AQUA SILENCER

PROJECT REPORT
OF MAJOR PROJECT

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL

SUBMITTED BY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

KAPURTHALA

INDEX:-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ABSTRACT.
MAJOR REASONS
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE SURVEY
PROBLEM FORMULATION
VALIABILITY OF THE PROJECT
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY:
CONSTRUCTION.
WORKING.
COMPONENTS AND EXPLANATION.
RESULT ANALYSIS.
CONCLUSION.
REFRENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
 This thesis would not have possible
without the help of many people throughout the year.

And we would like to take the opportunity to express our sincere

gratitude to those who have made invaluable contributions to this
project.

We would like to thank Mr. Sahil Sir for his constant guidance and
support.

I will bear in mind the knowledge that I have gained from him
throughout the precious time we have spent together during
Meetings and discussions.

We would also like to thank Mr. Sahil Sir for all of his direction and
help along the way towards completing the project.

Additionally, we would like to express thanks to an scientist named

Sweekar-Upkaar which helped us in knowing the problems suffered
by people and consultants who provided relevant assistance and
consultative advice when needed.
ABSTRACT:-

An Aqua Silencer is mainly dealing with control of

emission and noise in automobile exhaust. By using activated
charcoal, perforated tube and outer shell it is constructed. An aqua
silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. The activated charcoal
filters the harmful sulphur and nitrous content produced from the
engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced
in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water
molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level.
Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its
name AQUA SILENCER. It is tested in single cylinder 4- stroke
diesel engine the noise and smoke level is considerable less than the
conventional silencer. Basically the biggest advantage we would get
by this is we can provide this method or the project to our power
plants, companies and various large or small scale industries by
providing same method in the chimneys.
Major reason BEHIND THIS project:
As we know that some major steps are needed to be taken against the
air pollution otherwise if would be hard to survive in India in
upcoming years as per current situations.
Some steps are already been taken like in New Delhi new system has
be adopted (EVEN ODD) by the CM Mr. Arvind kajeriwal but it is
not very much successful.
By taking note from that we come with our project to take a small
step to reduce the pollution in environment.
INTRODUCTION:
An aqua silencer is used to control the noise and emission
in ic engines. The reason why we go for aqua silencer is, in today life
the air pollution causes physical ill effects to the human beings and
also the environment. The main contribution of the air pollution is
automobiles releasing the gases like carbon dioxide, unburned
hydrocarbons etc. In order to avoid this type of gases by introducing
this aqua silencer. It is fitted to the exhaust pipe of the engine, Sound
produced under water is less hearable than it produced in
atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water
molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level.
The emission can be controlled by using the activated charcoal layer
and it is highly porous and posses extra free valences so it has high
absorption capacity. So absorb the gases from the engine and release
much less position to the environment. The noise and smoke level is
considerable less than the conventional silencer, no need of catalytic
converter and easy to install. It can provide less efficiative sound and
less polluted air which is probably the most discussed and highly
rated problem under todays civilization. Emissivity should
controlled by its various purposes i.e.; charcoal sectioning, and by
providing catalyst to remove harmful gases. The biggest advantage
of this is it is not much costly even it does not affect much of
efficiency of the engine.
LITREATURE SURVEY:-
As per the report and the various searches we did we found
out the work done before over the aqua silencer is quite less often.
We reads various aspects and many of the reports that it wont be
succeed
Much due the formulation and few of the problems related with the
size and the charcoal and sodium gases reactions provided to its
exhaust port.

Here as we can see the size of the silencer made before. We are up to
change the size and make it well sized which can fit easily in the
vehicles. And we are trying to produce a silencing port which can
also used in the industries as chimneys which can less smoked.
PROBLEM FORMULATION:-

While making an aqua silencer we are getting many

problems related with the:

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
The gases which should be balanced and
removed out of the exhaust ports i.e., calcium sulphate, sodium
oxide, hydrochloric acids(neutralizer), sulphuric acid(reducing
neutralizing agents), sodium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate.
These gases are balance as we shown below under the working
process.

WATER LEVEL INDICATION:-

As the name suggested aqua means water. it is
totally depend upon the water prospect as the water molecules
formed and the droplets absorbs the sound ration and the air
polluting agents dissolve under waters. But the problem occurs
is the indication of water level by virtue of which we get to
know the amount of water required and when to skip the
polluted water with fresh water.

WEIGHT AND SIZE:-

The weight and size of this silencer is more and
big as compared to usual silencers. Which makes vehicle bit
heavy and that should create unbalance.

These are the most probably problems occurring while making

our project. We will do various out comes as discussed below
to over come these problems and provide better superior
working of the project aqua silencer.
VALIABILITY OF THE PROJECT:

There has been an increasing concern in recent years over

the increasing of transportation and discharge of industrial waste
waters into environment. The automobile emission contains air
pollutants and other species. Almost all pollutants are toxic in nature.
Some of the examples are CO, CO 2, NOX, and Hydrocarbon. Among
the air pollutants, all are most effective pollutants. Hence, the
removal of pollutants was selected for the present study. Several
expensive techniques are available in developed countries. But in
developing countries like India is not applicable since adsorption
technique is less expensive and economically feasible, it has been
selected for the present study using some cheap cost chemicals as an
effective adsorbent.

Therefore the objective of the present work was to test

the ability of some chemicals in removing air pollutants from
automobile emission. We can provide validity this project with
mainly three steps that steps are:-
LIME WATER WASH METHOD
ABSORPTION PROCESS
DISSOLVED GASES IN WATER
 OBJECTICES OF PROJECT:-
To reduce air pollutants from exhaust coming out through
engines.
To reduce sound radiations coming out from silencer and
reduce sound pollution.
To overcome the problem of emissivity from the exhaust
coming out.
To precipitate carbon content.
No vibrations during running of an engine.
Pollution free vehicle.
We can use this process as in chimneys in large or small
scale industries.
Less amount of smoke comes out through exhaust port.
Not much cost consuming process should help the vehicle to
be over rated and effects the environment problems in better
way.
It can provide a big change in automobiles by emitting
radiations, emissivity, heating of engine all of them can be
improved under one process.
Eco-friendly environment and automobiles.

METHEDOLOGY:-
CONSTRUCTION:

Basically an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube

which is installed at the end of the exhaust pipe. The perforated tube
may have holes of different diameters. The very purpose of
providing different diameter hole is to break up gas mass to form
smaller gas bubbles the perforated tube of different diameter
.Generally 4 sets of holes are drilled on the perforated tube. The
other end of the perforated tube is closed by plug.
Around the circumference of the perforated tube a layer
of activated charcoal is provided and further a metallic mesh covers
it. The whole unit is then placed in a water container. A small
opening is provided at the Top of the container to remove the exhaust
gases and a drain plug is provided at the bottom of the container for
periodically cleaning of the container. Also a filler plug is mounted
at the top of the container. At the inlet of the exhaust pipe a non-
return valve is provided which prevents the back flow of gases and
water as well.
 6

WORKING:
As the exhaust gases enter in to the aqua silencer, the
perforated tube converts high mass bubbles in lo low mass bubbles
after that they pass through charcoal layer which again purify the
gases. It is highly porous and posses extra free valences so it has
high absorption capacity.

After passing over the charcoal layer some of the gases

may dissolved in to the water and finally the. Exhaust gases escape
through the opening in to the atmosphere. Hence aqua silencer
reduces noise and pollution.
EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED GASES ON
WATER:

The water is a good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer

the gases are made to be dissolved in water. When these gases
dissolved in water they form acids, carbonates, bicarbonates etc,
Action of dissolved SO2 :

When Sox is mixed in water, it form SO2, SO3, SO4,

H2SO4, H2SO, i.e. sulfur Acid ( H2SO3,), it forms Hydrogen
Sulphide which causes foil rotten egg smell, acidify and corrosion of
metals.
Action of dissolved CO2:

The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at lower

PH and Carbonates at higher PH. This levels 40-400 mg/liter. The
form a scale in pipes and boilers. The carbon dioxide mixes with
water to form Carbonic acid. It is corrosive to metals and causes
green house effect.
Effect of dissolved NOx:

The Nitrogen in water under goes Oxidation to form

ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitric acid. This synthesis of protein and
amino acids is effected by Nitrogen. Nitrate usually occurs in trace
quantities in surface water. A limit of 10 mg per liters Nitrate is
affordable in drinking water.
METHODS TO CONTROL THE WATER POLLUTION:

In aqua silencer the water gets polluted by the dissolved gases

As in above topics said these gases are mixed with water to form
carbonate, acids like carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, and Nitrous acid
etc. the petroleum products contains phenols which gives
suffocating smell. The sulfur gas mixes with water to form
hydrogen sulfide, which give rotten egg smell. These should be
controlled to minimum the water pollution.
There are two methods:
1) Lime water wash method
2) Adsorption process

LIME WATER WASH METHOD:

The water is treated with the calculated quantities of slaked

lime. One should have the quantitative analysis of water to go for
this process. After mixing the heavy precipitates settle down as
sludge at the bottom of the tank are removed from time to time.
Lime can neutralize any acid present in the water. SO2, gases are
removed from the flue gases forming calcium sulphate. The
precipitates dissolved carbon dioxide as calcium carbonate and
converts bicarbonate ions into carbonates. The equations are given
below.
The SO2 gas is removed from the flue gases forming calcium
sulphate
Ca (OH)2 + SO2. .. .. .. . CaSO3 +H2O
Neutralizes any acid present in water
2HCL + Ca(OH)2..........CaCl2 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + Ca (OH)2........... CaSO4 + 2H2O
Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate
CO2 + Ca(OH)2........CaCO3+2H2O
Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2Ca (OH)2......... 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Converts bicarbonate ions (Like NaHCO3, KHCO3 etc.) into
carbonates.
NaHCO3+ Ca(OH)2............ CaCO3 + H2O + Na2 CO3

LIMITATIONS OF LIME WATER WASH METHOD:

Amount of neutralization capacity is limited.

It is very difficult to handle.
Bridging and form are formed.
It is expansive.
Regeneration is possible.
ADSORPTION PROCESS:

Activated charcoal is available in granular or powdered

form. As it is highly porous and Possess free valences. So it posses
high absorption capacity.

Activated carbon is more widely used for the removal of

taste and odorous from the public water supplies because it has
excellent properties of attracting gases, finely divided solid particles
and phenol type impurities, The activated carbon, usually in the
powdered form is added to the water either before or after the
coagulation with sedimentation. But it is always added before
filtration. Feeding devices are similar to those used in feeding the
coagulants.

ADVANTAGES OF ADSORPTION PROCESS:

It increases the coagulation power of the process.

Its use reduces the chlorine demand.

The excessive dose of activated carbon is not harmful.

The treatment process is very simple and it requires nearly no

skill.

The efficiency of removing color, odor and taste is quite high.

COMPONENTS AND EXPALANATION:

COMPONENTS:
Perforated Tube.

Charcoal Layer.

Outer Shell.

Non Return Valve.

Flange.

H-Nipple.

EXPLANATION:
PERORATED TUBE
The perforated tube consists of number of holes of different diameters.
It is used to convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. The charcoal
layer is pasted over the perforated tube.
CHARCOAL LAYER
The charcoal layer has more absorbing capacity because it has more
surface area. This charcoal is called as ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. It is
produced by heating the charcoal above 1500 c foe several hours in a burner.
Its surface area gets increased.
Outer Shell:
The whole setup was kept inside the outer shell. It is made up of iron or
steel. The water inlet, outlet and exhaust tube was provided in the shell itself.
NON RETURN VALVE:
The non return valve is a mechanical device a valve, which normally
allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check
valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one
for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. An important concept in
check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream pressure
at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and
can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure.
The Aqua silencer was filled with water and it is directly connected to
the exhaust pipe of the engine. There is a chance for the water to get enter into
the engine cylinder. To avoid this, Non return valve is used. It allows the flow
of fluid in one direction only.

FLANGE:
A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have
flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Here flange is used to connect
the silencer to the engine.
H- NIPPLE: It is a device which is used to connect two pipes together. It
consists of two threaded sides.

RESULT ANALYSIS ON EMISSION:

 Without aqua silencer

With aqua silencer

RESULT ANALYSIS ON NOISE:

 First the noise of the engine with 4-stroke single cylinder diesel
engine in our laboratory was up to 105db.
Then the noise produced after the aqua silencer was fitted up to
75db.
Thus the noise reduction was achieved and the noise was
measured by using decibel meter.

CONCLUSION:
 The aqua silencer is more effective in the reduction of
emission gases from the engine exhaust using perforated tube
and charcoal, by using perforated tube the backpressure will remain
constant and the sound level is reduced. By using perforated tube the
fuel consumption remains same as conventional system. By using
water as a medium the sound can be lowered and also by using
activated charcoal in water we can control the exhaust emission to a
greater level. The water contamination is found to be negligible in
aqua silencer. It is smokeless and pollution free emission and also it
is very cheap. This aqua silencer performance is almost equivalent to
the conventional silencer. It can be also used both for two wheelers
and four wheelers and also can be used in industries.

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