Answer
1
This Examination Question covered work on:
work done (p. 97)
weight (p. 65)
Answers
(a) (i) 4500 newtons (or 4500 N)
(ii) Work done = force  distance moved
= 4500 N  2 m
= 9000 joules
work done
(iii) Power = 
time taken
9000 J
= 
3s
= 3000 watts
(iv) Extra work has to be done [1]
to lift the electromagnet and crane. [1]
Energy is lost in the motor [1]
as heat and sound [1]
and in overcoming friction. [1]
(v) (from) gravitational (potential),
(to) kinetic
(b) (i) A current flows in the coil,
there is a force on the wire, at right
angles to the magnetic field/current,
the commutator reverses current flow
in the coil after half a turn
so the motor keeps on spinning.
(ii) Reverse current flow by reversing
the cell or reverse magnetic field by
reversing the magnets.
energy transfers (p. 11, 98102)
Exam
power (p. 110) motor effect (p. 290293) Question
Marks Notes and Hints
1 Because weight is the force of gravity (see page 65).
1 You should always show the formula (page 97) and
1 each step of your working, to get full marks.
If you just give the answer (9000 joules) you can get
1 only 1 mark, and if you made an arithmetical error
youd get no marks at all !
1 As before, you must show the formula (page 110) and
show your working, so you get marks for the method.
1 If you got the 9000 J wrong in part (ii) but used your
(wrong) answer for the work done here, youd still get
1 marks here because youve shown the correct method.
Note: if you miss off the unit (watts or W) you will lose
the mark! The question tells you this.
2 There is a total of 2 marks here, but you can pick them
up in different ways. The examiner has a checklist of
possible points, each worth 1 mark, and gives you
marks up to the maximum of 2.
1 Energy transfers (p. 11, 98102) are often included.
1 You will still get the mark if you write movement
instead of kinetic.
1 The question says Describe, stage by stage, so this is
1 what you must do. That is, describe the steps in sequence.
Because 4 marks are specified on the question paper,
1 it gives you a clue: you should try to find 4 stages to
describe.
1 You can use different words as long as they cover the
same ideas. For example, for the first stage, you could
say Electrons travel round the circuit.
1 The question says one way, so you only
need to suggest one of the changes that
would make the motor turn backwards.
Total = 16 marks
Keith Johnson, 2011
 Answer
2
This Examination Question covered work on:
energy transfer (p. 4049) electromagnetic spectrum (p. 208213) resistance (p. 254)
efficiency (p. 102)
Answers
(a) (i) Radiation: energy is radiation from the
white-hot wire (and passes through the gas
and the glass to the room).
Convection: the hot gas rises up in a
convection current above the filament and
heats up the glass at the top.
Conduction: energy is conducted through
the gas and then through the glass (and
through the metal supports and wires).
(ii) Only 10% of the electrical energy is
transferred to (useful) light energy
(the other 90% is wasted, as heat).
(iii) light (waves) (visible)
infra-red (waves)
infra-red has the longer wavelength.
(iv) It should conduct electricity.
It should have a high melting point.
(b) (i) Power, P = p.d., V  current, I
60 W = 240 V  current, I
60 1
current, I =  =  = 0.25 amp
240 4
p.d., V
(ii) Resistance, R = 
current, I
24 0 V
= 
0.25 A
= 960 ohms (960 )
960
1280 /m
(iii) Length of wire = 
= 0.75 metre
(c) To produce the same power from a smaller
p.d. it must pass a bigger current.
Therefore the wire must be thicker.
Exam
electrical power (p. 266) Ohms Law (p. 253) Question
Marks Notes and Hints
1 Whenever you get a question on thermal transfer of
energy, look for the 3 methods of: conduction,
convection and radiation.
The order doesnt matter here.
1
1
1 The words in brackets are optional.
Efficiency and wasted energy are discussed on p. 102.
1 You should know by heart the order of the full
1 electromagnetic spectrum (pages 208209).
1
1 See page 265. Other possible answers include: high
resistance and ductile (so it can be made easily).
1
1 See page 266.
Always write down the formula and show each step of
1 your working. Then you can get marks for your
method even if you make an arithmetical error and get
1 the wrong answer.
1 Or you could write it as V = I  R (see page 253).
Remember to show each step of your working so youll
get some marks for your method even if you make a
1
mistake in the arithmetic.
1
960 is less than 1280 , so the answer must be less
1
than 1 metre.
1
1 The formula P = V I (page 266) shows you that only
the voltage and current affect the power. To keep the
1 power constant (at 60 W), then as one decreases the
other must increase. The current is bigger in the 12 V
lamp (20 times bigger).
And to allow this bigger current, the resistance must be
less (by using a thicker wire).
Total = 19 marks
Keith Johnson, 2011
 Answer
3
This Examination Question covered work on:
force, friction (p. 8289) terminal velocity (p. 89, 128) acceleration (p. 122, 130)
Exam
energy changes (p. 11, 116) velocitytime graphs (p. 124) reaction time (p. 83) Question

Answers Marks Notes and Hints

(a) A. Friction (or air resistance, drag). 1 The words in brackets are alternative answers.
C. Weight (or pull of gravity). 1

(b) (i) It will increase (or speed up, accelerate).
(ii) It will stay constant (or a steady speed).
(= terminal velocity)
(iii) As the car goes faster, the friction force
(air resistance) increases.
(until eventually it equals the push force B)
1 This is because there will be an unbalanced (resultant)
1 force acting to the right (ie. forwards). See page 87.
See page 69, (Newtons First Law).
2 See page 89, about a falling parachute.

(c) Chemical energy (stored in the fuel) 1 You can use movement energy instead of kinetic
kinetic energy (of moving car) 1 energy.
heat and sound (from the engine). You can use thermal energy instead of heat.

(d) 25% 1 If 75% is wasted, only 25% is useful energy (p. 102).

(e) For the first 3 seconds it stays still. 1 Give as much detail as you can, by reading the graph.
It then accelerates, at a constant acceleration, 1 You have not been asked to calculate the acceleration
for 17 s, until it reaches a speed of 20 m/s. of the car, so do not waste time doing this.
It then stays at a speed of 20 m/s for 15 s. 1
velocity/m/s
(f ) (i) 25 It is important to show very clearly that the line:
1 a) continues for 0.5 s ( = one small square),
20
and then
15
1 b) slopes downwards to meet the axis 2 s later at 37.5 s
10
(ie. exactly half-way between 35 and 40).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time/s
distance travelled
(ii) A. Distance travelled = speed  time taken 1 This is from the formula: speed = 
time taken
(page 122).
= 20 m/s  0.5 s 1
Always write down the formula and show each step of
=p 10 m 1 your working. Then you will get marks for your method
even if you make an arithmetical error and get the
wrong answer.
change in velocity
B. Deceleration =  1 The formula is on page 122. Always write it down,
time taken show each step, and put a unit on your answer.
20  0 If you calculate it as an acceleration, then it would be
=  1
2s a negative number (because it is slowing down).
= 10 m/s 2 1
(iii) Force = mass  acceleration 1 This formula (p. 130) is only asked for in Higher Tier
= 800 kg  10 m/s2 1 exam papers. As before you must give the (correct) unit
on your answer (but it doesnt matter whether you write
= 8000 newtons (8000 N) 1
newtons or N).

(g) (i) Alcohol or tiredness or drugs. 1 You need only give one of these (there is only 1 mark).
(ii) Road is wet or icy or worn smooth; or 1 You should give one of the answers shown (see p. 83).
brakes worn or tyres worn or loaded car.
Total = 25 marks
Keith Johnson, 2011
 Answer
4
This Examination Question covered work on:
satellites, gravity (p. 153155) remote sensing (p. 215)
mass and weight (p. 67)
Answers
(a) gravity (or gravitational force)
(b) (i) 60 kg
(ii) 60 kg
(iii) less than 600 N
(or about 100 N)
(c) Advantage: no atmospheric distortion
or clearer pictures or safer than a
manned spacecraft
Disadvantage: difficult to maintain or
limited lifespan
(d) (i) yellow-orange
(ii) No. It would be too hot.
(ii) Lynaeus is nearer than Riches.
It is bigger than Riches.
(iv) [A] about the same (mass)
[B] nearer (closer)
[C] shorter (less than our year)
(e) (i) A large cloud (nebula) of dust/ice/gas
(hydrogen) began to shrink, due to its own
gravity.
The centre got hot enough to start nuclear
fusion. This is the Sun.
The lighter gas and ice moved to the outer
part of the cloud (due to Suns heat).
Due to gravity, the dust/ice/gas formed the
rocky inner planets and the gas giant
outer planets.
(ii) Lengthening of light waves (longer
wavelength),
because the source (galaxy) is moving
away from us.
The bigger the shift (change in wavelength),
the faster the galaxy is moving (away).
Total = 20 marks
nebula theory (p. 152)
Exam
planets, stars (p. 150157) red-shift (p. 158) Question
Marks Notes and Hints
1 An alternative answer is centripetal force (page 70)
but gravity is a clearer answer.
1 The mass of 60 kg stays the same wherever it is (p. 68).
1 This is really the same question.
1 This is more difficult. The weight of 60 kg on Earth is
600 N ( = 60  10, see page 67). So the weight on the
Moon is less than this (see page 67 or 149).
The question says approximate so the examiner is
not expecting an accurate answer.
1 You should give an advantage to do with physics
(like clearer pictures) or safety.
Try to avoid a basic statement like safer always put
safer than.
1 Practical disadvantages (like hard to mend) are quite
acceptable.
You only need to suggest one advantage and one
disadvantage (there are only two marks).
1 Analysing the table shows you the pattern. Different
temperatures give different colours (page 157).
1
Riches is at 25 000C compared with our Sun at 6000C.
1 There are 2 marks, one for each reason.
1
1 This is because it has similar conditions (including
gravity) and similar composition.
1 The star Chriseus is cooler than our Sun, so the planet
would have to be closer to get similar conditions.
1 Because the planet is nearer the star than Earth (just
as Venus has a shorter year than Earth, page 151).
1 Outline means gives the main points.
The question says 4 marks, so look for 4 main points
to give (see page 152).
1 You dont need to give a lot of detail (outline) as
long as you give the main points.
1 Theres no need to give a diagram unless this adds to
your explanation.
1
1 Spectra is the plural of spectrum (page 206).
The words in brackets are optional alternatives.
1 The red-shift is discussed on page 158.
1 Answer only what the question asks for (it has not
asked about the Big Bang).
Keith Johnson, 2011
 Answer
5
This Examination Question covered work on:
radioisotope symbols (p. 343)
, , radiation (p. 3401) uses of tracers (p. 346)
Answers
(a) (i) 43 (protons)
(ii) 56 (= 99  43) (neutrons)
(b) (i) Alpha is given out.
The count-rate is reduced (from 1973
to 1216) by the card (which absorbs alpha
but lets beta/gamma through).
(ii) Beta is given out.
The count-rate is reduced (from 1216 to
22) by the thin lead (which absorbs beta
but would let gamma through).
(iii) Gamma is not given out.
The count-rate of 22 is the background
count-rate (so there is nothing coming
through the thin lead).
(c) Background radiation is due to radioactivity
in the environment (eg. local rocks and
buildings, and cosmic rays from space).
(d) The half-life (2000 y) is the time taken [1]
for half the isotope to decay [1].
(Or the time taken [1] for the activity to
decrease to half its previous value [1].)
(e) (i) 6 hours.
(ii) Radiation is harmful (it can damage living
cells; it can cause leukaemia or cancer).
Using an isotope with a short half-life
means the activity quickly decays to a
(relatively) safe level.
(iii) Gamma radiation can pass through body
tissue (it is very penetrating), but alpha
and beta would be absorbed (and cause
damage).
Total = 15 marks
background radiation (p. 340, 350) half-life (p. 344)
Exam
Question
Marks Notes and Hints
1 The lower number is the proton number (page 343).
1 The upper number is the total of protons  neutrons.
1 Alpha particles are stopped by card.
See the experiments on pages 340341.
1
1 Beta particles are stopped by thin lead.
Notice how the marks are allocated (as stated in the
1 question): 1 mark for stating the answer and
1 mark for the reason.
1
1 It is important to notice that the figure of 22 is the
background count rate.
1 See page 350.
You can give either of the definitions (page 344);
2 there is no need to give both.
1 It is the time taken for the graph to fall from 1600 to
800. As a check, look to see that it takes the same
time to fall from 800 to 400.
1 The words in brackets show alternative answers (any
one of them will do).
1 Because the question says there are 2 marks to be
gained, you should look for 2 separate points to
write down (as shown here).
1 The words in brackets show alternative ways of
answering the question.
Keith Johnson, 2011
 Answer
6
This Examination Question covered work on:
solar cells (p. 14) electrical energy (p. 2601) wave speed (p. 167)
Exam
efficiency (p. 102) speed (p. 122) electromagnetic spectrum (p. 208213) Question

Answers Marks Notes and Hints

(a) Electromagnetic radiation (light) energy, 1 Electromagnetic radiation includes all the wavelengths
converted to electrical energy. 1 arriving from the Sun, not just the visible light.

(b) (i) 1000  20 = 20 000 joules in every second 1 1 joule per second is 1 watt (page 110), so another
way of writing the answer is 20 000 watts (or 20 kW).
10
(ii) 10% of 20 000 J/s = 
100  20 000 J/s 1 The panel has an efficiency of 10% (page 102).
= 2000 watts 1 10% is the same as 10 hundredths = 11000 = 110.
The question asks for power so the answer should be
in watts.
(iii) The wasted energy appears as heat 1 The words in brackets are alternative answers.
(thermal energy) (it heats up the cell). Energy transfers and wasted energy are on page 102.

(c) Electrical energy is changed (transferred) 1 Charging up a battery is the opposite of the usual
to chemical energy (stored in the battery). 1 energy transfer (see page 260).

(d) Charge passed by 1.0 A for 35 hours
= 1.0 amps  (35  60  60 seconds)
= 126 000 coulombs
This is a much more difficult question. It might
appear on a Higher Tier paper.
1
In the exam you can skip over a difficult question, and
1 come back to it later if you have some spare time.

Energy transferred = p.d., V  change, Q
= 33.6 V  126 000 C
= 4 233 600 joules
This formula is given on page 261, with an example.
Always show each step of your working. Then, even if
1
you make an arithmetical error, you will get credit for
1 your method.

distance travelled
(e) Time taken =  1 This is the standard formula (page 122):
speed distance travelled
speed = 
36 000  1000 (metres) time taken
=  1 Dont forget to convert km to metres! (1000)
300 000 000 (m/s)
36
=  = 0.12 seconds 1
300

(f ) Wave speed = frequency  wavelength 1 This formula is on page 167.

When using big numbers like this, cancel as many
300 000 000 = 6 000 000 000  wavelength 1 zeros as possible to simplify it.
3 1
wavelength =  =  metre (5 cm) 1
60 20

(g) 1. They travel at the same speed in a 1 Electromagnetic waves are explained on pages 208213.
vacuum (the speed of light). Other ways in which they are similar are shown in the
box on page 209.
2. They have a different wavelength 1
(microwaves have a longer wavelength).
Total = 20 marks

Keith Johnson, 2011