (30.8) (33.8) (25.8) (21.6) (14.3) (15.5) (12.2) (10.3) ( 6.3)4.3.2 * indicates preferred nominal diameter/specified characteristic strength wire. BS 2691 : 1969 was superseded by 8S 5896 :1980. Lwire strand (pre 1980) to 8S 3617 BS 3617: 1963 Stress relieved 7 wire strand for prestressed concrete. Approx.dia. of Nominal cross Minm, breaking strand sectional area load in im in mm Tor | _ (ku) v4 6.3 0.039 | 25.1 | 10000 | ( 44.5) 5/16 7.9 0.058 | 37.4 | 15500 | ( 68.9) 3/8 9.5 0.030 | 51.6 | 21000 | ( 93.4) 116 wal 0.109 | 70.3 | 28000 | (124.5) 2 12.7 0.144 92.9 37000 (164.6) 0.6 15.2 0.215 138.7 51000 (226.8) Although the wire was stress relieved no recommendation was given for the relaxation characteristics. BS 3617 :1971 Seven wire steel strand for prestressed concrete This standard included normal and low relaxation strand Max % relaxation Normal Relaxation | Low retoxation Noninst Nominat | specitied dia, of area | characteristic | initiat | tnitiat | initiat | mnitiat strand om? load stress | stress | stress | stress on. 0, 70% 80% 10% 80% 6.4 24.5 65 1 37.8 6.0 93 52.3 35 aut aw Au au 10.9 no 125.0 ™ 1 asx | 3.5% 12.5, 6.2 165.0 15.2 138.7 27.0 BS 3617 : 1971 was superseded by BS 5896 : 1980 ~ G1/33 -4.3.3 Wire and strand (post 1980) to BS 5896 BS 5896 : 1980 prestressing of concrete. High tensile steel wire and strand for the This standard combined the requirements for cold drawn wire and 7 wire strand previously contained in BS 2691:1969 and BS 3617 : 1971 respectively. standard strand. 7 wire super strand and 7 wire drawn strand were specified for the first time in addition to 7 wire i) Cold drawn wire Max. relaxation Nominal | Nominal | Specified Initial [Class 1 [Class 2 dia. mm | tensile | characteristic | stress | (normal | (low) strength | breaking N/mm Joad_ kN 7 1570 60.4 For all 7 1670 64.3, wires 6 1670 47.3 60% 4.5% 1% 6 1770 50.1 5 1670 32.7 70% 8% 2.5% 5 1770 34.7 4.5 1620 25.8 80% 12% 4.5% 4 1670 21.0 4 1770 22. The nominal diameter and tensile strength are purposes only. - G1/34 - for designationii) Cold drawn wire in mil) coil Nominal dia mn. Nominal tensile strength N/m? 1570 1670 1770 1620 1670 1720 1770 1770 1860 Speci fied characertistic | Hax Relaxation. | Initial stress % Relaxation The nominal diameter and tensile strength are for designation purposes only. iii) Seven Wire Strand Hox, Rel type of | sominat | Noninst | Yoninat | specified [Tnitiot [lass 1 | Gloss 2 strand [diam | tensite | ares | breaking | stress | ctormaty | «too strength | m? | toed Now? i 52 ‘| 1670 we 232 For ait Twice Jrzs | aro os | 1 strands srandard [11.0 | 1770 nm | wx fase | te 3 |i s__| rx lax 2.5% 6.7 | 1770 50 | ass wx | tex 3% Tire [zs | 1080 soo | 106 sper [1s | 1860 5 | 139 96 | 1360 ss | we a0 | 1860 x | 78.0 | 1700 ws | 380 Tuire [95.2 | s820 ws | 500 arom Jizc7 | 1060 ne | 209 The type of strand, nominal diameter and tensile strength are for designation purposes only. ~ G1/35 -4.3.4 Steel bars to BS 4486 BS 4486 : 1969 Cold worked high tensile alloy steel bars for prestressed concrete. Metric Series Specified Nominal size characteristic load kN 20 * 325 22 375, oot 500 28 625 32 * 800 35 950 40 * 1250 * indicates preferred sizes. Imperial Series (preferred sizes) Nominal Size Specified characteristic load in (kN) 778" 86000 (382.5) io 112300 (499.5) 1.1/8" 142100 (632.1) 1.4/4" 175500 (780.6) 1.3/8" 212200 (943.9) - 61/36 -BS 4486 : 1980 Hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high tensile steel bars for the prestressing of concrete This standard covered smooth or ribbed bars. Processed bars are bars processed by stretching or some other form of cold working. Nominal_area ant Max, relaxation type of | Nominat | Nominat characterise | Initial x bar size tensile breaking | stress Retax- strength | Snooth | Ribbed | Load kw ation Nm? d hot 20 au |e 35 For all bars Rolled | 25 sor | 538, 505 60% 15 2 1030 soo | 87% 830 70% 3.5% 40 s257__| 1348 1300, 80% 6.0% wor 20 a 385 rotted & | 25 1230 ar | 538 600 Processed | 32 0 | 87% 990 The nominal size of bar and tensile strength are for designation purposes only. The load carried by the threaded portion of smooth bars was to be not less than the specified characteristic load. The 1980 standard was amended in 1988 as follows : ox. Relaxation type of | Nowinat | Nominat | Noninal | Specified Tnitiat | % sor size mm | tensite | area characteristic | stress | Rotax strength | mm? breaking tood ation Nome i For alt wot 26.5 522 58 bars Rolled — | 32 06 830 60% 15% or not | 36 1030 1018 1048 70% 3.5% Rolled — | 60 1237 1300 sox | 6.0% and Processed In the amendment ribbed bars were referred to as deformed bars. - G1/37 -5.0 5.1 5.2 CONCRETE BD 21/93 Section 4.7 of BD 21/93 states that pre 1939 concrete may be assumed to have a characteristic strength not greater than 15 N/mm2, and the strength of modern concrete taken as specified in BS 5400 ; Part 4 as implemented by BO 44. BS 5400 : Part 4 gives the grade of concrete, this being the characteristic strength or the 28 day cube strength of a designed concrete mix. Concrete after 1951 is most likely to have been specified as a concrete grade or class. (The grade is as indicated above, the class is in the form of grade/maximum aggregate size). Alternatively concrete may have been specified as a nominal mix given by relative weights of cement : fine aggregate : coarse aggregate or a standard mix where the complete mix was spzcified together with requirements for minimum cube strengths at different periods. Concrete in highway structures after 1951 has largely been specified in accordance with the Ministry of Transport (or Department of Transport) Specification for Highway Works, see 5.2. However in the period immediately after 1948 structural concrete in highway structures may have been designed and subsequently specified as a nominal concrete mix (or a designed concrete mix after 1957) in accordance with CP 114 Reinforced Concrete in Buildings, see 5.3. Department_of Transport Specification for Highway Works Note : The Department of Transport (DoT) was formerly known as the Ministry of Transport (MOT) and the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (MOT & CA). The Specification for Highway Work (SHH) was formerly known as the Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SRBW). - G1/38 -MOT & CA - SRBW (1st Edition) : 1951 The first edition gave requirements for standard mixes for reinforced concrete only as follows: Class Minm 28 day compressive strength The class of concrete included the maximum size of aggregate (Upto 3/4" for class A, B and C Upto 1.1/2" for classes D1 and EL Upto 2.1/2" for classes D2 and £2) No requirements were given for mixes for prestressed concrete MOT & CA - SRBH (2nd edition) 1957 No change from the Ist edition. - 61/39 -MOT - SRBW (3rd edition): 1963 This edition gave requirements for design mixes and nominal . mixes as follows: minm 28 day . compressive strength Mix type Grade Ib/in? (N/am2) _ x 7500 (51.7) Design Y 6000 (41.4) z 4200 (29.0) A 4200 (29.0) Nominal 8 3750 (25.9) c 3000 (20.7) D 2400 (16.5) E - The class of concrete was denoted by grade, maximum aggregate sizes in inches for both design and nominal mixes, e.g. A.3/4. MOT - SRBW (4TH EDITION) : 1969 In this edition the specification commenced referencing grades of concrete by its minimum 28 day compressive strength (1b/in2) for design and standard mixes as follows. Design mixes : Grades 7500, 6000, 4500, 3000 (51.7) (41.4) (31.0) (20.7) Standard mixes: Grades 4500, 3000 (31.0) (20.7) The class of concrete was denoted by’ grade/maximum aggregate size in inches for design mixes but just by its grade for standard mixes. (Concrete for ancillary purposes was Class E but with no strength requirements). - G1/40 -5.3 DTp - SRBW (5th edition) : 1976 This was similar to the 4th edition but in metric where grades of concrete where given by the minimum compressive strength (N/mm2) for designed and standard mixes as follows : Designed mixes : Grades 62.5, 45, 37.5, 30, 22.5 Standard mixes : Grades 30, 22.5 The class of concrete was denoted in a similar manner to the 4th edition except the maximum aggregate size was given in m. DTp - SHW (6th edition) : 1986 This gave requirements for designed mixes only, where the grade of concrete was given by its character strength (based upon the compressive strength) in the following grades 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 The class of concrete was denoted in a similar manner to previous editions (Ancillary concrete was denoted by C (grade) P eg C20P). DoT - SHW (7th edition) : 1991 No change from the 6th edition for structural concrete (Ancillary concrete denoted as standard mixes STI to STS taken from BS 5328). CP 114 Reinforced Concrete in Buildings 4 CP 114 was issued in 1948, revised in 1957 and again in 1968. It gave : a) Nominal concrete mixes with minimum cube strengths for - G1/41 -i) Portland cement (PC) and Portland-blastfurnace cement (PBC) with 28 day cube strengths, ii) High alumina cement (HAC) with 2 day cube strengths in the 1948 edition and 1 day cube strengths in the two revisions. b) Designed mixes in the two revisions only cP 114 : 1948 i) PC and PBC Nominal Mix 28 day cube strength Ib/in? (N/mm?) Lil:2 4500 (31.0) 1: 1k 3 3750 (25.9) 1:2:4 3000 e (20.7) 4i) ac Nominal Mix 2 day cube strength Ib/in® (N/mm?) 1:2:4 5000 (34.4) CP 114 : 1957 (Reset and reprinted 1965) a) Nominal mixes : i) PC and PBC were as CP 114 : 1948 ii) HAC Nominal Mix 1 day cube strength - 61/42 -b) Designed mixes : i) PC and PBC - Specified 28 day cube strength | between 2250 1b/in2 (15.5N/mm2) and 7500 1b/in? (51.7 N/mm?) vi) HAC - Specified 1 day cube strength i between 6000 Ib/in2 (41.4N/mm2) ! and 7500 1b/in2 (51.7 N/mm@) | P14: Part 2 : 1969 (Metric version) | a) Nominal mixes : i) PC and PBC Nominal Mix 28 day cube strength (N/mm?) ls 30 1 25.5 le a ii) HAC Nominal Mix 1 day cube strength (N/nm2) 1:2:4 40 b) Designed Mixes : i) PC and PBC - Specified 28 day cube strength between 15 N/mm? and 50 N/mm2 ii) HAC - Specified 1 day cube strength between 40 N/nm2 and 50 N/mm? Date: Ist March 1994 - G1/43 -wv BOD No. Gl__APPENDIX 1 STANDARDS FOR SECTION SIZES OF HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS The first standard giving section sizes of hot rolled steel sections, BS4, was issued in 1903. Prior to this first attempt to standardise sections, they were given in manufacturer's own catalogues e.g. Dorman Long and Co, and Redpath Brown and Co. first published their catalogues in 1887 and 1892 respectively, only a few years after commencement of the production of steel sections. BS 4 initially only gave details of beams with other sections given in BS 6, although eventually all sections were given in BS 4. From 1903 to 1959 beams were initially referred to as British Standard Beams (BSB) and subsequently New British Standard Beams (NBSB) but in 1959 beams and columns were referred to as Universal Beams (UB) and Universal Columns (UC). In 1962 the 3rd revision of BS 4 was named BS 4 : part 1, and in 1963 8S 4 : Part 2 was introduced to specify sizes of structural hollow sections. BS 4 gave the details of the sections in the imperial range but in 1975, BS 4848 was introduced to give details of hollow sections, angles and bulb flats in the metric range. Some details of Dorman Long and Co. steel sections pre 1903, and of sections taken from BS 4 and BS 6 are reproduced in the BCSA publication "Historical Structural Steel Handbook" by W Bates. British Standards giving details of steel sections were as follows + BS 4 Structural steel sections (the title varied with revisions) BS 4: 1903 first published BS 4: 1921 Ist revision BS 4: 1932 2nd revision BS 4: Part 1 : 1962 3rd revision BS 4: Part 1: 1972 4th revision BS 4: Part 1 : 1980 Sth revision BS 4: Part 2 : Hot rolled hollow sections BS 4: Part 2 : 1963 first published BS 4: Part 2: 1965 Ist revision BS 4: Part 2 : 1969 2nd revision(superseded by 8S 4848:Part 2:1975)Section sizes given in the early editions of BS 4 were supplemented by BS 6 and lists were als BS6 BS 6 : 1904 BS 6 : 1923 BS 6 : 1924 BSL BS 1: 1920 BS 4848 BS 4848 : Part 2: BS 4848 : Part 2: BS 4848 : Part 4: BS 4848 : Part 5 : 0 given in BS 1, as follows :- (title not known) gave details of sections other than beans. (title not known) Bulb angles and bulb plates for structural purposes (this title was given in BSI Year Book but the title given in the standard was Rolled steel sections for structural purposes and did in fact give details of all sections superseding BS 1: 1920, BS 4: 1921 and BS 6 : 1923. It was eventually withdrawn and superseded by BS 4). Rolled steel sections for structural purposes. Hot rolled steel sections (metric range) 1975 Part 2 Structural hollow sections 1991 Part 2 Hot finished hollow sections 1972 Part 4 Equal and unequal angles 1980 Part 5 Bulb flats.BOD _NO G1 _- APPENDIX II TABLE OF PREFERRED FABRIC MESH REFERENCES a) IMPERIAL SIZES TO BS 1221 b) METRIC SIZES TO BS 4483sc et cor or est | ase] e et wee | 81800 6 B10, zr | 9opo| 9 zizo ts | $4800 6 z a8 | s6m0 | 8 220 ge | Lotro 2 z Se | bite > soor | 6:90 | 6 on so1 | se000 | s 100 ot zz | se000| » 8 tee | ezi00| 8 Ts | 62100] 2 5 ws | eotoo|r . wr Crws) ou) w iss | 1100/6 £ wet | eto0 | ¢ @ ze | ero)» 4 Siur | L100 | 8 on rezt | e100) $ oe gat | es00| os i 30 sng yo | 28H st | Ligoo| ee eat | ela etiet teat | L100 | € a | owe baad AVE AAVADS GALSIAL G10) NTAOMLANI 40 S4LLATUOUd GNV SNOISNWIG "T ITAVL ‘re sana 0a DnaVs DIM TFILS NMV¥G GUVH GgGTIM 4O SIILYIOd GNV SNOISNAWIG “1 TaVL. (2 40 1 133HS) l22L SA OL DTYav4 40 S3ZIS WIYIdNTruonsesss019 281 paw ba fous 99810 PI 0) mowe 042 310N ree sown cam | wart | wens | SEES | mem seem | soe mmieren | r= aT you jo ean oraava CEILS) IYER CHONVAXE AO SALLA TOW CNV SNOISNINIG ae WS on ny a as eu Ss Bh us navnos | | uz | soo | somo | ee | szieo | somo | St | Gieo | sa@3 HE) 8883) ERS | ws | eso | rere 23 | 293 | lars | HE | ESBS | Fe ARISE | ae 26 Lio | Leo +0 og eur HS, | LES | GEES | wba we) Liza | S0er0 | sme “ve wn | z1oo | syev0 war twee | tases ar | BS | s5e3 a “ so j ents ‘se eyes song, ya aed wove “a " veo mp . . 1 28 ‘mg 208g (0) Ww papwrd jo spadond pur uous ans. soa Shee PPI 'S@ OL SUVE GANYOIIG COM 10.) WAHLO GNV GHUSIML SUVNDS WO GANLVINNVWY OnIaVs TTSLS GAGTIN AO STLAAWOWd GNV SNOISNIWIG “F ATAVL (2 40 2 133HS) L22i $@ OL, 9TYBVS JO S3ZIS TWIAIdHI— west wr yz wom ee nba r a2 sys 0018 cove 1048 seu 9059 mio wo er oot sz or oot sz eva | est 96 02 4 96 002 5 860 sow Budde vz ov oor s ez {oot 9 eat ire or oo» $ sec | oot “ sc re? or oor 5 sos| oot e e080 sss | 907 oor 9 ace} oot 6 980 ze | eo oo» 9 sec) oot o 389 seu 8001 soe eer | 00g t set] oot $ 9618 ece ser | 002 ‘ sez} oot 9 s9ze esr sei | 002 “ sec] oot ‘ sees es ast | oo 2 r0s| 001 8 cose re zsz | 002 8 sec | oot on seca cor) eae | one 8 vet} 001 zu rate] sou unions wt 86 oo s 36 ove § sow ze zr] oz 9 zn | 002 9 zy zoe soi |, 002 t sei | 02 L tory | gee zst |) oo a zsz| 02 @ zsew ave sec) oo o| cee} one ot teey sow 01005 autx| wg | ww | uum fa oe aun] ww | ona co rs dir noys pou poe sada 21Ge) pawubsep Jo aEUE! Panera AGR €Sb-y sa Ol Juavs 40 S3IZIS ITVLIH| RAILTRACK LINE Error! Reference source not found.Etror! Reference source not found. . RTICEICOIS Issue: 2 Draft for Comparative Assessments . 1 Date: September 1998 Error! Reference source not found. ite Section 7: Concrete Structures Appendix B : Historical Concrete Grades ‘The Engineer's Year Book, 1923, edited by H R Kempe and W Hanneford Smith I 1923 Pg 443 ‘ ‘Nominal Mix ]28-day Cube Strength| Ref | (Ibseftxefe)| Works Test Won? _Ninm? ir 1300 ae Concrete Construction, Charles E Reynolds, 2nd Edition, 1945 1945 Ps, 257 Table XIX Ministry of Transpore LCC By-taws Ordinary Conerece ‘Nominal Mix [2-day Cube Strength] ‘Nominal Mix | 28-day Cube Strength Ref | (Ibuccftsefe) | Works Test Ref | (Ib. fe)| Works Test Won? Nim? Ibn? Nimm? Trait 7250185 2250 155 1:t%:3 | 2700 ise 2550 m8 bi 3600248 2925 202 Minisery of War Transport Memorandum No. 577 1945 (Reprinced 1949) Section 6 Nominal Mix ]26-day Cube Strength] [Approximate Equivalent Ref Works Test . Romine! Mix by volume Ibiin? Nim? exiuming 90 Ibif? cement a 3600248 1etze24 8 3300228 11% c 2950137 bias ( Note: Mixes A,8,C correspond to mixes lI, IV for High Grade ov concrete in the Code of Practice for Reinforced Concrete, Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Bridges, A W Legat, G Dunn, WA Fairhurst, 1948 Specification for a Typical Bridge Contract 1948 Pg. 467, Table A a-day Cube Strength] Ref | Nominal Mix] Works Test Iofin? Nim? A 315027 B 33000 8 ic 375089 D 1eoo__ ae - 106 of 109RAILTRACK LINE Error! Reference source not found.Error! Reference source not found. RTICEICOIS Issue: 2 Draft for Comparative Assessments Date: September 1998 Error! Reference source not found. ee Section 7: Concrete Structures Appendix B : Historical Concrete Grades APPENDIX B : HISTORICAL CONCRETE GRADES 25 1, INTRODUCTION This Appendix summarises historical data relating to concrete strengths thet has been amassed during various assessment projects. The data summarised are for advice only. It should be noted that depending on the particular memorandum, standard or specification, the strength of concrete is not always consistent for 2 given classification or concrete mix. Furthermore, depending on the particular Specification, as the class increases from A to C, the concrete strength may increase @ or decrease, Caution should therefore be exercised when using the following. It is always preferable to use the actual Specification for the particular structure where | this is identified and available The following is, however, useful as a guide. “ 105 of 109RAILTRACK LINE Error! Reference source not found.Error! Reference source not found. RTICEICOIS Issue: 2 Draft for Comparative Assessments Date: Sepcember 1998 Error! Reference source not found. ve Section 7: Concrete Structures Appendix B : Historical Concrete Grades Ministry of Transport [Source: Concrete Bridge Design, RE Rowe, 1962] Memorandum No, 785 1961 Nominal Mix [28 day Cube Strength] ‘Approsimate Equivlent Ref | (Ibze-fezefe)| “Works Test Neca Mix by vee Ifin® lm" suming 90 it? eament A | tso:2:4 | 4200 290 Vehb2a B | 120:2:4 | 3750 ass betasa c | 90:2:4 | 3000 207 pines Ministry of Transport Specification for Road & Bridge Works 3rd Edition 1963 Table A & Table B day Cube Strength] [Class Works Test Ibn? Ninn? Ax 200 ~~«1R0 JA 1% 4200290 lB 375089 iB 1% 3750s lc % 3000 0 2a7 cm 3000 2a7 : DK 240015 D3 240015 E1% : Not specified E3 Not specified x % 7500 sur Xx 7500 su iY % 6000414 Ye 6000 aia z% 4200280 [z1% 4200290 British Rail Midland Region - Drawing Office Handbook Section-5.2 1960's fae-day Cube Strength] Ref | Nominal Mix] Works Test Wofin? Nim? A [| t:te:3 | 4000 276 B V:24 3000207 c 1:3 1500103 D 14:8 Not specified e 107 of 109ow RAILTRACK LINE Error! Reference source not found.Error! Reference source RTICEICOIS Draft for Comparative Assessments Date: September 1998 not found. Issue Error! Reference source not found. 5 , Section 7: Concrete Structures Appendix B : Historical Concrete Grades British Rail Midland Region - Specification 1960's [26-day Cube Strength] Ref | Nominal Mix] Works Test Uofin? Nim? a 4000276 B 3000207 Ic 1500103 ID Not specified Preseressed Concrete lAt_| 7000483 British Rail Southern Region - Contract Specification for Norwoed High St Bridge 1968 [s= Standard mix Y= Contractor designed mix JA-E= Concrete grades to CPI6 (see below) LWT = Lightweight concrete RH= Rapid hardenin CP 114- Reinforced Conerete in Buildings CP I14:Part 2 1957 Table | 1969 Table | (with amendments up to 1973) [26-day Cube Stren; e-day Cube Strength Nominal Mix| Works Test Nominal Mix| Works Test Blin? Nim? Iblin?___ Nima’ Vedi ‘4500 310 30.0) 2:3 3750 259 258 12s 3000 207 210 CP 115 - Prestressed Concrete in Buildings cP IIS 1959 Clause 207 1969 Clause 207 (with amendments up to 1977) [28-day Cube Strength| B-day Cube Strength Works Test Works Test Win? Nim? Iblin?___Nimm* Pre-tensioned 6000 S44 Pre-tensioned 2400 Post-tensioned 4500 831.0 Post-tensioned 2300 108 of 109RAILTRACK LINE Error! Reference source not found.Error! Reference source not found. RTICEICOIS Issue: 2 Draft for Comparative Assessments os Date: September 1998 Error! Reference source not found. Section 7: Concrete Structures _Appéndix B : Historical Concrete Grades CP 116 - Precast Concrete cP 116 1965 Table f 1969 Tablet (wich amendments up to 1977) é-day Cube Strength] e-day Cube Strength Grade Works Test Icradel Works Test Wbfin? Ninn? Bolin? __Nimm* A 3000 ——«2a7 sg 21.0 lB 3750289 B 258 Ice 4500310 Ice 30.0 lb 600044 De 400 E 7500___sh E 50.0 ¥ Lowest grade for post-tensioned steet (Clause 208) * Lowest grade for pre-tensioned ste Technical Memorandum BE20 Prestressed Concrete for Highway Structures 1969 Prestressed concrete normally: Class 7500 32.5 Nimm2 Cass 6000 45. Nim? Prestressed concrete > exceptionally: ‘Chass 9000 60 Nimm2 L Interim Memorandum IM8 (superseded BE20 + 1M3) Prestressed Concrete for Highway Structures 1970 Prestressed concrete normally 325 Nimm2 45 Nimm2 ‘Technical Memorandum BEIO (superseded Memo 57/2) Prestressed Concrete for Highway Structures 1970 [Reinforced concrete normally: 30 Nimm2. 109 of 109RAILTRACK LINE PROCEDURE ‘RTICEIPION6 Issue: 2 Date: February 1999 The Assessment Of Bridge Capacity Page 30 of 33 Appendix G: Basis of the Stress Categories and Actions to be taken I Flexure and/or Shear Generally There is evidence of Bridges which have been assessed as having an applied stress 10% in excess of the Permissible Stress performing safely whilst accommodating loads at the peak ranges of the RA Group. Bridges are known to have been used safely for 20 years from the date of the Bridge Assessment which indicated such applied stress. Unless there is evidence to the contrary from tests of samples of the wrought iron or steel in the Bridge or record documentation, the minimum yield stress should be assumed to be as stated in BD21/97. Wrought Iron Members The ultimate strengths of wrought iron quoted in 1879 were: Tension 21 Tin? (324 N/mm?) Compression 16T/in? (247 N/mm?) Shear 20T fin? (309 N/mm?) Wrought iron is, however, a variable material. In 1900 Twelvetrees quoted the following figures for the ultimate strength of wrought iron: Tension and Flexural Tensile. 18- 24T/in? (280 - 370 N/mm?) Compression 16-20 Tin? (245 - 310 Nimm’) Shear 75% of tensile strength Twelvetrees also quoted the elastic limit of wrought iron as between |OT/in* and 13T/in? (155Némm? - 200 Nimm?). BD 21/97 suggests that the yield stress may vary typically between 180 Nimm? (11.6 Thin?) and 340 Nimm* (22.0 Tin’). The characteristic yield stress for wrought iron given as a guide in BD 2/97 is 220 Nimm? (14.2 T/in’). Using the Permissible Stress of 8.4 Tin? given in RT/CEICIOIS, the factor of safety on the yield stress given in BD 21/97 is 14.2184 = 1.69. Thus the applied stress in flexure could thus result in the following factors of safety: Increase from ‘Applied Stress _ | Factor Of Safety on | Factor Of Safety on’ Permissible Stress Tine the Yield Stress of | the Limiting Yield (%) 142 Thin? BD 21/97 | Stress of 11.6 Tlin? 5% 88 161 1.32 10% 9.2, 154 126RAILTRACK LINE PROCEDURE RTICE/P/OI6 Issue: 2 Date: February 1999 The Assessment Of Bridge Capacity Page 31 of 33 20% 10.1 Tal LIS 38% 6 122, 10. ‘At 38% increase, the applied stress equates to the | 1.6 Tlin® yield stress at the lower end of the range, and thus more frequent inspections should be carried out to ensure that the critical member has not yielded. In instances when the factor of safety is low, consideration based on the estimated rate of deterioration should be given to when the Bridge will require reconstruction or strengthening. As the partial factor of safety for materials given in BD 21/97 is 1.2, when the factor of safety is less than 1.2, actions should be taken to reduce the load in the critical member to restore the overall factor of safety to not less than 1.2. Steel Members, Steel has however been produced in various grades with different levels of yield stress. It is essential therefore when a Bridge is to be assessed to determine the particular grade of steel in the Bridge from which the yield stress to be used in the. analysis may be determined, Early steels were of a poorer quality and likely to include laminations, inclusions and deformities leading to a lower yield stress. The ultimate strengths of mild steel quoted in 1879 were: Tension 28 - 327 lin? (494 N/mm?) Compression 30T/in? (463 Nimm?) Shear 24T fin? (371 Nimm?) The characteristic yield stress for mild steel produced before 1955 given in BD 21/97 is 230 Nimm? (14.8 Trin’). ‘Two Permissible Stresses are given in RTICE/C/O15 for steel dependent upon the age of the steel as follows: Early steel (pre 1905) loT in? Late steel (post 1905) 127 fin? Thus the applied stress in flexure could thus result in the following factors of safety: Applied Stress | Factor Of Safety for | Factor Of Safety Increase from Tint Early Steels on | for Late Steels on Permissible Early | Late | the Yield Stress of | the Yield Stress of Stress (%), Steels | Steels | 14.8* Tlin? BD 21/97 | 14.8 Tin? BD 21/97. 5% 10.5) 12.6 Lat 7 10% 11.0 13.2 134 112 15% WS B38 1.29 1.07= Ss RAILTRACK LINE PROCEDURE RT/CEIPIONS © Issue: 2 Date: February 1999 The Assessment Of Bridge Capacity Page 32 of 33 20% 120 | 144 123 103 * As early steels were of a poorer quality than late steels, a lower Permissible Stress is quoted in RT/CE/C/OIS. The yield stress given in BD21/97 does not however, allow for this differential. The limits given in Appendix D are derived for late steels, and may also be applied to early steels. As the partial factor for materials given in BD 21/97 is 1.05, when the factor of safety is less than 1.05, actions should be taken to reduce the load in the critical member to restore the factor of safety to a figure not less than 1.05. Notwithstanding the above limits, when the factor of safety is less than 1.20 for compressive buckling of members, actions should be taken to reduce the load in the critical member to restore the factor of safety to a figure not less than 1.20. Cast Iron Members ‘The average ultimate strengths of cast iron quoted in 1879 were: Tension 6.8Tlin? (104 Nimm?) Compression 34.27 fin? (529 Nimm’) The ultimate strength of cast iron was however variable according to location of production, and values for compressive strength varied between 46.8T/in? and 25.2Tlin®. Corresponding values for tensile strength are |0.5T/in? and 5.7T/in’. In 1900 Twelvetrees quoted the following figures for the ultimate strength of cast iron: Tension 8T/in? (120 Nimm?) Compression 38-50 Tin? (590 - 780 Nim’) Flexural Tensile 1ST Vin? (230 Nimm?) Shear 6-13T/in® (90 - 200 N/mm?) Twelvetrees quoted factors of safety accor 10 to be used with the above values. ig to use and load type between 5 and Although the use of cast iron was rare in 1909, The General Powers Act 1909 specified the following allowable stresses: Tension 1.STlin? (23 Nimm?) Compression 8T iin? (124 Nimm?) Shear LST iin? (23. Nimm*) Bearing 1oTfint (156 Nimm?)RAILTRACK LINE PROCEDURE RTICEIPIOI6 Issue: 2 cee Date: February 1999 The Assessment Of Bridge Capacity“ Page 33 of 33 The values given in RT/CE/C/O15 of 2.0 Nimm? and 12,0 N/mm? for bending tension and compression respectively exceed the above values and any applied stresses in cast iron in excess of these values should be considered as Stress Category E. Steel Rivets in Shear The Permissible Stress stated in RT/CE/C/O15 for shear in steel rivets is 7.0 T/in?. ‘The results of tests on riveted connections with rivet head loss given in BR Research Report RR -TCE-007: The Strength of Riveted Connections indicates that rivet shear forms an ultimate failure case, and that in the test the resultant failure stress in the rivets was 20 T/in?. The factor of safety for an applied stress of 7.0 Tiin? for steel rivets may thus be considered to be 2.86. For an applied stress of 14.0 Tin, the factor of safety is approximately |.4 which is equivalent to the factor of safety, assuming the value for yield stress for steel given in BD21/97 for bending tension. Thus rivets with a calculated stress in excess of the Permissible Stress may not necessarily be an immediate cause for concern. Rivet Bearing Historically rivet bearing has been considered secondary to rivet shear in terms of relative risk as the failure of a rivet in bearing would not result in the catastrophic failure of a Bridge. Failure in rivet bearing may be considered using the information in BR Research Report RR-TCE-007. The test on the riveted connections showed that the material around the rivet had yielded but that this was not an ultimate failure. There could however be some serviceability problems with rivet holes elongating. Based on the mean ultimate tensile strength of 374 kN at shear failure, the bearing stress in the samples tested may be calculated to be 935 Nimm? (60.4 Tin’). The Permissible Stress given in RT/CE/C/OI5 for rivets made from steel after 1905 in bearing is 20 T/in. By inference, therefore with an applied stress of 40 T/in? connections will not have ultimately failed in bearing, It is reasonable to assume a figure of 40 T/in? before inspection becomes necessary. Because of yielding and potential serviceability problems the Bridge should be inspected at stresses above this figure. In addition, it has been understood that due to the friction grip action of rivets, underbridges have been able to tolerate applied stresses in rivet shear and bearing well in excess of the Permissible without exhibiting any signs of distress, Such an effect is not quantifiable at present but offers the potential for a considerable reduction in rivet stresses.' RAILTRACK LINE PROCEDURE RT/CE/P/ON6 Issue: 2 Date: February 1999 Bp The Assessment Of Bridge Capacity Page 34 of 33 Deck Plates Deck plates are considered as secondary members, and thus not critical to the safe load capacity of the Bridge. Under BS 5400 design rules, the plastic modulus can be considered so giving a 50% advantage. RT/CEICIONS does not specifically cover deck plates, the implication being that elastic analysis should be used. The limits stated in Appendix D have been determined using engineering judgement and are considered reasonable and practical assuming that elastic global stress analysis has been used. Should plastic analysis have been used, the factors are not applicable.oT: slele | p E\E BIBI BL | t i E | (Eye; et | [ek #4 & 12 | & | | & real eesia| ; 3, RE é ty | te ts is ts te eye E BIE] ELE E E/E EL [eye] a fe E EVER) Teel ele i ’ ci te A | € ® iy a ty € EE RV/EV EVE glkle PEL EVEL ELE) Ee) og EET TTEVELE ELE ELE ge) a | BE) | Ee] fo | | z gE iz i joid | el ge | tt E)E ELE EV EVE ETE ee ELA RL EL ETE] E et t z tr rc eo) ok E z i wr i i E | iz ia 1 un ci B ci} te | iz t | 1 BeAr ee (et (eee ene ea! +1 Ve ela re ee eae -——— dug —— al f D |}_— tua —_| [ p6uaq_—_—f ONLITARE ANIHOVWY SULVIWNSNA SAIW9 ONIAUVA WOd SLIATU AO SHLONTT ONILAATA ANIHOVW SNOISNAWIG GUVGNVLS SQVaH LAATL pod 1 SaNIT OD FRMOWE Ravan 159 GaliniTOD WNMOWE Haveday—_[(a | | 2 HGH STRENGTH FRicTIoN GRIP BoUTS Geneea. 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